Geotextile to retain moisture. Geotextile: what is it and how is it used? Geotextiles in private construction and landscape design

Non-woven geotextile is a material obtained from polypropylene or polyester fibers. In its manufacture, different technologies are used:

• needle punching (stitching);
• impregnation with polymer resins (gluing);
• thermal soldering and welding.

These production methods provide the material with high porosity and fine structure.

Due to this, geotextiles have unique physical and chemical characteristics and a lot of advantages, which makes it possible to use it in road and capital construction, agriculture and other industries.

The STSGEO online store offers all interested individuals and organizations to profitably buy geotextiles at below market prices.

Advantages of geotextile

The main advantages are high elasticity and mechanical strength.

Geotextiles are able to withstand significant tensile loads without tearing, without losing shape.

It retains its properties when stretched up to 50% of the initial size and has many other advantages over analogues:

• not subject to rotting processes - colonies of fungi, mold and other pathogenic microorganisms do not form on it;
• it is highly resistant to aggressive chemical compounds: acids, alkalis, organic solvents;
• environmental friendliness - the composition of the material does not contain substances that pose a danger to humans and the environment;
• resistant to sunlight and weather factors;
• ease of installation;
• service life - more than 25 years.

Application areas of geotextiles

Geotextiles are versatile: non-woven fabrics are successfully used in a number of industries, such as construction, medicine and agriculture, clothing, household items and hygiene products.

In addition, geotextiles are used for:

• devices of drainage and filtering systems - windings of pipes with continuous perforation and geomembranes;
• sheltering roses for the winter;
• protecting crops from birds and weeds;
• production of disposable bed linen and clothing used in medical and medical institutions;
• mattress pads;
• production of disposable filters that are installed in household appliances;
• production of various types of packaging in the light industry, such as bags for clothes and shoes, household items and electronic devices;
• laying under the foundation.

Needle-punched textile brand Dornit is used for ballasting gas and oil pipelines. In the construction of buildings, it is used at almost all stages: from the laying of supporting structures to the thermal insulation of rooms and the waterproofing of the roof. It is indispensable for the construction of large facilities: stadiums, swimming pools, warehouse terminals and industrial premises.

Laying geotextile under the road allows it to be evenly distributed over the surface of the entire canvas and reduces pressure on the ground. This allows you to significantly extend the service life of asphalt concrete pavements of highways. The greatest effect can be achieved on weakly bearing and heaving soils.

The use of a geosynthetic fabric makes it possible to significantly improve the characteristics of hydraulic structures. Geotextile acts as a reinforcing and waterproofing layer, serves to strengthen the shores of natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as the slopes of hills and mountains.

The scope of geotextile is determined by its physical and mechanical properties, which in turn directly depend on the density of the material, measured in grams per square meter of fabric. The higher the density, the higher the resistance of the geotextile to external mechanical influences. It is very important that with high elasticity, excellent breaking loads, the material is also chemically resistant and is not afraid of aggressive environments. He is not afraid of moisture, corrosion processes, or temperature changes, which practically does not limit the area of ​​​​its use.

You can buy geotextiles from STSGeo at a price below the market, if necessary, the manager will help you choose the right geosynthetic and answer questions that have arisen during the purchase.

Consider specific areas and features of the application of this material.

Arrangement of separating (drainage) layers

In a broad sense, a separating-drainage layer is a filter bed that can be filled with sand, gravel or other solid bulk material. But in order to preserve the integrity of such a layer, it is necessary to use a thin material that would be strong enough to withstand certain mechanical loads, could resist corrosion, pass water well, but at the same time retain larger dirt particles. And the solution is geotextile density 100-300 g/m2 which fully meets all these requirements. Drainage layers are equipped as follows:

• The base material (sand, fine gravel) is poured into the prepared pit or trench, leveled
• Laying down a layer of geotextile
• The drainage layer of fine gravel is filled up
• An additional layer of geotextile is laid
• The top layer is poured under the base, for example, a garden path
• The outer layer is being equipped (paving slabs are laid or small granite rubble is poured)

Geotextile, which is fixed with special anchors during installation, and the joints of which are stitched or glued, thermally joined, does not allow the drainage layers of the base to mix, while maintaining the structure of the layers. It allows water to pass through, but does not allow small particles of dirt to pass through, which maintains the properties of the drainage layer, its filtering ability, and also prevents it from spreading under the influence of mechanical loads. That is, geotextile performs in this case the functions of a reinforcing material.

Arrangement of drainage systems

For the arrangement of drainage systems in areas of private households, special pipes or boxes are often used. Their installation is carried out in pre-prepared trenches, and drainage hatches are brought to the surface or areas with drainage backfill (sand, gravel) are left. The drainage pipe itself is perforated for effective moisture absorption, and gravel is poured into the trenches before it is laid. But if you do not use geotextiles, then soon, under the influence of moisture, the gravel backfill will lose its shape and spread. Therefore, the bottom of the trench is lined with geotextiles with density 100-200 g/m2. Often the drainage pipe itself is wound into it. After the drainage pipe is filled with gravel, the edges of the geotextile are overlapped and fastened together, and then the remaining space is covered with sand from above.

Arrangement of garden paths and construction of a blind area

Since we mentioned garden paths above, we will immediately talk about the features of their arrangement. For this, geotextiles are used with density 100-250 g/m2, depending on the expected loads and the type of external coating used. The arrangement of the track is as follows:

• A groove is being prepared for the entire width of the future path (blind area) with a depth of 20-40 cm, depending on the material chosen (decorative gravel backfill, paving slabs)
• A layer of sand 5-10 cm thick is poured, it is well compacted
• The geotextile is laid so that on each side of the trench it protrudes upward beyond the edge by 5 cm, fixed with anchors
• A layer of gravel is poured, leveled
• The second layer of geotextile is laid on top and fixed in the same way as the first one.
• A sand cushion is poured and paving slabs are laid or a backfill is made with decorative gravel. The edges of the geotextile are subsequently covered with soil.

As a result, the structure of the layers will not be disturbed, the track will retain a perfectly flat surface throughout the entire period of use. The construction of the blind area is carried out in exactly the same way, with the only difference being that the top layer is poured with a liquid cement-sand mortar onto a reinforcing steel mesh.

Arrangement of sports grounds

For arranging the bases for sports fields with natural or artificial grass, geotextiles with density 100-200 g/m2. It performs reinforcing functions, as in the above methods of application, but the key feature in this case is to ensure the integrity of the flooring. Firstly, for this, the textiles are overlapped, the width of which should be 30-50 cm. Secondly, the joints of the geotextiles can be fastened together. There are several ways to fasten the canvas during installation:

• Stitching - in this case, a portable stitching machine is used (overlapped with a width of 20-25 cm)
• Connection by welding (torch) - fastened according to the principle of rolled waterproofing with an overlap of at least 10 cm wide
• Fixation with staples - a special metal or plastic staple is used

Important: Regardless of the chosen method of fastening, the canvas must be stretched and fixed with anchors - its “sagging” is unacceptable.

Then a pillow of gravel, sand, a new layer of geotextile is poured onto the canvas, on which a geogrid is laid, filled with soil, into which lawn grass is planted. Rolls of purchased lawn grass can also be stacked on it. In the case of the arrangement of a sports ground with artificial turf, fine gravel backfill can be used instead of soil.

Arrangement of an inversion roof

New advances in the field of thermal insulation and waterproofing materials make it possible to use the entire usable area of ​​buildings, including their roofs, with maximum efficiency. Without going into technical details, the inversion roof is different in that the order of the layers of the concrete floor covering in it is reversed. That is, waterproofing is applied to the concrete base, and then insulation and top backfill, which allows you to arrange a real lawn on the roof. Geotextiles are used here as a separating drainage material. density 100-150 g/m2. It protects the insulation from fine gravel backfill, while maintaining the integrity of the layers.

Slope strengthening

The heterogeneity of the landscape is pleasing to the eye, but requires additional efforts in its arrangement. Geotextiles are used to reinforce slopes. density 150-300 g/m2. The slope strengthening technology involves the following works:

• Slope leveling and excavation to a depth of 20 cm or formwork preparation for subsequent height increase
• Laying the first layer of geotextile and fixing with anchors
• gravel backfill
• Laying the second layer of geotextile
• backfill

In many cases, a greater effect can be achieved by using a geogrid filled with fertile soil and grass seeds. Subsequently, the grass roots intertwine the perforated walls of the geogrid, creating a dense, uniform turf. But even without the use of a geogrid, soil leaching from the slope surface and its gradual subsidence will no longer be possible, since the geotextile produces an excellent deterrent effect.

Arrangement of reservoirs, reservoirs, banks of rivers and canals

Geotextile with density 200-350 g/m2 widely used in the arrangement of reservoirs and banks of rivers, canals. The bottom of any pond must be protected from root growth that can damage the waterproofing layers, in addition, the base pad must retain its shape, the layers should not mix. To do this, a layer of geotextile is laid on the very bottom of the bowl and fixed with anchors. A sand cushion is poured on it, which is spilled with water and well compacted. A second layer of geotextile is laid on top, it is fixed, and then waterproofing is installed. Such an arrangement eliminates the possibility of plant roots sprouting into the bottom of the reservoir, so there will also be no reason to fear its silting or drying out.

For coastal reinforcement, a geogrid can be additionally used, which is laid on top of the geotextile and filled with soil. Subsequently, it will ensure the density and integrity of the coast, regardless of the water level in the reservoir and the abundance of precipitation. No less effective is the installation of gabions - metal mesh frames filled with stone.

Carrying out road works, arrangement of the roadbed, highways and car parks

In large-scale construction, when preparing foundations that must withstand severe loads, geotextiles of a higher density - 200-500 g / m 2. Any roads, highways, parking lots, including those with heavy equipment, experience constant mechanical stress, including vibration. Therefore, only the correct arrangement allows you to maintain a perfectly flat surface for many years. What does it suggest:

• Preparation of a flat plane for laying geotextile and its laying and fixing with anchors, stitching, thermal bonding of joints
• Backfilling the sand cushion - when laying the geotextile across - perpendicular to the roadway with an overlap, it is necessary to take into account the direction of sand leveling. The overlap must be carried out in the direction of leveling
• Laying the second layer of geotextile and geogrid (if necessary)
• gravel backfill
• Laying the roadway

The same principle applies to parking areas. Why is this needed? The reinforcing properties of geotextiles make it possible to more evenly distribute mechanical loads and prevent the base layers from spreading. Even with high point loads, the likelihood of web penetration remains minimal. This significantly extends the life of the blade and reduces the cost of its maintenance.

The geofabric is resistant to sudden changes in temperature, moisture and other aggressive media (acids, alkalis, resins, salts), which significantly extends the life of road surfaces and railways.

Geotextiles are also indispensable in the construction of temporary roads in a forest belt, for example. It can even be laid directly on the growing undergrowth, and sprinkled with sand or gravel on top.

Construction of building foundations

Geotextile with density 300-600 g/m2 used where there are high static loads - in the arrangement of building foundations. Factors such as the bearing capacity of the soil, the volume of groundwater, and other nuances often lead architects to a dead end, but thanks to geotextiles, you can not be afraid of subsidence of the foundation. The first layer of material is laid on the very bottom of the pit and securely fixed with anchors. It covers not only the bottom, but also the side walls, protruding to the surface by 40-50 cm. The first layer of the pillow, gravel, is poured on it. It is evenly leveled and covered with a second layer of geotextile, which is also securely fixed. The result is a “pie” that not only has a high drainage capacity, but can also evenly distribute mechanical loads over the entire area of ​​the bottom of the pit without spreading.

A sand cushion is poured on top, a geomembrane is laid and a classic arrangement of the foundation is carried out with its subsequent waterproofing. This technique allows you to build multi-storey buildings where it was previously impossible.

Arrangement of airports and railways

For the arrangement of objects such as airports or railways, geotextiles are used with maximum density 500-600 g/m2. In the construction of airports and runways, geotextiles are used in the same way as in the arrangement of classical foundations described above. In the case of railway track laying, the geotextile acts as a separating layer between the subgrade and the sand/rock embankment in the substructure of the track, as well as a separator between the main embankment layers. A berm, a counter-banquet, is poured onto the geotextile. The tasks of geotextiles are the uniform distribution of loads and the separation of layers. Even under conditions of constant vibration loads, the wear of the railway track is minimal due to the reduction in tensile stress.

These are the main areas of application of geotextiles, which can also be widely used in agriculture when covering plants, seeds for the winter period. The material is universal, and its use can significantly increase the level of reliability and safety of any structure, structure, extend its service life, and reduce maintenance costs. , as well as expand opportunities in terms of engineering and architectural design, landscape design.

Application table according to density

In connection with the current trend of increasing the popularity of landscape design, there is an increase in the demand for modern, technologically advanced materials that make it possible to equip both private houses themselves and the surrounding land plots with high quality.

Such innovative materials include geotextiles, which have excellent qualities and useful properties necessary to form the most exclusive landscape design projects.

Composition and types of geotextiles

The unique geotextile material looks like a classic fabric, however, its structure can be both woven and non-woven.

The canvas consists of ultra-thin compressed synthetic threads of a polypropylene or polyester nature.

– polyester geotextile- mainly contains thin fibers made of polyester (polyester). Such material is more environmentally friendly, but less resistant to the aggressive influence of alkalis or acids;

– polypropylene geotextile- This is a very durable, resistant to all sorts of influences material. Never rots, mold "does not like" it, has an excellent filtration coefficient;

– multicomponent (mixed) geotextile- the technology of its industrial production implies the inclusion in the composition of all kinds of safe recyclable materials, for example, cotton products, viscose waste and woolen waste. This material is cheaper than polyester (polyester) and polypropylene counterparts, although it is inferior to them in terms of durability or insufficient strength reliability.

The additives included in the component composition are natural, and therefore quickly collapse (rot). In these places, voids are formed, increasing the risk of destruction of the product.

Recommendation! Geotextiles of domestic production in many parameters (stiffness, modulus of elasticity, frost resistance, etc.) are superior to foreign counterparts and are much more profitable for the buyer in terms of cost!

Geotextile classification

In addition to the component classification, it is customary to distinguish types of geotextiles by type of production:

– needle-punched geotextile- consists of the smallest fibers of polypropylene or polyester, bonded in a special "needle-punched" way. The technology creates a structural fabric that can pass moisture only across and along. During operation, the structure is not flooded with water and is not clogged with soil particles;

— geotextile "Doronit"- the material is very elastic and can act as a reinforcing substrate. It is characterized by excellent filtering properties, which are not affected by high loading pressure or regular vibration. The isotopic nature of the material allows for equal properties in all directions of the web;

Read also: General information about wood. Types of cuts

– thermofixed geotextile- a material in which structural fibers are firmly fused to each other during the production stage. Due to this production technology, thermoset geotextiles have poor filtration (only in the transverse direction), but they have exceptional strength;

– heat-treated geotextile- this material is produced by pressing the components with their simultaneous fusion. It turns out a very durable canvas, suitable exclusively for waterproofing;

— knitting geotextile with stitching- here polypropylene and polyester fibers are stitched with strong threads. The resulting product passes moisture well, but is extremely unstable to external (mechanical) influences;

– construction geotextile- used for waterproofing any structures on the site. The material does not dampen, does not accumulate moisture, passes water only from the inside to the outside.

Advantages of geotextile

Regardless of the method of manufacture and the materials used, the material has a huge list of advantages that affect the quality improvement of landscape design:

- lightness and compactness;

- decent strength and good ability to withstand tensile loads;

- cost savings;

- "Doronit" passes water and air, while retaining even microscopic particles of soil;

— simplicity of installation and simplicity of transportation;

- maintains optimal heat transfer and ensures uniform soil temperature;

- good resistance to mechanical (impact) and chemical influences;

- inhibits the germination of weeds, etc. others

Disadvantages of geotextiles

For such a versatile material as geotextiles, certain disadvantages are inherent:

— instability to the direct (direct) action of UV radiation;

- the high cost of some material options, for example, a polypropylene sheet costs approximately 83–122 rubles. sq. m.

Geotextiles for garden paths

It is difficult to imagine a beautiful, exclusive garden without well-arranged paths. They can be built in many ways from a wide variety of materials. Often, the intended strip is covered with gravel or pebbles, and then the surface is carefully leveled.

It is possible to use paving with basalt or granite paving stones. In any case, the path should be distinguished by beauty and convenience. The main requirement for the construction is the feasibility of natural water flow and operational durability.

Attention! When creating garden paths from gravel and pebbles, it is enough to lay one geotextile layer! When paving is carried out with any kind of paving slabs, the formation of an additional backing pad is required. In this case, for the quality and durability of the track, you need to use two layers of compacted geotextile!

Read also: Rubble stone: properties, types, features of masonry

It is necessary to equip gravel paths on clay and sandy soils very carefully, since the coating can quickly sink into the main layer. As a result, the first rain will cover the entire track with bumps, holes and puddles.

It is unacceptable to tile laying on a dry mortar mixture, since the very first frosts will provoke cracking of its surface, and a solid concrete substrate will greatly complicate the local descent of water. Such tracks cannot be repaired pointwise, so you should not save on quality.

Step-by-step instructions for arranging garden paths

For high-quality work, you must first prepare the following tools and materials:

- suitable geotextiles;

- paving stones or tiles;

- fine sand;

- medium fractional crushed stone;

- rubber mallet;

- shovel.

Arrangement of a tile-crushed stone path using geotextiles

The method of building a road from crushed stone with a geotextile substrate consists of successive technological steps:

1. On unprepared soil, paving slabs or paving stones are laid out. This is necessary to identify the exact laying boundaries.

2. A groove of sufficient depth is dug along the measured width of the track (34.5–40.0 cm).

3. The bottom of the created trench is carefully leveled, and debris, excess objects, and plant roots are removed from it.

4. A layer of selected geotextile is laid. It is necessary to ensure the protrusion (elevation) of the edges of the canvas above the soil surface (about 5.0 cm) on both sides.

6. Then, the second layer of geotextile is lined.

7. On top of the “sandwich” formed in the ditch of the canvases, fine-grained sand is poured, with an approximate layer of 11.7 cm.

8. After tamping the created "cushion", you can start laying paving stones or paving slabs. It is important to remember that each decorative element to be laid must be well rammed with a rubber mallet for a more dense immersion in the sand.

9. After laying out, it is necessary to cut off the protruding geotextile linen edges.

10. It is necessary to pour dried fine sand into the inter-tile cracks and carefully compact it with a rubber mallet. This manipulation must be repeated until all the cracks are completely, evenly filled with fine sand.

11. At the resulting smooth garden paths, it remains only to beautifully decorate the unsightly edges. Soil areas along the paths should be covered with fertile soil with lawn grass seeds introduced into it.

Features of the track with a geotextile backing

The track created using the above technology will retain its ideal configuration for a very long time due to the use of non-woven material.

Geotextiles in our time are an extremely necessary thing in backyard construction. And you need to know exactly which brand with what qualities to choose for certain works on your site. In drainage systems, the function of geotextile is to ensure the stability of the entire complex, to prevent subsidence of soil in the drainage trench, and it also eliminates the diffusion of crushed stone into the water. In any drainage system, the geotextile acts as a filter to prevent clogging of the drain pipe or drainage material.

What is geotextile

Geotextile is a building material made of synthetic, mineral, basalt or fiberglass, in the form of tapes, fabrics and three-dimensional structures. It is used in construction and other industries (medicine, light industry) for various purposes: for reinforcement, protection, drainage, filtration, hydro- and thermal insulation in soil, road surface, buildings to separate layers of materials of different fractions and, accordingly, create interlayers. On personal plots, due to its accessibility and convenience, it is more often used in drainage systems.

You can buy geotextiles in Ukraine from the Geo-synthetics company - http://geo-sintetika.com/geomaterialy/geotekstil/

The use of geotextiles in household plots for drainage

If the site stands on soils with high groundwater, in a lowland, if there is a river nearby or every rain becomes a natural disaster, then you cannot do without drainage systems that remove excess water from the site. This water undermines the foundations of buildings, provides the prerequisites for subsidence of the house and the conditions for the development of mold in the basement, prevents plants from developing normally, and creates wetlands.

Not a single modern drainage system on the site can do without geotextiles. She needs to be protected. Seeping water fills the drainage material with soil particles, over time this clogs the system and it stops working. Eco-friendly and strong geotextiles are widely used in private gardens.

It ensures the reliability and stability of the functioning of the drainage system:

• allows water to pass through and helps to drain it;
• does not allow mixing of drainage filler, coating and soil;
• assumes part of the load;
• prevents subsidence of soil in the system, clogging of drainage pipes with soil particles, penetration of drainage gravel and sand into the water;
• resists silting (covering over time with water silt and clay) of the components of the drainage - pipes and material.

Great for both open and closed drainage systems.

Types of geotextiles for drainage

Geotextiles are divided into types according to the composition and method of manufacture.

Composition of geotextile

Geotextiles are usually made from polyester (PES) or polypropylene (PP). For non-woven types, polyamide or fiberglass is sometimes used. In addition, there is a non-woven geotextile, which may contain threads of natural origin. If a woolen or cotton thread is added, then such geotextiles are called mixed.

Preparation method

According to the manufacturing method, geotextiles are divided into geofabric (woven or knitted fabric) and non-woven geotextile.

According to the manufacturing method, geotextiles are divided into two main types: woven and non-woven.

Woven geotextile has high strength characteristics, is resistant to deformation processes and is used as a separating reinforcing layer, for example, in road construction. Non-woven has higher water permeability, it is often used as a material for drainage systems (even on the most difficult soils) and in landscape design.

Geofabric

Woven fabric made of glass or polyester fibers is of two types. Sometimes it is a simple weave of threads (1-3 mm thick, formed from fibers), which is called "weft" - "warp".

Woven geotextile - a simple weave of threads

Sometimes such weaving is provided with different threads. For example, a longitudinal warp - a high-modulus polyester of a relatively large cross section - is intertwined with transverse thin threads of polyamide weft. This gives great tensile strength.

Sometimes these are not threads, but strips of synthetic material. And sometimes - just perpendicular threads or stripes are connected by a third thread.

Woven geotextiles are very durable, deform little and have good water permeability. Due to its high strength, it is often used for drainage in cases where it is located at great depths, for example, for draining foundations.

Geofabric also includes warp-knitted geotextile - knitted (knitted, woven), obtained by knitting loops, without weaving. But it is not very durable: once the fabric is damaged, it begins to unravel, like any knitted item.

Non Woven Geotextile

A nonwoven fabric consists of synthetic fibers or filaments that are oriented (in the same direction) or randomly. These are threads made of polypropylene or polyester, which, in turn, are monofilament (one endless thread) or staple (pieces of 5-10 centimeters). Staple geotextile is not used for drainage, it is soft and fragile.

"Non-woven" is fastened in different ways: needle-punched, thermal (welding), mechanical (pressing), physical and chemical methods (extrusion) or a combination of them (for example, injection molding), as well as the method of hydraulic bonding.

The needle-punched method means that the needles pierce the fiber, thereby creating a felting effect. It turns out something like synthetic felt. It stretches a lot, but is very flexible and is well suited for wrapping pipes with closed drainage.

If it is rolled with a hot roller (calender) and blown with hot air, a heat-fixed (calendered) geotextile is obtained. It becomes less ductile, thinner and much stronger, but passes moisture worse. Therefore, it is rarely used in drainage.

Thermally bonded non-woven geotextile is made by melting (welding), it is perfectly permeable and durable, it has the most important qualities: unlike other varieties, it is not afraid of ultraviolet radiation; not subject to silting, resistant to mold and fungi; designed for all types of drainage systems and landscaping.

Since the needles damage the monofilament and lose strength in the needle-punched method, very thin streams of water under high pressure are often used. Such hydro-bonded geotextiles are so strong that they are used even in the construction of runways; it is very resistant, is also not afraid of ultraviolet radiation and prevents the development of bacteria and mold. Therefore, it is widely used for all types of drainage.

Geotextile structure

The structure of geotextile provides it with unique properties not to accumulate moisture in itself, that is, not to become damp, without letting water through.

1. Geogrid - non-woven material: polymer strips interconnected in a checkerboard pattern that create cells.
2. The geogrid is a flat material: strips are either intertwined or connected by other methods to each other perpendicularly or at an angle. The cells in this case are much larger than the thickness of the strips.
3. Geomat: fibers or threads are randomly and loosely bonded by chemical, thermal, mechanical methods. It is a flexible, lightweight, air- and water-permeable geosynthetic material with a chaotic three-dimensional structure that provides effective protection against soil erosion both with vegetation and before it appears.
4. Geocell - bulk non-woven material with large cells.
5. Geostrip - a narrow, no more than 90 centimeters, strip that has technologically designed edges or is obtained by cutting out a larger width from a geosynthetic material.

   The geostripe is not very wide

6. Geomembrane - geotextile impervious to water; used for the bottom of artificial reservoirs and streams.

   The geomembrane is impervious to water

7. Clay geosynthetic geomembrane - a geomembrane with a clay layer, is used for the same purposes.

   Clay geosynthetic geosynthetic Geosynthetic Nonwoven geomembrane is designed for waterproofing

8. Geomembrane bitumen-geosynthetic - a geomembrane with a bituminous layer.
9. Clay mat - three layers, external - needle-punched geotextile, between them - clay. The layers are stitched together.
10. Bentonite is the same, but inside is sodium bentonite, which becomes waterproof when wet.
11. Geocomposite - at least two, and more often - many layers of different geotextiles. It is divided into reinforcing (armogeocomposites) and draining (geodrains) options.

    Geocomposites are the most commonly used drainage geosynthetics

Technical characteristics of geotextiles

Specifications include:

• high strength - tensile strength up to several hundred kN / m, elongation is not more than 18%;
• high density - is in the range from 80 to 1200 g / m 2.

Choosing geotextiles for drainage in the garden

In an open drainage system, drainage ditches are covered with geotextiles.

Geotextiles are also wrapped around pipes in closed drains.

Choice factors

Geotextiles are selected depending on certain geological conditions at the site of the system.

1. The most important factor is density. The higher the density (web weight per square meter), the smaller the pores, the lower the water throughput (and the higher the water retention capacity), which leads to silting of the system. Therefore, only low-density geotextiles (150–300 g/m3) are used for drainage. The optimal pore size is 175 microns. But if the density is too low, strength will suffer greatly.
2. The filtration coefficient (transverse coefficient), showing the water permeability, is calculated by the formula: the height of the liquid column that the material passes through itself at a given pressure at a given time. Ideally, it should be 100–150 m/day, up to 300 m/day, and is selected depending on the height of the groundwater, the amount of precipitation and the permeability of the soil. With a large amount of water coming to the site, you need to choose a geotextile with the highest transverse coefficient.
3. You can use all of the above types of hydrotextiles, focusing on the conditions of your drainage. But it is still desirable to use polypropylene geotextile, made of smooth monofilament, resilient and durable. It is more resistant to silting.
4. It is also desirable to use thermally bonded geotextiles. Needle-punched silts up faster and begins to pass water worse.
5. Mixed geotextiles cannot be used: non-synthetic components (wool, cotton) quickly begin to rot and clog pores.
6. Mechanical characteristics must also meet the needs. The tensile strength must be at least 1.9–3 kN/m (longitudinal strength) and 1.5–2.4 kN/m (transverse). The resistance to bursting is selected based on the material of the drainage layer you have (crushed stone, etc.), the depth of the drainage system (soil pressure on it), the soil's tendency to subsidence and displacement. Under normal conditions, it is enough that the resistance is 400–500 N. If you have purchased very large crushed stone and designed a large depth of occurrence (for example, when draining a foundation, where it sometimes reaches two or more meters), then it is better to choose more resistance than these numbers . All these data must be indicated by the manufacturer on the packaging.
7. You can also choose the width of the canvas: it can be from the width of the tape (20 centimeters) to five meters and depends on the manufacturer.
8. The economic factor is of great importance. It is necessary to find a harmonic correspondence between price and quality. The price, as a rule, is set per square meter, but for narrow varieties it can also be per roll. Usually the price is small: from 10 to 20 rubles per m 2. Of course, good geotextiles are not cheap at all, but you can always find either high-quality domestic analogues of imported expensive materials, or choose the right geotextile for your conditions: open or closed drainage system, the presence of collectors or natural discharge into a river or sewer, the size of the water inflow to the site. Perhaps you do not need super-expensive material.

Table: comparative prices of non-woven geotextiles from different manufacturers

Photo gallery: geotextiles of all named brands with trademarks

First of all, you need to pay attention to the hydraulic properties of the canvas: permeability and density, and then to all the others.

In various applications of geotextiles, different types of geotextiles are required, and for each type of drainage - for the foundation and site, for closed and open drainage systems - there are particular indicators.

The choice of drainage geotextiles for arranging the foundation of a house

The main enemy of your home is water. It can cause subsidence, seep into the foundation into the basement and go further up the capillaries of the wall material, cause the development of fungus, rotting of wooden parts. To avoid all these troubles, it is vital to make the so-called wall drainage - around the foundation. Drainage can be open or closed. It will not be needed if your house is on sandy ground, which freezes shallowly in winter.

Geotextile for open foundation drainage

For open foundation drainage:

1. Mark the trenches.
2. Verify calculated slopes.
3. They dig trenches and a hole for a collecting well, which is called a collector.
4. Around the foundation, an internal (to collect water) and an external, deeper (to drain water) trenches are dug, which are connected by pipes or ditches, always at a slope.

Water from the soil, from rain and melted snow accumulates in the internal ditch, flows into the drainage ditch, flows down it into the collector, from where it is discharged either into a standard drainage ditch common to the site, or into a ready-made central sewerage system.

Open type system - the easiest way to drain

Near the house or in the blind area, the ditches are closed with shields or gratings. It is cheaper and simpler than a closed drainage system, easier to clean. But the walls of the ditches can crumble and look unaesthetic.

Choosing geotextiles for this purpose is quite simple. It is only necessary to take into account all the above characteristics. And you immediately pay attention to several brands. For example, on Terram 900 geotextile, which is very acceptable in its qualities: density - 115 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 7.8 kN / m, elongation at break - 29%, puncture resistance - 1355 N, pore size - 160 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 150 m, roll area - 675 m 2, average price per square meter - 34 rubles.

Wall type drainage

This is a complex and troublesome design, but it will ideally protect the house from any moisture. Usually it is built if the house has basements and semi-basements, even during the construction of the foundation, around the base of the house, half a meter deeper than the lowest point of the foundation. At the corners of the pipe, they approach manholes. In the deepest place there is a collector that diverts water from the site.

1. A so-called clay castle is made around the house, protecting the foundation from moisture.
2. Sand is placed in dug deep trenches, a layer 15 centimeters thick, then geotextiles are inserted and straightened, 10 centimeters of clean gravel or large gravel are poured onto it.

   Wall drainage - the ideal solution for groundwater protection

3. At points where the slope changes or in areas that are too long, wells are dug to revise the system (revision). Pipes with holes are laid on gravel in ditches.

   Holes in the drain pipe allow water to pass through

4. Pipes using a variety of fittings - tees, corners, and so on, are mounted between themselves, wells and a collecting manifold.

   Pipes with closed drainage are interconnected by fittings and manholes

5. Then they are carefully covered with washed gravel (10 centimeters), the edges of the geotextile are released, stretched, overlapped around the pipes and fixed with wire or tape. A layer of sand will serve as a filter to trap dirt.
6. From above, the entire structure is covered with loose soil.

   Backfilling of wall drainage is carried out in stages

In this case, the mechanical load on the geotextile will be much higher. Therefore, we can recommend Terram 2000 geotextile with higher characteristics: density - 215 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 14.5 kN / m, elongation at break - 30%, puncture resistance - 2750 N, pore size - 110 microns, dimensions roll - 4.5 x 100 m, roll area - 450 m 2, average price per square meter - 55 rubles.

trench type drainage

Such drainage is laid around the foundation at a distance of one and a half to three meters. He will do his job if the soil on your site consists of clay and loam and there are no basements and semi-basements. The depth of the pipes is the same as with wall drainage: half a meter below the foundation.

In the case of trench-type drainage, the load will be as great as in the previous case. Accordingly, we can also use Terram 2000 geotextile.

Drainage system for a garden plot

Drainage in a garden plot is necessary with close groundwater, waterlogging of the soil, which leads to poor growth of garden plants. The principles of laying the system on the site practically do not differ from the principles of laying around the foundation, except for the depth of occurrence. Similarly, drainage is closed and open. According to the marking, trenches 40 centimeters wide and of sufficient depth - up to half a meter are dug. Slopes are made, pipes are brought to the wells and the collector.

Closed drainage is covered with soil, and plants can be planted on top.

Due to open or shallow occurrence, such drainage is characterized by low loads on the geofabric. Therefore, here you can save money and purchase a thinner and more flexible Terram 500 geotextile with high hydraulic qualities: density - 65 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 3 kN / m, elongation at break - 35%, puncture resistance - 525 N, pore size - 300 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 150 m, roll area - 675 m 2, average price per square meter - 30 rubles.

But there is an even more practical and not inferior to Terram in all respects domestic geotextile called Dornit.

Geotextile "Dornit"

This brand of nonwoven geotextile has become very popular recently. It was created from polyester or polypropylene fiber in Russia, at the Road Research Institute (DorNII), based on French developments and is produced by needle-punched and thermal bonding methods. Hence the name. Often, any needle-punched geotextile of different brands is called dornite. It is quite durable, it copes well in Russian conditions, withstanding from 60 degrees below zero to plus a hundred - the boiling point of water, has a good filtration coefficient and sufficient strength. At the same time, it costs less than imported analogues, and this is a good opportunity to save money. Therefore, it is safe to choose “Dornit” for absolutely all activities for drainage of the site, no matter what we start - drainage of the soil or foundation, in an open or closed way, selecting its suitable modifications. Its characteristics are varied and cover all our needs.

Table: characteristics of Dornit modifications suitable for different types of drainage of a personal plot

But, of course, even when using it, it is very important to follow all the laying rules, since Dornit, like any geotextile, for all its outstanding qualities, is very sensitive to mishandling.

Rules for laying geotextiles in open and closed ditches and trenches

When laying geotextiles, the following rules must be observed:

• the ditch or trench must be dug extremely evenly and accurately;
• its bottom must be thoroughly cleaned of debris that can tear the geotextile;
• geotextile does not tolerate ultraviolet radiation, losing strength, so you need to unpack and lay it out before laying it;
• it is better to cut it in advance, it will turn out more precisely;
• when laying, geotextiles cannot be stretched, but folds and wrinkling are also unacceptable;
• it is necessary to consistently fix each subsequent section during installation so that there are no distortions;
• the drain must be backfilled into the ditch/trench immediately after laying the geotextile to avoid exposure to ultraviolet light;
• the edges of the fabric for wrapping must be at least 20 centimeters;
• which side of the geofabric should be laid to the drainage, which side to the ground - there is a lot of controversy about this. Smooth or rough, front or back: for each brand there are exact recommendations. As a rule, the manufacturer places them on the packaging.

The ability to understand a large assortment of geotextiles produced by modern industry, knowing the nuances and features of its installation, it will be much easier to competently design drainage, thereby saving a house or summer cottage from the destructive action of water flows and the high humidity they create.

Owners of suburban areas are increasingly using wide rolls of geotextiles when landscaping. What is this material and for what purpose is it used? Let's try to figure it out. Non-woven material made from interwoven synthetic polymer fibers has excellent quality characteristics: it is wear-resistant and does not rot. Due to the optimal combination of characteristics, geotextiles are convenient to use in many areas of human activity: land management, construction, landscape design.

• Needle punched geotextile- created by pulling fastening threads through the warp with a serrated needle. It has excellent strength and excellent water permeability, due to which it is widely used in the arrangement of drainage systems.
• Thermally bonded geotextile- is made under the action of heat treatment of the fabric, in which synthetic fibers are melted and more rigidly fastened together. It is characterized by a dense structure, high tensile strength, but lower filtration qualities.

Thanks to a special manufacturing technology, geotextiles have a number of undeniable advantages, the main ones of which are:

• Environmental friendliness. Geotextiles are not subject to decomposition into chemical components, thereby not harming human health and the environment.
• Strength. Non-woven material is resistant to mechanical damage, piercing and tearing loads. The significant elongation of the material to break, which occurs due to the infinite length of the threads, virtually eliminates its damage during installation.
• Environmental resistance. It does not fade, does not silt and does not rot, it is resistant to ultraviolet radiation, acids, alkalis and organic substances.
• Ease of installation. The material is produced in the form of small and light rolls, which are convenient to transport and, if necessary, cut in half with a conventional hand saw. It is convenient to cut the material itself in the process of application with a knife or scissors.
• Economy in price. With excellent quality characteristics, the cost of geotextiles is quite low, due to which they are widely used both in industrial construction and for domestic needs in the arrangement of suburban areas.

The possibilities of using the material amaze with the versatility of agrofibre. At the same time, with the release of new brands of geotextiles, the range of use of the material is constantly growing.

Geotextiles are among the environmentally friendly materials: under the influence of ultraviolet radiation does not form any by-products

Thermally bonded geotextiles are used in road construction, agriculture, and for strengthening slopes and banks of water bodies.

How can geotextiles be applied on the site?

Geotextiles allow you to implement any ideas of geoplastic transformation of the landscape on the site. Using non-woven material, you can create new design compositions, transforming the appearance of the site.

Option #1 - Improving the Quality of Garden Paths

It is difficult to imagine a plot without winding paths running deep into the garden. When planning their arrangement, you always want the result to be a beautiful and functional element of landscape design that will serve more than one season.

The use of agrofibre allows you to preserve the decorative effect and extend the service life. After all, even a device on a section of a small path requires a lot of trouble: excavation, backfilling of the underlying “cushion”, laying the coating itself. But during operation, when layers of gravel or sand gradually sink into the ground, depressions, bumps and irregularities begin to appear on the surface of the track.

A layer of geotextile, laid between the soil and gravel bed, allows you to evenly redistribute the load and prevent mixing of layers

It is convenient to use non-woven material in the arrangement of sandy paths, gravel sites. Placed between the soil and the backfill, the geotextile optimizes compaction so that the fill material has little to no penetration into the soil. And this will significantly contribute to reducing the consumption of bulk material - and hence the overall savings. In addition, the canvas will contribute to the rapid outflow of water and prevent the germination of weeds and grasses. In swampy and soft areas of the soil, non-woven material will completely perform the function of strong reinforcement.

Option # 2 - waterproofing artificial reservoirs

In the manufacture of a children's sandbox, so that the sand does not trample into the ground and does not mix with the ground, it is only necessary to cover the bottom of the pit with a layer of geotextile

Option # 4 - arrangement of foundations and retaining walls

The strength and durability of any building directly depends on the reliability of its foundation. If we talk about concrete types of foundations, then capillary wetting by groundwater causes considerable damage to them. Thermally bonded geotextiles help improve the waterproofing of a monolithic foundation.

When arranging foundations, geotextiles are used to separate fine-grained soil and gravel backfill in order to prevent mixing of layers, and at the same time capillary wetting of walls

The material can simultaneously perform two functions: to separate layers and provide effective drainage, preventing prolonged contact of the concrete base surface with moisture.

Option #5 - green roof

By planting cultivated plants in the holes made in the canvas, you provide the plants with comfortable conditions for development, and save yourself from laborious weeding.

It's no secret that many ornamental plants are "finicky" by nature. They require special care, preferring a special soil composition, which often differs from the soil prevailing in the area.

It is possible to distinguish between different types of fertile soils by creating impromptu "pockets" for planting certain varieties, using the same geotextile

The creation of an artificial landscape on depleted soils requires the arrangement of a fertile layer, which, under the influence of natural conditions, is washed into thinner layers. An additional layer of linen will prevent contamination of infertile soils and their washing out. Thanks to the non-woven fabric, plant roots will not germinate in infertile soils.

Interseasonal night frosts also pose a great danger to plants. The material will also help out in the hot summer months, covering the delicate foliage from the scorching sun.

With the help of agrofibre, the above-ground parts of plants can also be protected. To do this, for the time of cooling, it is enough to cover them with a cloth.

Geotextile is a versatile material, the use of which does not require the possession of special skills. Its use greatly simplifies gardening and landscaping.

Geotextile invented in the first half of the 20th century. It was first used in the USA and exclusively in construction. Later, the material began to be used in Europe. The USSR created its own version of this material. The universal properties of geotextiles allow it to be used both for construction and for arranging private households and summer cottages.

Geotextile is a synthetic material of woven and non-woven type. The nonwoven type material consists of fibers that do not have a structural weave. In a woven type geotextile, the fibers are intertwined, as in ordinary matter. Geotextile fibers are made from polypropylene or polyester. Depending on the manufacturing technology, cotton, wool or other components may be added to it. By adding these substances, properties change depending on the scope of use. Geotextiles are most often produced in rolls. Its types differ in various ways, the main of which is the composition of the fabric.

Depending on the material used in production, the properties of geotextiles may vary:

Geotextiles consist of monofilament or a large number of segments. Solid fiber products are more durable and more expensive.

Methods for fixing fibers in the web

This parameter is also important to consider when choosing a material, because the way the threads are fixed in the geofiber affects many parameters:

• Woven - such a geotextile has a structure similar to ordinary matter. Woven geotextiles are either monofilament or woven from a large number of fiber segments.
• Non-woven - it consists of threads that are not intertwined. The fibers in it are connected by pressing and heat treatment. Woven material is stronger. Non-woven has the ability to stretch significantly depending on the properties of the threads.
• Knitted - in it the threads are intertwined with loops. The stretchability of knitted geotextiles is superior to the non-woven version of the material. The strength of this type depends on the density of knitting. At a density above 200 grams, the strength is not lower than the non-woven counterpart.
• Geogrid - this type of geotextile consists of fibers intersecting at right angles and fastened by heat pressing. This species has a more rigid structure than the others.

Separation according to the method of fixing the threads occurs due to the need to obtain a product with different characteristics of strength, extensibility and wear resistance. Each type of geomaterial is used in the area for which its properties are desirable. Non-woven geotextiles are further classified into three fiber types:

For the consumer, density is of primary importance. Density is a measure of the fiber of a geotextile, measured in grams per square meter. Geotextiles are produced with a density of 15 to 600 grams. The main strength characteristics and the scope of the material depend on the density. It determines many other characteristics of geotextiles:

Appointment and application of geotextiles

Depending on the characteristics of geotextiles, the scope of its application also differs:

The use of canvas in summer cottages

When carrying out construction work on a summer cottage, there is no need to use heavy-duty and expensive material. The most common material for work in a summer cottage is a material with a canvas with a density of 150–200. This material is suitable for use in drainage systems, it is laid in the construction of garden paths, it is suitable for landscaping.

When purchasing geotextiles of the selected density, it is important to take into account the characteristics of its dimensions - the width of the roll and the number of meters per roll. These indicators should be selected depending on the volume of planned work in order to minimize material waste.

Drainage construction material

In order to protect the territory from seasonal groundwater rise, preventing damage to the foundations of buildings, trees and shrubs, it is necessary to carry out work on the construction of a drainage system. The drainage system consists of drainage pipes laid in a layer of gravel and wells. To prevent silting of gravel, a geotextile is used.

After preparing the trenches for laying drainage pipes, the bottom of the trenches is covered with a small amount of gravel with a layer of 10–15 cm, after which a strip of geotextile is placed in the trench, which ensures that the bottom of the trench and its walls are closed, while leaving free edges on the surface. Drainage pipes are laid in the formed bed in a gravel layer 25–30 cm thick. After that, it is covered from above with the free edges of the geotextile. The entire structure is covered with soil.

In this case, the geotextile ensures the durability of the entire system and trouble-free operation. When choosing a geotextile for drainage, the filtration coefficient is of primary importance. The most suitable for drainage work will be a canvas of 150-200 grams of density.

Geofabric for garden paths

The use of geofabric for garden paths made of gravel, wood chips and sawdust will prevent the material of the garden path from mixing with the ground and ensure the removal of water. In addition, the geotextile layer will prevent weeds from growing through the garden path material. The geotextile must be laid on the ground correctly, since the fiber can have a different filtration coefficient on the front and back sides. Laying the wrong side can achieve the opposite effect.

Horticulture and weed control

In household plots and cottages, geotextile material of low density from 17 to 100 grams is widely used. This fabric is also called agrofibre. Agrofibre comes in two colors: black and white.

Black agrofibre is usually used for laying on beds in order to protect against weeds. It provides heating of the earth, passes all the moisture that falls on it. At the same time, such a fiber does not transmit light. Lack of sunlight prevents weeds from growing. Thus, it is black geotextiles from weeds that are used. For grown plants, special holes are made in it.

White agrofibre is used for greenhouses and greenhouses. Unlike film material, it provides moisture penetration to plants and air circulation.

When using geofiber, its density affects the ability to protect plants and the ground from overheating and hypothermia. A material with a density of 17 grams will protect plants during frosts down to -3 degrees, and a canvas with a density of 40–60 can protect plants from frosts down to -10 degrees. The choice of geotextile depends on the options for its use.

Estimate