How to draw a wiring diagram. House wiring diagrams. Electrical wiring in the kitchen: what you need to know

Quite often, during the operation of housing, various problems arise, including in the field of electricity. As a rule, this is due to the need for repairs, for which you will definitely need a wiring diagram for wiring in the apartment. It is compiled immediately after the electrical work is carried out and is subsequently used in the repair and maintenance of the network.

Connecting the elements of the chain

The correct drawing up of the wiring diagram in the apartment largely depends on the basic knowledge of electrical engineering. Without a certain minimum, it is not recommended to engage in this rather complex work. The best option is to draw up a wiring diagram. In addition to drawing up a detailed plan, an electrician can repair identified problems or replace worn-out electrical wiring along the way.

Before you design and draw up a diagram of electrical networks for an apartment, you need to find out what connection methods are used. All elements can be interconnected in various ways:

• serial connection. In this scheme, each element follows the previous one; there are no joints in the form of separate nodes. An example is a Christmas tree garland, where all lighting devices are sequentially located on one wire. However, if at least one element in the circuit is damaged, then all other light bulbs will also stop working. This feature must be taken into account when drawing up the scheme.
• Parallel connection. In this case, the elements are not connected to each other, but are grouped into separate nodes. If any of the consumers fails, the electrical circuit will continue to function, providing current to other elements of the system.
• Mixed connection. On the same section of the circuit, a parallel and series connection is used at the same time.

Ways of distributing wires and cables

Choosing a method for distributing wires in a home electrical network is a very serious and responsible undertaking. It largely depends on how all the electrical equipment of the apartment will function in the future.

The most popular way of wiring is to connect all components of the electrical network through junction boxes. Such a wiring diagram provides for an electrical panel installed outside the apartment on the landing. It is equipped with an electric meter and circuit breakers. Further, a cable with a certain cross section is laid from the shield, which is brought into the apartment. From it, with the help of junction boxes, wires are bred to each room according to a pre-compiled scheme.

Another way involves star connection. With this connection, each point - a socket or a lighting fixture - is powered by a separate cable line. Each line is connected directly to the panel, in most cases, together with a separate circuit breaker. This type of wiring is characterized by a significant increase in the number of wires and cables, as well as labor costs for their arrangement. Ultimately, the project becomes more expensive. However, if we fully take into account all the positive and negative sides, we can conclude that such a system is much more reliable than usual and allows you to control every element in the electrical circuit.

A "loop" system is considered a cheaper connection. It is similar to the "star" option and is distinguished by the ability to connect several consumers to one cable at once. This method is used in accordance with the individual characteristics of the premises and the entire apartment. In any case, each of these methods is rarely used in its pure form. As a rule, combined options are used in the circuits, which allows you to get the most efficient and safe wiring for home wiring.

Distribution of consumers by groups

In addition to connections and connections, the distribution of all consumers in the apartment into separate groups, in accordance with their purpose, is of great importance. Typically, the wiring diagram is performed on different sheets, where each sheet corresponds to one group.

Such a breakdown will be even more effective when each consumer group is connected to a separate circuit breaker. With such a technical solution, in the future it becomes possible to repair electrical equipment without turning off the electricity completely, but only in that part of the apartment where the work will be performed. In addition, separate lines have another important advantage: they do not require a cable with a large capacity, capable of withstanding high loads. Such loads necessarily arise when several consumers are connected to one line at once.

The electrical panel, located directly in the apartment, makes it possible to connect each consumer to a separate machine. Such a scheme makes network operation convenient and safe, solving in advance all the problems that may arise in the future.

The standard division into groups can be as follows:

• Only lighting for living rooms, kitchens and corridors.
• Connecting power to living rooms.
• Power connection to the kitchen and corridors.
• Separately, lighting and power are connected to rooms with high humidity - a bathroom and a bathroom. This group should be singled out, since it is subject to increased requirements.
• If the kitchen has an electric stove, then it must be connected to a separate line.

Additional security is provided by installing a separate one for each group, which is also known as a differential current switch. These devices must be installed on the line of the kitchen and bathroom.

After the groups are formed, the places where the main consumers of electricity will be connected are determined. These include electric stoves, washing machines, water heaters, air conditioners, dishwashers and ovens. Places for installing sockets, switches, lighting fixtures and junction boxes for electrical equipment of the apartment. Next, a conditional connection of the wires is performed, and their length in each section is also marked on the diagram.

After preliminary sketches, a final version of the scheme is drawn up. It is applied to the exact plan of the premises: electrical appliances are indicated by special conventional signs, and wires are marked with multi-colored lines so that power cables, lighting and grounding can be distinguished from each other. The diagram should contain the maximum number of dimensions. The areas of the rooms, the distances from the wires to the structural elements of the premises, heating and water supply systems are noted. A detailed scheme allows not only to significantly speed up the repair, but also to calculate all the necessary materials and costs.

Norms, requirements and specifications

When drawing up a wiring diagram in an apartment, it is necessary to take into account the basic requirements for its placement. In addition, there are norms and technical conditions that require mandatory compliance.

The most important of them are the following:

• 220V sockets should not be installed in the bathroom. It is allowed to install sockets for electric shavers, the connection of which is carried out using a step-down transformer.
• The electric stove, if available in the kitchen, must be protected by a circuit breaker with a rating of at least 63A.
• Grounding contacts of sockets should not be connected to zero conductors, to pipes of heating and water supply systems, since this is very dangerous for human health and life. Contacts are connected to the grounding system only using a special wire designed specifically for this purpose.
• The laying of wires can be strictly vertical or horizontal, as well as at right angles. This rule must be strictly followed, otherwise there is a high probability of damage during repair and construction work. The wires must not cross each other. If this cannot be avoided, then the distance between the wires must be at least 3 mm.
• Compliance with the standard distances between the cable and the structural elements of the apartment. The height of sockets and switches should be the same, ensuring safe and convenient operation.

Today, the load on old electrical wires has increased several times. This is due to the fact that in almost every apartment there are many household appliances. Old wiring can not always withstand such a load. Electrical wiring in an apartment requires certain knowledge of drawing up diagrams, as well as compliance with a number of rules. Therefore, in order to perform this operation on your own, you will need to familiarize yourself with all its nuances.

Any construction event is regulated by relevant documentation approved by the state. This also applies to the huge variety of materials used in a particular case. Today, GOST and SNiP act as regulatory documents. In turn, any work related to electricity is subject to the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE).

Before starting work with the electrical network, it is necessary to thoroughly study all the points specified in the PUE. It is recommended to pay special attention to the paragraph that describes the features of installation and selection of electrical equipment. Consider the basic rules for electrical installation in the apartment.

All important items of electrical equipment must be visible. They need to be quickly and easily accessible. When installing switches, it is recommended to take into account the height of their placement (from the floor). In accordance with the norms, this indicator should be in the range from 50 to 150 cm. The location of the switches is selected in such a way that open doors do not cause inconvenience when using them. The wiring to the switches is carried out from top to bottom.

The minimum recommended socket height is 50 cm, and the maximum height is 80 cm. This rule protects electrical appliances from water in case of flooding of the apartment. Sockets must be located at points that are at a sufficient distance (at least 50 cm) from gas stoves. The same distance should be to radiators, pipes and other items equipped with grounding. The electrical wiring is connected to the sockets from the bottom up. These rules must be taken into account when drawing up an electrical plan.

Note! The number of sockets in one room is determined based on the quadrature of the room. There is one rule, using which, you can easily determine the required figure. According to him, one product should fall on an area of ​​​​6 m².

However, this method is not suitable for determining the number of outlets in the kitchen. For a given room, their number is assigned individually and depends on the number of household electrical appliances. As for the toilet, the installation of sockets in it is prohibited. These products are allowed in the bathroom, but they require a separate transformer.

When laying wires in an apartment, you need to know that this operation can be carried out by a hidden or open method. In the first case, the cable is placed in the strobe inside the wall, and in the second - outside. The laying itself is carried out strictly vertically or horizontally, and its place must be fixed on the general plan.

When arranging the wiring, a distance from pipelines and ceilings must be observed. For lines laid in a horizontal plane, the recommended distance to the ceiling is 10 cm. For them, the distance to the cornice or floor beam must be at least 15 cm. In addition, horizontal lines must be installed at a certain distance from the floor (at least 15 cm) .

For lines that are mounted vertically, there are also certain rules. For example, the distance from a door or window opening must be at least 10 cm. Also, vertical wires must be installed at a distance of 40 cm from gas communications.

It is very important when wiring electricians to make sure that the cables do not come into contact with metal elements in the walls or outside. If it is necessary to install several parallel (with respect to each other) wires, a distance of 3 mm must be observed between them. Such cables may touch, however, for this they are placed in a special protective tube -.

When wiring the wires in the shield, the places of their connections are carefully insulated. It is important to remember that joining copper and aluminum cables is prohibited. Bolts are used to organize connections. This method is used for grounding and neutral wires.

Electrical installation in the apartment: work steps

With a clear plan, the installation of electrical wiring in a residential area can be done not only faster, but also cheaper. This event includes 5 main stages:

1. Development of an electrical circuit in the apartment.
2. Preparation of an electrical wiring layout plan, as well as its approval and registration (together with the diagram).
3. Arrangement of repair time.
4. Installation of electrical wiring.
5. Installation of machines, sockets, switches and necessary household appliances.

Note! Before proceeding with the installation steps, you need to take care of providing protective grounding. For safety reasons, you can perform zeroing. Direct electrical wiring around the house is carried out at the last stage, when all the necessary mechanisms are installed.

There are savings in this case. For example, some installation steps can be performed independently. Experts do not recommend saving money on equipment or electrical appliances. All the necessary mechanisms must be of the highest quality, since cheap products can fail after a short period of time.

Why do you need a wiring diagram in the apartment

Modern electrical wiring is a very complex undertaking that requires professional knowledge and skills. To perform such an operation, it is best to involve a qualified specialist. If it is necessary to make electrical wiring in a new building, it is recommended to draw up a drawing that will contain all the important objects related to electricity. This is very convenient to do before starting repairs. Key objects related to electricity:

• sockets;
• switches;

• lamps, chandeliers and other lighting fixtures;
• electrical panel with a residual current device (RCD).

The specialist must draw up a scheme taking into account all the necessary wishes of the owners and the individual features of the layout of the dwelling. The main work of the wizard is to divide the cable into separate lines that will function effectively. This task requires the correct distribution of the load, as well as the organization of control systems and protection of electrical wiring in the apartment.

Before starting to draw up a drawing or plan, it is recommended to study the purpose and features of all the individual constituent elements of the electrical network. Automatic machines that protect the network from overloads and are located in the electrical panel are a very important component of this system. How the power grid will function, as well as its safety, depends on their competent installation.

The wires that supply electric current to the various points must be properly selected. They may have different sections. The choice of this indicator is made individually. Sockets and switches must be equipped with reliable contacts.

Electrical wiring in the house has some features. In particular, one more element is added to the above elements - an introductory automaton. From it, a power cable is connected to the shield. Its main function is to regulate the power in the network. If necessary, this element is able to turn off the power supply.

How to wire the cable around the apartment: an example

Control over the power grid is simplified if it has several directions. Separation of the power network into lines allows you to turn off one of them and use the others if necessary. The most common wiring option, which takes into account 4 directions:

• kitchen;
• bathroom;
• Large home appliances;
• lighting system.

Helpful information! In some cases, wiring in an apartment takes into account the arrangement of a separate cable (for example, for a washing machine). This is due to the fact that the old system may not withstand the stress that modern technology requires.

Each of the above 4 directions is distinguished by its own wiring features. And also there are certain rules that must be observed during the installation of electrical elements in the kitchen or in the bathroom. Experts recommend that you familiarize yourself with the arrangement of each line in more detail. This will give you an idea of ​​how to do the wiring correctly.

Electrical wiring in the kitchen: what you need to know

In most cases, it is the kitchen line that accounts for the main load in the electrical network. It is quite simple to explain this: in the kitchen there is a large number of household appliances. Refrigerator, washing machine, microwave and other appliances are connected to the network and consume a lot of electricity. In addition to large household appliances, most families use electric grills, multicookers, toasters, etc.

It is worth remembering one important rule, which tells that for the most powerful household appliances it is recommended to install separate machines in the switchboard. It is best to make a separate electrical connection, since the common line may simply not withstand the simultaneous use of several large appliances.

If you run a separate cable to a powerful electrical appliance, then it becomes possible to use several pieces of household appliances at the same time without fear that the network will not withstand the load.

Installation and connection of sockets in the network in the kitchen requires knowledge of certain rules. They are not recommended to be placed closer than 0.5 m to the gas stove. Cable routing also requires maintaining a distance from the gas stove and pipes (at least 40 cm). Don't forget the radiator. Do not place electrical points and wires in close proximity to the battery. Compliance with these rules will allow you to correctly conduct an electrician in the kitchen.

Electrical wiring in the bathroom: basic rules

The location of electrical appliances in the bathroom and toilet requires increased attention from the master. This is due to the fact that these rooms have a high level of humidity. In order to secure the power grid, it is necessary to study a number of important rules and recommendations that will help to carry out a competent installation of the line.

First of all, you need to remember that it is strictly forbidden to place a junction box in the bathroom. It must be installed outside of a damp room. The ideal option is the location of the shield in the hallway. For the design of electricians in the bathroom, it is recommended to contact a specialist.

The second point to remember is that for each electrical appliance, whether it is a washing machine or a hair dryer, it is necessary to equip a separate outlet. It is advisable to indicate on the diagram, according to which the wiring will be carried out, all electrical appliances in the bathroom, as well as their connection points.

Helpful information! Currently, it is possible to purchase waterproof sockets equipped with a cover and a seal that prevents moisture from penetrating inside the device and oxidizing the contacts.

It is strictly forbidden to place the switch inside the bathroom. It is usually installed on the outside, near the front door (for ease of use).

Related article:

Description of preparatory measures and installation technology. Rules for handling the electrical network and safety requirements.

When installing electricians in an apartment with your own hands, you will also need to pay attention to cable wiring in a wet room. The best option for its location would be a place near the ceiling at the top of the wall. Experts recommend placing the wire parallel to the floor. In this case, a special corrugated tube is used to protect the cable. Fixtures in the bathroom are selected individually. Standard devices that correspond to a voltage of 220 V are best replaced with low-power analogues of 12 V.

The bathroom also needs to be wired. For small electrical appliances, cables with a cross section of 2.5 mm should be used. For large household appliances, it is best to bring wires with a diameter of 4 mm.

Electricity wiring in the apartment: Large home appliances

Household appliances that consume a large amount of electricity are most often located in the bathroom and in the kitchen. When installing large electrical appliances, there are a number of rules that should be followed.

Experts do not recommend mounting sockets in such a way that they are covered by household appliances. They should be located in a conspicuous place for easy access. The most acceptable option is to install waterproof models equipped with a lid. When drawing up a project for the power supply of an apartment, it is necessary to fix the points at which the overall devices will be located.

During the repair, you need to make a separate connection of the kitchen area. In the future, this will allow the replacement of electrical appliances without disconnecting the entire apartment from the network. This option is especially suitable for kitchens that include built-in appliances. This is due to the fact that such devices are connected in hard-to-reach places, so their repair can take a long time.

Electrical wiring in the apartment: lighting group

To date, there is the possibility of organizing one or more lighting lines. The choice of their number depends on how many light-producing devices are located in the dwelling. For example, if a powerful chandelier is installed in the living room, which includes 6 shades, and in the bedroom there are 1-2 sconces, then everything can be connected in one line.

As a reverse example, consider a hall that is illuminated not only by a chandelier, but also by spotlights, as well as other elements, such as lighting for furniture. For such a room, a separate line will be required.

Note! At the stage of designing electrical wiring, you need to clearly determine the number of lighting fixtures, calculate their power. Based on this data, a decision is made whether the lighting line needs to be divided into two or more directions. This information also needs to be recorded in the general plan.

It is worth noting that in some cases, in addition to lighting fixtures, transformers are included in the network of one of the rooms. In this situation, it is necessary to connect such a direction to a separate automatic protection device.

Wiring diagram in the apartment: options for connecting elements in electrical circuits

Drawing up an electrical wiring diagram in a residential area is a serious task. A person engaged in such work must clearly understand the basics of electrical engineering and have certain skills. Therefore, it is not recommended to take up this business if you are not confident in your abilities. Errors in the scheme can lead to serious consequences. Most fires now occur due to wiring problems.

It is best to entrust the work of drawing up an electrical circuit to a specialist. For the independent implementation of this process, one should not only have knowledge in this area, but also know what options for connecting electrical circuits are. Let's consider these methods in more detail.

Consistent. In this case, each of the elements of the electrical circuit follows the previous one. The serial connection is made without the organization of nodal joints, which is also indicated in the wiring diagram in the apartment. An example of such a method is an ordinary Christmas tree garland, which includes light bulbs located on the same wire and following one after another. It is worth remembering that this method has some disadvantages. For example, in the event of a breakdown of one element, all the others will also turn off.

Parallel. This option differs from the previous one in that the elements that make up the electrical circuit do not fit together. They have a parallel arrangement and are grouped into two separate nodes. Thus, if one line fails, the second will continue to operate normally.

Combined. This method is also called mixed, since it takes into account the use of both serial and parallel connection of electrical circuit elements. This wiring diagram in the house is not used as often as the previous two.

How to properly organize electrical wiring: the main types

Before starting the installation work, it is necessary to determine the option for wiring the electrical cables in the room, in accordance with which the wiring diagram of the house or apartment will be carried out. How the power grid will function depends on this choice, so it is recommended to consult with a specialist who understands this issue. To date, there are three main wiring options.

With a switchboard. Connecting the constituent elements of the electrical network using this method is the most common. The junction box in this case is installed in a pre-prepared niche on the landing.

Type of wiring "Star"

An electric meter and circuit breakers are placed inside the shield, aimed at protecting the system from overloads. A cable is run from the junction box to the dwelling. Its cross section must comply with the standard. Next is the electrical wiring. In a new building, this operation is easiest to perform.

Each room in this case is equipped with a junction box. It is customary to place it at the entrance to the room (above the switch). It is through the use of such boxes that all electrical appliances in the room are powered.

"Star". This type of wiring takes into account the presence of separate lines for each electrical appliance (socket, switch, etc.). All of them are connected directly to the electrical panel. The presence of a separate switch for each cable line is not a requirement, but it is quite common.

Note! The star option is the most expensive. This is due to an increase in the amount of wiring required, the need to purchase a more capacious shield. Do not forget about the installation costs for laying cables in the apartment.

Despite the high cost, this type of wiring is the most convenient and reliable. The "star" option implements the possibility of individual control. Thus, you can turn off a single element, while all other devices will function. This type is quite often used for electrical wiring in new buildings. Price is not a barrier when it comes to occupant safety.

"Plume". The last type of wiring, in which there are common features with the star option. The main difference is that there can be several electrical appliances per cable line. Accordingly, in this case, the cost of the system decreases, since its organization requires less materials, time and effort.

The type of wiring is determined individually, in accordance with it, a diagram is drawn up. On the Internet, you can find programs for calculating electrical circuits that allow you to independently perform this operation in the shortest possible time.

Wiring type "Loop"

It is important to remember that the second and third types are often combined. This allows you to reduce financial costs and increase the capabilities of the system. Maximum efficiency and safety of residents are the main goals that are achieved during the installation of electrical wiring.

Independent drafting and wiring diagrams

The first thing to do before starting the installation of electrical wiring is to draw up a project that takes into account all the steps step by step and the wiring diagram. Self-projecting is not recommended, as the future performance and safety of the system depends on it. A professional will deal with this matter much faster and, most importantly, better.

In the case of self-drawing up a power supply scheme for an apartment, you will need to study the basic principles and understand the features of the operation of this system. It is also necessary to draw up a general drawing that includes all the elements (without exception), and calculate the loads on the network.

In the diagram, all electrical elements that are part of the system are indicated by means of special symbols. This allows you to transfer communication, including devices, to paper as concisely as possible. In order not to get confused, it is recommended to write out all the designations and their interpretation in advance.

Using the notation, it is necessary to put on the wiring diagram in the house or apartment the points where the electrical appliances will be located. It is important to remember that such a document is drawn up precisely in order to mark on paper the places for mounting sockets, switches and lighting fixtures, as well as connecting wiring.

Note! Before you start creating a circuit, you need to decide on the number of household appliances, as well as designate a place for each appliance. Otherwise, the location of the outlets may be incorrect.

After marking the key points, it is necessary to mark the cable paths on the apartment wiring diagram. To do this, you will need to select the option for joining individual elements in the circuit and the type of wiring. Experts advise for convenience to divide the wiring in the room into separate zones:

• lighting zone (corridor, kitchen, living rooms and a separate one for a bathroom);
• power supply zone (divided into three groups: a corridor and living rooms, a kitchen and a separate one for an electric stove).

This option is one of the many possible ways to electrify an apartment or a private house. It is worth noting that today you can draw up a diagram using a special program for electricians.

If necessary, you can contact a specialist who will draw up an individual scheme that is most suitable for specific housing circumstances. The division into zones allows you to combine disparate electrical appliances and wiring and streamline them, which will help save material during installation.

In order to simplify the installation of cables in the room, it is recommended to make the wiring on the floor (for example, in the cavity of the plinth) or under it. All lines must be marked on the diagram as a dotted line.

Among other things, you need to perform an individual calculation of materials, as well as determine the current strength in the system. There are special formulas for this. As a rule, the current strength in a modern residential area does not exceed 25 A. Based on this parameter, you need to select materials that will meet the requirements of the system.

The wiring diagram of the apartment should contain information about the length of the cables. The length of the wires is determined using a conventional tape measure. It is recommended to add 3 meters of margin to the final figure.

All cables are connected to the lighting panel, which is most often located in the hallway near the door. It also includes an RCD, which is divided into 2 types: 16 and 20 A. In the first case, the circuit breaker is responsible for lighting fixtures and switches, and in the second, for sockets. With a separate connection of the electric stove, another type of RCD is installed - 32 A.

In order to complete the circuit, you need to count the number of sockets and junction boxes. The last step will be to enter auxiliary materials (duct tape, corrugated pipes, etc.) into the power supply scheme of the apartment.

Installation of wiring in the apartment: calculation of materials

After the electrical wiring diagram is ready, it will be necessary to calculate the materials that will be used during installation. First of all, it is necessary to calculate the number of cables, since it is they who supply the electric current, which allows the devices to function normally.

• number of sockets and switches;
• number of lighting products;
• locations for electrical appliances.

Next, you need to measure the distance to each electrical point (from the junction box). The footage is determined using a construction tape measure. The data obtained during the measurement must be indicated in the electrical wiring plan in the apartment, and then added up.

Helpful information! To the total amount of electrical wiring, experts recommend adding from 10 to 15% of the stock. This need is due to the fact that often during installation various unforeseen situations occur.

During the operation of the electrical network, the wires heat up. Because of this, they should not be located in one place in large quantities. You should always pay attention to the standards that are prescribed in the regulatory documentation governing the power grid. Often, installation requires the arrangement of parallel wiring with bends and turns.

Modern cables have a three-core structure, in which copper is the key material. Aluminum wiring in an apartment is very rarely used, since copper is a more acceptable material and meets current standards. The cross section of the wires is selected individually depending on the indicator of the calculated power in the system. In order to select the desired section, you can use one of the tables on the Internet.

The standard option is to use a cable with a cross section of 2.5 mm (for supplying electric current to sockets). In turn, lighting fixtures are fed using 1.5 mm wires. After calculating the required amount of wiring, you can begin to calculate the required number of other materials:

• sockets and switches;
• lighting fixtures;
• distribution boxes;
• protective tubes (corrugated);
• cable channels;
• terminal blocks and fasteners.

The correct calculation of all the necessary materials will simplify the work of arranging the electrical wiring in the apartment with your own hands. In order to protect yourself from power surges in the electrical system, you should purchase a special stabilizer. Today, you can choose a powerful device that can cover the needs of the entire apartment, or divide the zones of influence by installing several small models.

What cable to choose for the organization of electrical wiring in the apartment?

The modern electronics market is able to surprise any consumer with a variety of devices, cables and other elements used in the installation of electrical networks. Today it is possible to purchase several types of wires of foreign and domestic production.

NYM. An expensive option, which is produced by a German company. It has a high degree of security and can include from 1 to 5 cores. However, the disadvantage of such a cable is that it does not have sufficient resistance to moisture. In addition, the outer sheath of such a wire is made of polyvinyl chloride, which makes it vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation.

Note! NYM cable is not recommended to be laid in places not protected from direct sunlight. Also, it is not recommended to use it for organizing electrical wiring in a wooden house.

VVG. This cable is quite expensive, but its insulation characteristics are superior to other domestic analogues. It consists of a single core, which is an advantage for laying inside walls. Such a cable is most often used when installing or replacing electrical wiring in an apartment with your own hands.

PUNP. This cable includes 2 or 3 copper wires. The outer protective sheath of such a wire is made of PVC, so it is not recommended to mount it in places that are not protected from sunlight. It costs less than other analogues. However, for self-assembly, you should not purchase this cable, since its laying is more laborious in comparison with the arrangement of VVG (due to rigidity).

It should be remembered that not only efficiency, but also the operational life of the entire system depends on the choice of wiring. Therefore, before buying a cable, you need to calculate whether it is suitable for a specific power.

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in the house: tools and materials

Before starting the wiring, you need to purchase all the materials and prepare the appropriate tools. First of all, you need a puncher. With the help of it, channeling is performed for future wiring. And also it is worth preparing the following nozzles for the perforator:

• (16-20 mm);
• core drill (90-100 mm);

• chisel for concrete (25-30 mm);
• set of drills.

Wiring rules take into account the use of other tools. For example, you will need a grinder equipped with a circle that allows you to work on stone. You also need to purchase a soldering tool, an indicator for determining the phases and a universal electrical multimeter.

Auxiliary tools include side cutters, which must have insulated handles, a mounting knife, and a flashlight. Among other things, you will need a building level and a cord, as well as tools for finishing the channels (spatulas).

Installation of electrical wiring in the apartment: preparatory stage

Electrical wiring in the room can be done alone. The main thing to follow is to follow the installation rules and safety precautions. The master is required not only to understand the basics of this area, but also to know the working nuances.

Note! In the case of replacing the old wiring with a new one, it is necessary first of all to find and dismantle the old cables. In order to find these lines, you can use the wiring sensor.

The preparatory work includes several stages. First, it is worth making markings on the walls corresponding to future channels with wires. Wall marking is carried out in accordance with all necessary cable placement rules. It is important that all actions are thought out in advance and indicated in the electrical project. The apartment should have a sufficient number of electrical appliances that meet the needs of the owners.

After marking the lines, the points are marked where the electrical appliances will be installed, namely: switches, sockets, junction box, as well as lamps.

When wiring electricians in a new building, the shield is located in a special niche. In turn, in old-style buildings, the box is simply installed on the wall. Of course, you can complete the niche yourself, but this will complicate the work of wiring electricians. At the end of the markup, you can proceed directly to the installation work.

Installation of new wiring in the apartment: wall chasing

Before you start organizing channels for cables, you need to remember that they must be straight. Shtrobleniye is made only in horizontal and vertical planes. This is because diagonal elements are much more difficult to perform, as a result of which such work can lead to injury.

In the case of arranging a horizontal channel under the ceiling, it is required to observe the distance specified in the building codes, namely 50 cm. Gating is quite within the power of every person and is done without difficulty with one's own hands. The wiring to the apartment is pulled from the shield.

Consider the sequence of actions during gating. First of all, it is necessary to draw the boundaries of the channel using a grinder. This operation is performed strictly according to the markup. Next, using a puncher equipped with a chisel, a groove of the desired width is made. For smooth bends of the line, it is necessary to make oblique cuts inside the corners. For this, a grinder is used.

At the next stage, you need to drill small niches in the wall, which will be used for sockets. To do this, the nozzle on the perforator is replaced with a core drill. It is important to remember that with the help of such a tool, holes are made in brick walls. For concrete surfaces, an ordinary chisel is also suitable, which will not deteriorate if it hits the reinforcement during the organization of the electricity supply to the apartment.

The recess intended for the VSC at the counter is also made using a chisel. It is worth noting that experts do not recommend using a double strobe when organizing holes for switches. The best option in this case is to purchase a corrugated tube that will accommodate both wires.

Helpful information! When working with a puncher, it is necessary to prepare a comfortable and reliable support that can withstand the weight of a person. For this purpose, it is suitable with side thrust elements. It is not recommended to use an ordinary ladder, as it can tip over.

Separately, it is worth disassembling the nuances of the wiring in the apartment along the ceiling. Today, there are 3 popular ways to organize lines on this surface. The first method takes into account the masking of cables using stretch ceilings. The second option is the organization of a shallow groove with its subsequent finishing.

The third method has some nuances. It takes into account the location of the cables in the ceiling. For panel buildings, ceilings are used that have internal voids, so the wire can simply be pulled through one of them by making two holes (inlet and outlet).

At the end of the gating in the walls, it is necessary to make connected holes between the rooms. This work is also done using a perforator. For maximum invisibility, through holes are organized in the corners of the room. Then it is necessary to pass the cable to the lighting box from the shield. Do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment is required to be done in protective equipment (goggles and gloves).

Electrical installation: installation of a lighting panel

After the wiring channels are ready, you can proceed with the installation of the shield responsible for lighting. In this case, there are two installation options: in a niche or on a wall. RCDs must be present in the shield, the number of which depends on the number of devices in the dwelling.

For a clear explanation of the design of the shield, experts divide it into three conditional parts: upper, middle and lower. The first of them must contain zero terminals. Ground clamps are mounted at the bottom, and circuit breakers are located in the middle part. The installation location of this design is mandatory indicated in the electrical plan. In the apartment, VVG cables (5x6 and 2x6) are connected to the lighting panel.

Connection of cables to the junction box is carried out with the participation of an electrician. Therefore, at this stage it is not necessary to engage in this type of work. The wires that connect to the light box have multi-colored external markings, which allows you to accurately connect them to the right points. For example, a yellow-colored cable with a green stripe is connected to ground. In turn, blue is connected to zero, and white is connected to the upper contact of the RCD.

Installation of external wiring in the apartment: algorithm of actions

In order to conduct cables in an open way, you will need to install cable channels. The installation of these elements is carried out according to the markup prepared earlier. The most acceptable option for the location of such channels is the zone of baseboards or, conversely, a place under the very ceiling.

In order to fix the box, you should prepare the screws. Their step should be approximately 0.5 m. The process of fixing the channel is quite simple. It is necessary to retreat from its edge from 5 to 10 cm and make a hole. Then, using a puncher or drill, you need to drill a hole in the wall and insert a dowel into it. It remains only to fix the box on it - and you're done.

Helpful information! Open wiring has other features that relate to basic electrical appliances: sockets, switches, etc. During installation, such elements are placed on the wall surface, and not inside the holes.

The next step involves wiring open wiring. This process has some distinctive features that are worth paying attention to. All work is carried out in accordance with the wiring diagram. First of all, it is necessary to stretch the main line from the outlets to the lighting panel.

It is important to remember that the VVG 3x2.5 cable is used to lay the main line. In order not to get confused, experts recommend marking the wires, indicating their function. The next thing to do is to stretch the lines from the switches and lighting elements to the switchboards. For this, a wire of a different diameter (3x1.5) is used.

It is important to choose cables with the correct section. This will allow you to perform reliable and efficient electrical wiring in the apartment with your own hands. The scheme in this case is a hint on which installation work is carried out.

The wires are connected to the lighting panel using PPE caps. All connections must be equipped with reliable insulation in accordance with safety regulations. Next, you need to connect the main cable to the light box and check all the wires with a tester. After that, you need to call an electrician (to connect the system to the shield).

Installation of internal wiring and its verification

Hidden wiring has a lot in common with the outdoor method. The main difference of this method is the arrangement of the wires in such a way that they are not visible to the eye. This event has a clear algorithm of actions that must be followed when wiring electricians in a private house or apartment.

First of all, the installation of the lighting box and circuit breakers is carried out. Then it is necessary to lead the input cable from the side of the switchboard. As with outdoor wiring, it does not need to be connected by yourself. This job also requires an electrician.

The next step is to drill holes into which the sockets will be mounted. The same operation must be done with junction boxes indoors. At the end of these works, you can proceed directly to the wiring of electricians in the apartment. The price of arranging this turnkey system (for new buildings) can be different and depends on the number of rooms. For example, for a one-room apartment, the total cost ranges from 25 to 35 thousand rubles, and for a two-room apartment - approximately 30-45 thousand rubles.

Note! Self-assembly will save money, but the organization of power supply is not only a responsible, but also a dangerous task. Therefore, if you are not confident in your abilities, it is better to use the services of a specialist.

Many people are interested in the question of how to conduct wiring in an apartment in a hidden way. The wiring begins with pulling the main line, for which it is necessary to prepare the VVG wire in advance. The cable diameter must match the operational needs. It is recommended to use a wire with a cross section of 3x2.5.

Internal laying can be done in the floor. In this case, the cables are laid in a protective corrugated sheath, which is led to electrical appliances. Next, the wire is pulled and placed in the socket. Then it is necessary to stretch cables with a cross section of 3x1.5 from switches and lighting fixtures to junction boxes. After that, they are joined to the main line using PPE and insulating material.

The above procedure is suitable for both wiring in a new building, and for organizing a new system to replace the old one. The final step is to test the network using a multitester and connect it to the lighting box. Upon completion of the work, it remains only to call an electrician to connect the system to the shield.

Wiring design softwarein the apartment

To date, there are many programs, the use of which allows you to independently draw up an electrical wiring diagram. Among them, there are several graphic editors that are most popular among users.

Autocad. One of the most popular programs that allows you to independently draw an electrical circuit of an apartment. At the moment, you can find many versions of this software on the Internet, and there are both paid and free samples. The advantages of this program include a simple and intelligible interface, as well as the ability to use the Russian language.

Visio. This program is great when you need to draw for an electrical circuit. Beginning electricians most often use it, as it is easy to use and has a user-friendly interface. On the Internet, you can easily find a free version of this software. The disadvantage of the program is limited functionality.

Eagle. Similar software is used for drawing single-line wiring drawings. The functionality of this product allows you to work in two modes: manual and automatic. If you wish, you can use the free version of this program. For drawing up an electrical circuit, it is better to purchase a paid option, as it includes more features.

Elf. Convenient software that was developed for people involved in the design of electrical wiring in apartments and private houses. The advantages of this system include a built-in database that contains all the necessary elements of the electrical network.

Helpful information! If necessary, you can draw an electrical circuit online. To do this, use the search bar of your browser and go to one of the many sites that provide this service.

Independent calculation and installation of the electrical network is a complex undertaking. However, in this case, you can significantly reduce the final cost of electrical wiring in the apartment. Before starting work, it is required to study the basic principles of the operation of this system, building codes, and safety rules. During electrical wiring, it is strictly forbidden to deviate from the work algorithm.

Any work related to electricity requires a serious, competent approach, therefore wiring diagram in the apartment, should be well thought out and executed with high quality. It is with electricians that repairs begin in a new apartment or house. With it, you should start any overhaul of housing. The main stages of repair are as follows. First, wires are laid along all the walls, then they are overgrown primer, paint mesh,plaster, putty and wallpaper. Under this thick layer

electrical wiring will rest for more than a dozen years. That is why, before installing it, you need to carefully consider the future wiring diagram in the apartment.

Where to start execution

As a rule, at the first stages of repair, people usually still have little idea of ​​the final result. And for competent electrical wiring, it would be very desirable to present it. Since this will depend on the functionality and consistency of the location of sockets, switches, lighting, and indeed, all wiring in general. The wiring diagram in a private house or apartment should always start the same way, with drawing up an electrical plan. And that's why. Let's say you made repairs, while not really thinking about the end result, as the electrician advised, they did it. All is ready. We put the furniture in place, placed the consumer electronics, and what did we get? Catastrophe! All sockets turned out to be in a cold reserve, one was blocked by a closet, another by a sofa, a third chest of drawers and a fourth bedside table, even near the TV and your favorite stereo system, as by the law of meanness, there were no sockets within a radius of 3-4 meters. And here, a very fun and exciting game begins, called, scatter extension cords and pilots throughout the apartment. The question is, why did you make new electrical wiring, so that later you could walk and trip over extension cords? Of course no. And in the apartment, this is still half the trouble, but an incorrectly executed wiring diagram in a private house promises more global consequences. Indeed, if in apartments, the wiring changes on average, once every 20-25 years, then in private residential buildings, much less often or never at all. Yes, and how many extension cords are needed for a two or three-story house, and yet there are more I need to buy, how much money will be spent? And how many nerves will be spent every time, as you once again, stumble about the pilot's wire lying on the floor.

What to do? Sit down and calmly think, decide on the arrangement of furniture and consumer electronics. Be sure to note what new electrical appliances you plan to purchase in the coming years. For example: air conditioning, dishwasher, freezer, electric water heater, electric oven or hob, and so on, and where, after these acquisitions, existing cabinets, sofas and bedside tables can move. Consult with your family, wife and children, in practice, their advice turns out to be very useful.

We draw the circuit - the power part

As detailed as possible, with all the explanations and pictures, the installation of electrical wiring from the very beginning to the end is set out in a step-by-step guide

So, you've made up your mind. Now, you need to put all the ideas and plans on paper. We draw a plan of your premises. How to do it? Let's take a standard one-room apartment as an illustrative example. To complete the scheme, we need:

• notebook sheet
• ruler
• pen
• colored pencils or markers

On the diagram we indicate the location of the walls and doorways. Specific dimensions are not required, only the general picture.
This is how we got the layout of the apartment. Simple and clear.

In order to make it clear what is at stake, I will number and sign the rooms:

• Room 1 - hall
• room 2 - kitchen
• room 3 - bathroom
• room 4 - hallway

Now, we need to draw on our diagram, the location of furniture and household appliances.

Items marked in red are consumers of electricity, which means that in these places we will need sockets. Now, we simplify the scheme, remove the furniture, and in places where there will be consumer electronics, draw designation of sockets on the diagram. This is the diagram we should have.
Now, let's clarify the conventions that we have used and will continue to use in our diagrams.

I'll duplicate the signatures, from top to bottom:

• socket
• double socket
• single-gang switch
• two-gang switch
• lamp, chandelier, light bulb
• junction box (junction box)
• end of the wire, for further connection of equipment
• force shield

The specific dimensions, the location of the sockets, will need to be indicated on the diagram, as soon as you finally decide on the places for arranging furniture and appliances.

Drawing a diagram - lighting part

In our example, all chandeliers and lamps will be located in the center of the room. Let's start drawing, from the room, number 1 - hall. The coordinates of the location of the fixtures, the length and width, if available, the exact dimensions of the room, you can specify immediately. For our example, there are no specific dimensions, so we will perform all the necessary measurements during the first stage of installation - marking. For example, I'll show you how to find the center of the room. First, we measure the width of the room, divide the resulting value in half. For example, if the width turned out to be 4 meters, we divide it in half, 4: 2 \u003d 2, it turns out 2 meters.
Now, we measure the length of the room and also divide it in half. For example, 6 meters long, divide in half, 6: 2 \u003d 3, it turned out 3 meters. We know the coordinates of the middle. According to the given values, mark the center of the room. I marked it with a cross.
Similarly, we mark all other rooms.
L - shaped room, at number 4 (entrance hall), we divide into two parts and also mark it.
Now, we replace the crosses with the symbols of the fixtures and get just such a picture.
To complete our circuit, we need to draw the switches. To do this, we again need to think and decide, this time, with interior doors. Namely, on which side they will open, to the left or to the right, and where, inward or outward. This is done so that some kind of switch does not turn out by accident. outside the door when the repair will be fully ready. Usually, opening doors is done in the smallest angle. Here, the usefulness of the space on the left and right is taken into account, but also not forget about the furniture, the door should not rest against it. So, we decided on the doors.

Now, we can draw the switches. As a rule, switches are located inside the rooms. So that when you open the door and enter the room, you can immediately turn on the light, and turn it off when you leave. The control of the light of a particular room will be completely in the hands of the one who is in it. They went to bed, turned off the light, and there was no need to leave the room. Comfortable. The exception is damp and damp rooms, such as bathrooms and toilets. Here, the switches are taken out, as the constant ingress of moisture into the switch will lead to its fast failure.

We draw switches on the diagram using conditionaldesignations. Before starting the installation of electrical wiring, it will be necessary to indicate on the diagram, the specific dimensions of the switches, the height and indent from the edge of the door.

So, in the end we got two pictures:

1. socket layout
2. diagram of lamps and switches

The first stage has been completed. As a result, we have the first and main part of the electrical circuit.

Stage two, wiring diagram

To begin with, you need to calculate in detail and think over the route of laying the wire. To do this, you need to carefully examine the room in which the installation is planned. Know exactly what finishing and finishing work will be done. What should be of interest:
Suspended, stretch ceilings
Will the walls be plastered, if so, what will be the thickness of the layer
For monolithic houses, you need to know which walls are load-bearing
The location of the floor slabs, how the channels run and how clean they are
Why is it important. Let me explain with a specific example.
Let's say that in our one-room apartment, which we took as an example in the first part, stretch ceilings are planned. From an electrical standpoint, it's just great. The fact is that now, if electrical work is carried out independently, you can save a lot of time and effort, as well as a lot of money, on materials. Savings occur due to the fact that now, it becomes possible to choose a combined method of installing hidden electrical wiring.
We install the wire along the ceiling in a non-combustible corrugated pipe, we make descents to sockets and switches in vertical strobes.
See how many benefits we get by using this mounting method:
If there is a replacement of electrical wiring, a hidden design, without updating the plaster layer, you do not need to do the lion's share of the hard work of making horizontal strobes for laying the wire. This type of preparatory work takes almost 50% of the time spent on the entire wiring installation cycle.
It is not required to pull the wire in the channels of the ceiling slabs. This method of laying is used to covertly lay a wire to the center of the room, to power a chandelier or lamp. We save time and effort, the channels of floor slabs are not always clean, in some situations you have to tinker.
Significantly reduce the amount of wire required. When laying it along the walls, you have to go around extra distances, performing installation on the ceiling, you can lay it along the shortest path.
This example shows how the ratio of time and money spent on the entire installation cycle can change. That is why this issue should be approached so scrupulously.
What you should pay attention to if the installation of electrical wiring will be carried out, in the standard way of laying, hidden along the walls.
It is highly desirable to try to bypass the concrete floors located above the windows and doors. The first reason is that it is very problematic to ditch them. Second, in the future, incidents may arise when installing curtains for curtains.
It is necessary to correctly determine how the channels pass in the floor slabs, since wires will be laid in them for chandeliers and lamps.
Calculate the location of the junction boxes. With the right number and location, you can significantly reduce the amount of wire required for installation.
If the house is monolithic concrete, you should calculate the location of sockets and switches so that they do not fall on the supporting structures. Violating their integrity is strictly prohibited!
After we have taken into account all the points, we proceed to sketching the wiring diagram. To do this, we use two schemes that we got in the first stage. We superimpose the schemes on top of each other and get the big picture.

Let's start with room number 1. Here, there will be standard painted ceilings, so the wires will be mounted along the walls, for the chandelier in the channel of the ceiling plate. In this room, there will be two double sockets, one switch and a chandelier. We pull the wire, starting from the farthest corner, since it contains the first double sockets in the chain. We stop at the exit from the room, there will be a junction box.

I would not recommend making sockets with a loop, this will significantly reduce the throughput of the last socket. It will be more correct and reliable to make all connections in the junction box. Therefore, we lead the wire directly, from each outlet, to the box. We sketch the route of the wire from the second double socket.

Now, we draw the route of laying the wire, from the chandelier to the junction box.

From switch to box.

All wires are collected in one place, we sketch the location of the junction box.

Similarly, we sketch the routes for laying wires in other rooms.
Electrical wiring in the kitchen. Here, it is possible to use the floor slab channel to shorten the wire route to one of the outlets. We pass the wires in the channel of the plate, thereby saving time and wire.

Installation or replacement of electrical wiring is an extremely important matter that requires special attention. Once laid, the cable will have to serve the tenant for decades. Uninterrupted operation and safety directly depend on the quality of the work performed. And a well-designed wiring diagram is one of the most important and paramount tasks of all electrical installation procedures.

Before you start designing a wiring diagram in a private or apartment building, office or other room, it will be useful to think carefully. The main problem that most people face is a poor understanding of the placement of sockets, switches and other points.

One has only to describe a possible common situation, and it becomes clear why it is so important to pay special attention to the smallest details already at the design stage. Suppose the wiring is laid, everything is connected and the redecoration of the premises is made. It's time to install and arrange furniture. But it turns out that one outlet is hidden behind the closet, the other behind the sofa.

But where various equipment is located, on the contrary, there are no sockets. And what to do in this case? Pull extension cords? But this will not only spoil the appearance of the new home, but also create a lot of inconvenience. Everything will feel especially good when you have to hook on the wires stretched throughout the house a couple of times. But it is quite possible to avoid such situations if, at the stage of creating a project, the location of furniture, appliances and some other nuances are taken into account.

Schema creation

When everything is calculated, then you can proceed to the compilation of the scheme itself. And here you will need colored pencils, pens or markers, a sheet of paper and a ruler.

Of course, if you already have experience in creating such schemes, then it is quite possible to get by with just a pen and a piece of paper, but for less experienced people it is still better to use several colors, so that in the process it would be easier to understand what is where.

It is best to start with the power part, that is, with sockets, switches and mounting boxes. But first you need to draw a typical plan of the apartment or house itself. It is not necessary to strictly observe the dimensions and scale - the main thing is that all rooms are displayed. Next, furniture and appliances are drawn. Moreover, it is better to highlight electrical consumers in some other color. For example, red. After all, in these places or somewhere nearby there should be an outlet.

At doorways, as a rule, switches are installed - they also need to be drawn on the diagram. The main thing is not to confuse the side of the wall, and place such details where necessary. Don't forget about conventions. There are icons accepted and used in a professional environment, which are used in electrical wiring diagrams. It would be better if they are on the drawing. But on a separate piece of paper, for yourself, you can draw such designations with an explanation.

The next step is to draw up the final version of the scheme. And here you will need another sheet, where again you need to draw a building plan, but without furniture. But sockets and switches are required. In order not to miss anything, and to correctly draw up a wiring diagram in the apartment, it should display:

• Single and double switches.
• Sockets.
• Breakout boxes.
• Power shield.

Lighting

The next step in drawing up the diagram will be the designation of the location of all lighting points, that is, chandeliers, lanterns, sconces, lamps and others. In the drawing, they will also be indicated by a special symbol: a circle with lines crossed diagonally. If the wires are simply changed in the room and the location of the fixtures is known, then, having made measurements, you can put on the diagram the location of their location and the distance from the wall with the junction box.

The process looks a little more complicated if the wiring is being laid for the first time and the location of the lighting fixtures is not known. It is accepted that the main lamp or chandelier is located in the center of the room. It remains only to correctly calculate where it is:

• Measure the distance from wall to wall in width and divide by two.
• Measure the distance from wall to wall along the length and also divide by two.
• The crosshairs of these values ​​\u200b\u200band will indicate the center of the room.

Pay attention to the decoration of the walls for economic reasons. If the plaster is applied in a thin layer, then vertical strobes will have to be made. And it's hard work and hard work. If the plaster lays down in a thick layer, then you can apply and fix the cable directly to the wall, then it will hide in it. Drywall is even easier. Here the cable is placed in a corrugated non-combustible tube and placed behind the plasterboard.

Attention is paid to the decoration of ceilings for the same reasons. If you plan to simply align it, then you will have to lead the cable to the lamps in the slab. To do this, you will need to make additional holes in the ceiling sheet and pull the line to the exit to the lamp. And this is more difficult than it might seem when planning. Another thing is if the ceilings are suspended or suspended. In this case, it is enough to place the cable in a special corrugated non-combustible tube, and then just fix it on the ceiling.

Bearing walls, as a rule, are always concrete, which complicates the work with them. Yes, and it is simply forbidden to violate their integrity, therefore it is preferable to conduct all wiring through partitions. Floor slabs in the process of electrical installation often have to be overcome. And this must be taken into account when drawing up the wiring diagram of the wiring of the room.

First, here it is worth additionally considering the length of the cable to bypass. And secondly, if you run the wiring through the window or door overlap, then it will not only be more technically difficult, but also fraught with trouble in the future. After all, the wiring above the window opening is easy to damage if you need to hang a cornice.

Thus, knowing the amount of cable and having an idea about the electrical work to be done, you can save a lot both financially and physically, spending less effort.

Transfer to drawing

Now all measurements and calculations need to be transferred to the drawing. Given the known data, it will not be difficult to do this. And it would be nice to start combine two (power and lighting part) existing circuits into one.

Any room is chosen, and a junction box is placed near the exit. From it, they begin to pull the cable. In the diagram, all cables are indicated simply by straight lines. Therefore, taking into account how the cable will be run, a straight line is drawn on the diagram along the route of its passage.

The easiest way to start is with outlets. And it is on them to draw lines from the soldering box. If double, triple or more sockets are installed in the room, then leading one cable to them, and then throwing a cable is not very correct. It is better to feed a separate wire from the junction box to each of them. For convenience and economy, this can be installed directly above the sockets themselves.

Now you can draw a line on the lighting fixture, that is, the chandelier. From the same junction box draw a wire to the lamp. Here it is important to consider how the ceiling will be processed. After all, perhaps there is a chance to save the cable. Next, draw a line from the switch to the box. The main thing is not to confuse which way the door will open. It is necessary that the switch be available immediately, and not be behind the door or closet.

All the wires in the wiring diagram are connected in one place, which is indicated as a small circle - the junction box. For convenience, it can be highlighted in other colors. Other rooms are drawn in the same way.

The power cabinet is usually installed either at the entrance to the apartment, or in the tambour room. From the shield, one wire is output to each room to power the sockets and one wire to power the lighting. In the diagram, it is preferable to designate the cable for sockets in one color, and for lighting in the second.

Here it is also worth considering some other nuances. So, if an electric stove is used, it is better for it to select a separate group and stretch its cable. Separate outlets can also be made for a washing machine and other energy-intensive appliances.

If the wiring changes in a wooden house, then you will have to take into account that the walls will be made of wood, so the cable must additionally be placed in a corrugated metal or plastic non-combustible tube. Otherwise, it all depends on the covering of the walls, the ceiling and the layout of the country house.

All work that is somehow related to electricity in the house will require a competent and serious approach from you, so the wiring diagram in an apartment or private house must be well thought out, and most importantly, correctly and efficiently manufactured. It is from the electrical circuit and its installation that repairs in new housing or major repairs in the old one will begin. The sequence of actions for installing wiring in the house will be as follows. Firstly, wiring is laid along the walls, which will subsequently be covered with plaster and wallpaper. Under this finish, all electrical wiring will lie for many years and will not bother you. For this, before starting installation, you need to very carefully calculate the entire wiring plan of the apartment.

Wiring diagrams - where to start?

Most often, when the turn of laying electrical wiring in a house or apartment comes up, people do not imagine the end result. And the wiring diagram should be presented in colors. This is because the overall functionality, as well as the correctness and consistency, etc., will directly depend on the correctness of the scheme. The wiring diagram of a house or apartment will always begin with one thing - thinking through the plan of the entire electrician. Let's explain why. Let's say you've completed a repair without thinking about the end result. We finished all the repairs, put furniture and household appliances and ... You can get a bunch of problems.

Sockets and switches may be closed by a sofa or cabinet, and where it is needed it is not there and vice versa. And in such cases, you will begin with pleasure to unwind extension cords throughout the apartment to the necessary electrical receivers. Naturally, you do not want such a new electrical wiring in the apartment. Errors in flats are still comparatively tolerable. But if the house wiring diagram is done incorrectly in a private house, then this promises more serious problems. This is because the apartments usually undergo major repairs with the replacement of wiring every 20-25 years. But in private homes, this is all done either much less often, or never done at all. Assume that a mistake is made in a multi-story building, then the problems will seem even more fun.

In order to avoid all such problems, you just need to calmly think over everything and decide how to put household appliances and furniture in the house. It is also worth noting that in the near future you will buy and will depend on electricity. All these questions are best discussed with the family, because everyone will have their own vision of the situation, which will not be superfluous.

Related articles:

Wiring diagram - power section

So, you've thought it all out. Now you need to start putting all the plans and ideas that have appeared on paper. Draw a plan for your home. For example, we will disassemble a standard one-room apartment, but everything is exactly the same for a private house. In order to complete the wiring diagram of the apartment wiring, you will need a sheet of paper, a pen, a ruler, colored markers or pencils.

On the diagram you need to indicate the location of doorways and walls. Exact dimensions are not needed, only the general position is required. If you have not yet learned, then we advise you to refer to the article of the same name.

For example, the following picture should turn out.

For a complete presentation and simplicity, number and sign all the rooms:

• No. 1 - hall;
• No. 2 - kitchen;
• No. 3 - bathroom;
• No. 4 - entrance hall.

After that, you need to put on the electric circuit the place in which household appliances and furniture will be located. All items must be numbered, labeled and highlighted by the color of electricity consumers.

It is for consumers of electricity, highlighted in red, that sockets will be needed. Now you need to simplify your circuit, i.e. we remove all items, and in those places where the electronics will be located, we will put the designations of sockets on the wiring plan. It should look like the following.

It will not be superfluous to apply the symbols used in the scheme in order to avoid confusion.

The specific dimensions and location of the sockets will need to be indicated on the diagram after you decide on the exact locations of the electronics and furniture.

Electrical diagram in the apartment - lighting part

In this example, all lighting fixtures will be in the center of the room. Let's start with the first room - the hall. The coordinates of the location of the lamps, if you know the exact dimensions of the room, you can indicate in the first place. In our case, we do not have exact dimensions, so we will carry out all the necessary measurements during the first stage of installation, i.e. marking. With the definition of the center, we hope, there should be no problems. But just in case, let's say that first you measure the width of the room, and divide the resulting measurement in half.

The same must be done with the length of the room, i.e. measure and divide by half. This way you will get the coordinates of the middle of the room. According to these obtained coordinates, you need to designate the center of the room and mark it with a cross on the diagram.

In exactly the same way, designate the middle of all rooms.

The entrance hall, which is L-shaped in shape, needs to be divided into 2 parts and also marked out.

If you change the applied crosses to the symbols of lighting devices, you get a similar wiring diagram.

To complete the wiring diagram at home with your own hands, you need to apply switches. To do this, you need to determine the location of interior doors. By the way, have a look, useful article. Here you need to understand in which direction the door will open, i.e. inward or outward, as well as to the right or left. This must be done so that the installed switch is not behind any door.

The next step is to apply switches to the wiring diagram. Usually they are located inside the rooms in such a way that when entering the room and opening the door, one could turn on the light without any problems, and turn it off when leaving. The exception will be rooms with high humidity - bathrooms and bathrooms.. This is due to the fact that the constant ingress of moisture will quickly disable the switches, unless, of course, special devices with increased protection are used.

Draw the switches on your circuit using the legend. Before starting the installation of electrical wiring on the diagram, it is necessary to apply the exact dimensions to the switches - the distance from the doors, as well as the height from the floor.

As a result, you will draw up two wiring diagrams - a socket diagram and a circuit of switches and fixtures. The first stage is over. Now you have the main part of the electrical circuit.

Wiring diagram

First you need to think over and calculate the entire wiring route in the house. To do this, it is necessary to conduct an inspection in the room in which the work is planned. It is also necessary to decide on the finishing work that will be carried out. Namely, you need to know: what the ceilings will be, whether the plaster will be performed and its thickness, where the load-bearing walls are, whether it will be necessary. Let's look at all this with an example.

For example, you are planning to perform stretch ceilings. In terms of wiring, this option is just great. In this case, all the work on laying electrical wiring can be done independently, as well as save a lot of time and effort, as well as materials. This is due to the fact that combined wiring can be used. That is, the installation of cables is carried out on the draft ceiling in corrugated non-combustible pipes, and the descents to the switches and sockets are carried out in the walls - in the strobes.

This method of wiring installation has the following advantages.

If it is necessary to replace the electrical wiring, all work is carried out without updating the plaster layer, and no hard work is required to arrange the strobe. But it is the preparation of channels for laying cables that takes up the bulk of the working time. Also, you do not need to stretch them through the channels of the ceiling. This also allows you to save your strength, because. channels are not always clean. In addition, the consumption of wires is greatly reduced. This is due to the fact that during the laying along the walls you need to bypass various obstacles, and if you lay along the ceiling, then the wiring is carried out along the shortest path.

If your wiring will be carried out in the standard way along the walls, then you need to pay attention to the following points.

• We recommend avoiding concrete floors above doors and windows. This is due to the fact that it is very difficult to make strobes in them, and the second reason will be problems during the installation of cornices or curtains for hanging curtains.
• It is necessary to correctly find the channels in the floor slabs, because they will need to lay wiring for lamps.
• Accurately calculate the location of the junction boxes. If this is done correctly, then you can also significantly reduce the consumption of material during the installation of electrical wiring.
• If your house is monolithic concrete, then you need to draw up a circuit of switches and sockets in such a way that they do not fall on the main supporting structures, because. it is highly undesirable to violate their integrity.

After taking into account the above nuances, you can begin to draw up a wiring diagram. To do this, you need to use the schemes that turned out at the first stage of preparation. Wiring diagrams should be superimposed on each other and the overall picture will be obtained.

We start with the first room in the house. There will be ordinary ceilings for painting. Therefore, here the installation will be carried out along the walls, and for the chandelier it will be laid in the channels of the ceiling slab. Also in this room there are two double sockets, a switch and a chandelier. The wire should be pulled from the farthest corner, because. the first double socket in the circuit is located there. You need to stop at the exit from the premises, because. there will be a junction box.

It is not recommended to make sockets with a loop, because. this will greatly reduce the power of the last socket in the circuit. It will be more reliable and correct to make all connections in the switch box. Therefore, you need to lead the wire directly from each outlet to the box. Draw the cable route from the second double outlet.

After that, sketch the wire from the chandelier to the junction box.

When all the cables are collected in one place, it is necessary to designate a place for the junction box itself.

In the same way, you need to designate the routes for laying wiring in other rooms. Electrical wiring in the kitchen - here you can use channels in floor slabs to reduce the wire path from one of the outlets. By passing them through these channels, you save both material and your time.

Making a wiring diagram in the bathroom.

Schematic in the hallway. In this room, it is planned to install a false ceiling made of plastic, and therefore it is possible to throw electrical wiring along the ceiling in corrugated tubes.

After the above manipulations, designate a place to find the force shield. As a rule, it is located near the entrance to the apartment.

Begin. From the hall to the shield.

From the kitchen to the shield.

From the bathroom to the power shield.

And finally, from the hallway to the shield.

So a wiring diagram for an apartment or a private house has been drawn up, and then you can put it into practice without looking back.

The next step for the installation of electrical wiring in the house will be the calculation of the wire cross section. It is extremely undesirable to neglect such a calculation, because each equipment has its own power consumption, which the supply wire must withstand. Well, after that you will definitely have to figure it out.