MAOU lyceum No. 64 of Krasnodar Physics teacher Spitsyna L.I.
Work - participant of the All-Russian Festival of Pedagogical Creativity in 2017
The site is hosted on the site for the exchange of experience with colleagues
HOME-MADE DEVICES FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
IN THE LABORATORY WORKSHOP in PHYSICS
Research project
"Physics and physical problems exist everywhere
in the world in which we live, work,
we love, we die." - J. Walker.
Introduction.
From early childhood, when with the light hand of the kindergarten teacher Zoya Nikolaevna, “Kolya the Physicist” stuck to me, I have been interested in physics as a theoretical and applied science.
Even in elementary school, studying the materials available to me in encyclopedias, I determined for myself the circle of the most interesting questions; even then, radio electronics became the basis of extracurricular pastime. In high school, he began to pay special attention to such issues of modern science as nuclear and wave physics. In the profile class, the study of the problems of human radiation safety in the modern world came to the fore.
Passion for design came along with Revich’s book “Entertaining Electronics” by Yu. other.
Every person who considers himself a “technician” must learn to embody his own, even the most fantastic, plans and ideas into self-made working models, instruments and devices in order to confirm or refute these ideas with their help. Then, having completed his general education, he gets the opportunity to look for ways, following which he will be able to bring his ideas to life.
The relevance of the topic "Physics with your own hands" is determined, firstly, by the possibility of technical creativity for each person, and secondly, by the ability to use home-made devices for educational purposes, which ensures the development of the intellectual and creative abilities of the student.
The development of communication technologies and the truly limitless educational possibilities of the Internet allow everyone today to use them for the benefit of their development. What do I want to say? Only that, now anyone who wants can "dive" into the endless ocean of available information about anything, in any form: videos, books, articles, websites. Today, there are many different sites, forums, YOUTUBE channels that will gladly share knowledge with you in any field, in particular, in the field of applied radio electronics, mechanics, nuclear physics, etc. It would be great if more people had a craving for learning something new, a craving for knowing the world and positively transforming it.
Tasks to be solved in this work:
- to realize the unity of theory and practice through the creation of self-made training devices, operating models;
Apply the theoretical knowledge gained at the Lyceum to select the design of models used to create home-made educational equipment;
Based on theoretical studies of physical processes, select the necessary equipment that meets the operating conditions;
Use available parts, blanks for their non-standard application;
To popularize applied physics among the youth, including among classmates, by involving them in extracurricular activities;
Contribute to the expansion of the practical part of the educational subject;
To promote the importance of the creative abilities of students in the knowledge of the world around them.
MAIN PART
The competition project presents the manufactured training models and devices:
A miniature device for assessing the degree of radioactivity based on the Geiger-Muller counter SBM-20 (the most accessible of the existing samples).
A working model of the Landsgorf diffusion chamber
A complex for visual experimental determination of the speed of light in a metal conductor.
A small device for measuring human reaction.
I present the theoretical foundations of physical processes, circuit diagrams and design features of devices.
§one. A miniature instrument for assessing the degree of radioactivity based on a Geiger-Muller counter - a dosimeter of our own manufacture
The idea to assemble a dosimeter visited me for a very long time, and once my hands reached, I assembled it. In the photo on the left is an industrial Geiger counter, on the right is a dosimeter based on it.
It is known that the main element of the dosimeter is the radiation sensor. The most accessible of them is the Geiger-Muller counter, the principle of which is based on the fact that ionizing particles can ionize matter - knock out electrons from the outer electronic layers. Inside the Geiger counter is the inert gas argon. In fact, the counter is a capacitor that passes current only when positive cations and free electrons are formed inside. Schematic diagram of switching on the device is shown in fig. 170. One pair of ions is not enough, but because of the relatively high potential difference at the terminals of the counter, avalanche ionization occurs and a sufficiently large current arises so that a pulse can be detected. 
A circuit based on the campaign microcontroller Atmel - Atmega8A was chosen as a counting device. Indication of values is carried out using the LCD display from the legendary Nokia 3310, and sound indication - through a piezoelectric element taken from the alarm clock. The high voltage for powering the meter is achieved using a miniature transformer and a voltage multiplier on diodes and capacitors.
Schematic diagram of the dosimeter:
The device shows the value of dose rate γ and X-ray radiation in micro-roentgens, with an upper limit of 65 mR/h.
When the filter cover is removed, the surface of the Geiger counter opens and the device can detect β radiation. I note - only to fix, not to measure, since the degree of activity of β-drugs is measured by the flux density - the number of particles per unit area. And the efficiency to β - radiation of SBM-20 is very low, it is calculated only for photon radiation.
I liked the circuit because the high-voltage part is correctly implemented in it - the number of pulses for charging the counter power capacitor is proportional to the number of recorded pulses. Thanks to this, the device has been working without shutdowns for a year and a half, having spent 7 AA batteries.
I bought almost all the components for assembly at the Adyghe radio market, with the exception of the Geiger counter - I bought it in the online store.
Reliability and efficiency of the device confirmed thus: continuous one and a half year operation of the device and the possibility of constant monitoring show that:
The readings of the device range from 6 to 14 microroentgens per hour, which does not exceed the allowable rate of 50 microroentgens per hour;
The radiation background in the classrooms, in the microdistrict of my residence, directly in the apartment fully complies with the radiation safety standards (NRB - 99/2009), approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated July 07, 2009 No. 47.
In everyday life, it turns out that it is not so easy for a person to get into an area with increased radioactivity. If this happens, the device will inform me with a sound signal, which makes the home-made device a guarantor of the radiation safety of its designer.
§ 2. The working model of the Langsdorf diffusion chamber.
2.1. Fundamentals of radioactivity and methods of its study.
Radioactivity - the ability of atomic nuclei to decay spontaneously or under the influence of external radiation. The discovery of this remarkable property of certain chemicals belongs to Henri Becquerel in February 1896. Radioactivity is a phenomenon that proves the complex structure of the atomic nucleus, in which the nuclei of atoms fall apart, while almost all radioactive substances have a certain half-life - the period of time during which half of all atoms of the radioactive substance decay in the sample. During radioactive decay, ionizing particles are emitted from the nuclei of atoms. These can be the nuclei of helium atoms - α-particles, free electrons or positrons - β - particles, γ - rays - electromagnetic waves. Ionizing particles also include protons, neutrons, which have high energy.
Today it is known that the vast majority of chemical elements have radioactive isotopes. There are such isotopes among the molecules of water - the source of life on Earth.
2.2. How to detect ionizing radiation?
It is currently possible to detect, that is, to detect ionizing radiation, using Geiger-Muller counters, scintillation detectors, ionization chambers, track detectors. The latter can not only detect the fact of the presence of radiation, but also allow the observer to see how the particles flew along the shape of the track. Scintillation detectors are good for their high sensitivity and light output proportional to the particle energy - the number of photons emitted when a substance absorbs a certain amount of energy.
It is known that each isotope has a different energy of emitted particles, therefore, using a scintillation detector, it is possible to identify an isotope without chemical or spectral analysis. With the help of track detectors, it is also possible to identify an isotope by placing the camera in a uniform magnetic field, while the tracks will be curved.
Ionizing particles of radioactive bodies can be detected, their characteristics can be studied with the help of special devices, called "track". These include devices that can show the trace of a moving ionizing particle. These can be: cloud chambers, Landsgorf diffusion chambers, spark and bubble chambers.
2.3. Diffusion chamber of our own production
Soon after the homemade dosimeter began to work stably, I realized that the dosimeter was not enough for me and I needed to do something else. As a result, I assembled a diffusion chamber, invented by Alexander Langsdorf in 1936. And today, for scientific research, a camera can be used, the scheme of which is shown in the figure: 
Diffusion - an improved cloud chamber. The improvement lies in the fact that to obtain supersaturated steam, not adiabatic expansion is used, but vapor diffusion from the heated region of the chamber to the cold one, that is, the vapor in the chamber overcomes a certain temperature gradient.
2.4. Features of the camera assembly process
For the operation of the device, a prerequisite is the presence of a temperature difference of 50-700C, while heating one side of the chamber is impractical, because. alcohol will evaporate quickly. So, it is necessary to cool the lower part of the chamber to -30°C. This temperature can be provided by evaporating dry ice or Peltier elements. The choice fell in favor of the latter, because I was, honestly, too lazy to get ice, and a portion of ice will serve once, and Peltier elements - as many as you like. The principle of their operation is based on the Peltier effect - the transfer of heat during the flow of electric current.
The first experiment after assembly made it clear that one element was not enough to obtain the required temperature difference, two elements had to be used. They are supplied with different voltages, the lower one is more, the upper one is less. This is due to the following: the lower the temperature must be reached in the chamber, the more heat must be removed.
Once I got the elements, I had to experiment a lot to get the right temperature. The lower part of the element is cooled by a computer radiator with heat (ammonia) pipes and two 120mm coolers. According to rough calculations, the cooler dissipates about 100 watts of heat into the air. I decided not to bother with the power supply, so I used a pulsed computer, with a total power of 250 watts, after taking measurements, this turned out to be enough.
Next, I built the case out of plywood for integrity and ease of storage of the device. It turned out not quite neat, but quite practical. The camera itself, where tracks of moving charged particles or photon rays are formed, I made from a cut pipe and plexiglass, but the vertical view did not give good contrast to the image. I broke it and threw it away, now I use a glass goblet as a transparent camera. Cheap and cheerful. The appearance of the camera - in the photo. 
As a "raw material" for work, both the thorium-232 isotope located in the electrode for argon-arc welding (it is used in them to ionize the air near the electrode and, as a result, easier ignition of the arc), and the daughter decay products (DPR) can be used radon contained in the air, coming mainly with water and gas. To collect DPR, I use activated charcoal tablets - a good absorbent. In order for the ions of interest to us to be attracted to the tablet, I connect a voltage multiplier to it, with a negative terminal.
2.5. Ion trap.
Another important design element is the trap of ions formed as a result of ionization of atoms by ionizing particles. Structurally, it is a mains voltage multiplier with a multiplication factor equal to 3, and there are negative charges at the output of the multiplier. This is due to the fact that as a result of ionization, electrons are knocked out from the outer atomic shell, as a result of which the atom becomes a cation. The chamber uses a trap, the circuit of which is based on the use of a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier.
The electrical circuit of the multiplier has the form: 
Operation of the camera, its results
The diffusion chamber, after numerous test runs, was used as experimental equipment when performing laboratory work on the topic "Studying the tracks of charged particles", held in the 11th grade of the Moscow Autonomous Educational Institution of Lyceum No. 64 on February 11, 2015. Photographs of the tracks taken by the camera were captured on an interactive whiteboard and used to determine the type of particles. 
As in industrial equipment, the following was observed in a self-made chamber: the wider the track, the more particles there, therefore, the thicker tracks belong to alpha particles that have a large radius and mass, and as a result, a greater kinetic energy, a greater number of ionized atoms per millimeter span.
§ 3. Complex for visual experimental determination of the quantity
the speed of light in a metal conductor.
Let me start with the fact that the speed of light has always been considered something incredible, incomprehensible, and to some extent impossible for me, until I found on the Internet the circuit diagrams of a two-channel oscilloscope lying around with broken synchronization, which could not be repaired without repair. made it possible to study the forms of electrical signals. But fate was very favorable to me, I managed to determine the cause of the failure of the synchronization unit and eliminate it. It turned out that the microassembly - the signal switch - was faulty. According to the scheme from the Internet, I made a copy of this microassembly from parts purchased at my favorite radio market.
I took a shielded television twenty-meter wire, assembled a simple high-frequency signal generator on 74HC00 inverters. H one end of the wire gave a signal, simultaneously removing it from the same point with the first channel of the oscilloscope, from the second the signal was removed by the second channel, fixing the time difference between the fronts of the received signals. 
Divided the length of the wire - 20 meters by this time, got something similar to 3 * 108 m / s.
I am attaching a circuit diagram (where without it?): 
The appearance of the high-frequency generator is shown in the photo. Using the available (free) software "Sprint-Layout 5.0" I created a drawing of the board.
3. 1. A little about the manufacture of boards:
The board itself, as usual, was made using the LUT technology - a popular laser-ironing technology developed by the inhabitants of the Internet. The technology is as follows: one or two-layer foil fiberglass is taken, carefully processed with sandpaper to a shine, then with a rag moistened with gasoline or alcohol. Next, a drawing is printed on a laser printer, which must be applied to the board. In a mirror image, a pattern is printed on glossy paper, and then with the help of an iron, the toner on glossy paper is transferred to the copper foil covering the textolite. Later, under a stream of warm water, the paper rolls off the board with your fingers, leaving a board with a printed pattern. Now we immerse this product in a solution of ferric chloride, stir for about five minutes, then remove the board, on which copper remained only under the toner from the printer. We remove the toner with sandpaper, again we process it with alcohol or gasoline, then we cover it with soldering flux. With the help of a soldering iron and a tinned braid of a television cable, we drive along the board, thereby covering the copper with a layer of tin, which is necessary for subsequent soldering of components and to protect copper from corrosion. 
We wash the board from the flux with acetone, for example. We solder all components, wires and cover with non-conductive varnish. We wait a day until the varnish dries. Done, the board is ready to go.
I have been using this method for years and it has never let me down.
§ 4. A small device for measuring human reaction.
Work to improve this device is still going on. 
The device is used as follows: after power is supplied to the microcontroller, the device switches to the mode of cyclic selection of the values of a certain variable "C". After pressing the button, the program pauses and assigns the value that was at that moment in the variable, the value of which changed cyclically. Thus, in the variable "C" a random number is obtained. You would say: "Why not use the random () function or something like that?".
But the fact is that in the language in which I write - in BASCOM AVR, there is no such function due to its inferior instruction set, since this is a language for microcontrollers with a small amount of RAM, low computing power. After pressing the button, the program lights four zeros on the display and starts a timer that waits for a period of time proportional to the value of the variable "C". After the specified period of time has elapsed, the program lights four eights and starts a timer that counts the time until the button is pressed.
If you press the button at the moment between the ignition of zeros and eights, the program will stop and display dashes. If the button was pressed after the appearance of the eights, then the program will display the time in milliseconds elapsed after the ignition of the eights and before pressing the button, this will be the human reaction time. It remains only to calculate the arithmetic mean of the results of several measurements.
This device uses an Atmel microcontroller model ATtiny2313. On its board, the microcircuit has two kilobytes of flash memory, 128 bytes of operational, eight-bit and ten-bit timers, four channels of pulse-width modulation (PWM), fifteen fully accessible input-output ports.
To display information, a seven-segment four-digit LED indicator with a common anode is used. The indication is implemented dynamically, that is, all segments of all digits are connected in parallel, and the common conclusions are not parallel. Thus, the indicator has twelve outputs: four outputs are common for digits, the remaining eight are distributed as follows: seven segments for numbers and one for a dot.
Conclusion
Physics is a fundamental natural science, the study of which allows one to learn about the world around the child through educational, inventive, design, and creative activities.
Setting the goal: to design physical devices for use in the educational process, I set the task of popularizing physics, as a science not only theoretical, but also applied, among peers, proving that it is possible to understand, feel, accept the world around us only through knowledge and creativity. As the proverb says “it’s better to see once than hear a hundred times”, that is, in order to at least slightly embrace the vast world, you need to learn how to interact with it not only with paper and pencil, but also with the help of a soldering iron and wires, parts and microcircuits .
Approbation and operation of home-made devices proves their viability and competitiveness.
I am infinitely grateful that my life, starting from the age of three, was directed to the technical, inventive and design channel by my grandfather, Nikolai Andreevich Didenko, who taught physics and mathematics at the Abadzekh secondary school for more than twenty years, and worked as a programmer in the scientific technical center ROSNEFT.
List of used literature.
Nalivaiko B.A. Reference book Semiconductor devices. Microwave diodes. IGP "RASKO" 1992, 223 p.
Myakishev G. Ya., Bukhovtsev B. B. Physics grade 11, M., Education, 2014, 400 p.
Revich Yu. V. Entertaining electronics. 2nd edition, 2009 BHV-Petersburg, 720 p.
Tom Tit. Scientific fun: physics without instruments, chemistry without a laboratory. M., 2008, 224 p.
Chechik N. O. Fainshtein S. M. Electron multipliers, GITTL 1957, 440 p.
Shilov V.F. Home-made devices for radio electronics, M., Education, 1973, 88 p.
Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia. Access mode
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Topic: Do-it-yourself physics instruments and simple experiments with them.
The work was completed by: 9th grade student - Davydov Roma Supervisor: physics teacher - Khovrich Lyubov Vladimirovna
Novouspenka - 2008
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Make a device, installation in physics to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands. Explain the principle of operation of this device. Demonstrate the operation of this device.
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HYPOTHESIS:
The made device, installation in physics for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands, apply in the lesson. In the absence of this device in the physical laboratory, this device will be able to replace the missing installation when demonstrating and explaining the topic.
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Make devices that are of great interest to students. Make devices missing from the laboratory. to make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.
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With uniform rotation of the handle, we see that the action of a periodically changing force will be transmitted to the load through the spring. Changing with a frequency equal to the frequency of rotation of the handle, this force will cause the load to perform forced oscillations. Resonance is a phenomenon of a sharp increase in the amplitude of forced oscillations.
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EXPERIENCE 2: Jet Propulsion
We will install a funnel on a tripod in the ring, attach a tube with a tip to it. Pour water into the funnel, and when the water starts to flow from the end, the tube will deviate in the opposite direction. This is jet propulsion. Jet motion is the movement of a body that occurs when a part of it separates from it at any speed.
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EXPERIMENT 3: Sound waves.
Clamp a metal ruler in a vise. But it is worth noting that if most of the ruler acts as a vise, then, having caused its vibrations, we will not hear the waves generated by it. But if we shorten the protruding part of the ruler and thereby increase the frequency of its oscillations, then we will hear the generated Elastic waves propagating in the air, as well as inside liquid and solid bodies, they are not visible. However, under certain conditions they can be heard.
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Experience 4: Coin in a bottle
Coin in a bottle. Want to see the law of inertia in action? Prepare a half-liter milk bottle, a cardboard ring 25 mm wide and 0 100 mm wide and a two-kopeck coin. Place the ring on the neck of the bottle, and on top, exactly opposite the opening of the neck of the bottle, place a coin (Fig. 8). Inserting a ruler into the ring, hit it on the ring. If you do this abruptly, the ring will fly off and the coin will fall into the bottle. The ring moved so fast that its movement did not have time to be transferred to the coin and, according to the law of inertia, it remained in place. And having lost support, the coin fell down. If the ring is moved aside more slowly, the coin will “feel” this movement. The trajectory of its fall will change, and it will not fall into the neck of the bottle.
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Experience 5: A floating ball
When you blow, a jet of air lifts the balloon above the tube. But the air pressure inside the jet is less than the pressure of the “calm” air surrounding the jet. Therefore, the ball is in a kind of air funnel, the walls of which are formed by the surrounding air. By smoothly reducing the speed of the jet from the upper hole, it is easy to “land” the ball in its original place. For this experiment, you will need an L-shaped tube, such as glass, and a light foam ball. Close the top opening of the tube with a ball (Fig. 9) and blow into the side opening. Contrary to expectation, the ball will not fly off the tube, but will begin to hover above it. Why is this happening?
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Experience 6: The movement of the body along the "dead loop"
"Using the "dead loop" device, you can demonstrate a number of experiments on the dynamics of a material point along a circle. The demonstration is carried out in the following order: 1. The ball is rolled along the rails from the highest point of the inclined rails, where it is held by an electromagnet powered by 24V. loop and flies out at a certain speed from the other end of the device 2. The ball is rolled up from the lowest height, when the ball only describes the loop without breaking off from its upper point 3. From an even lower height, when the ball, not reaching the top of the loop, breaks away from it and falls, describing a parabola in the air inside the loop.
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The movement of the body along the "dead loop"
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Experience 7: Air is hot and air is cold
Pull a balloon over the neck of an ordinary half-liter bottle (Fig. 10). Place the bottle in a pot of hot water. The air inside the bottle will begin to heat up. The molecules of the gases that make up it will move faster and faster as the temperature rises. They will bombard the walls of the bottle and the ball more strongly. The air pressure inside the bottle will begin to rise and the balloon will inflate. After a while, move the bottle into a pot of cold water. The air in the bottle will begin to cool, the movement of molecules will slow down, and the pressure will drop. The balloon will shrink as if the air has been sucked out of it. This is how you can see the dependence of air pressure on ambient temperature
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Experiment 8: Stretching a rigid body
Taking the foam bar by the ends, stretch it. One can clearly see the increase in the distances between the molecules. It is also possible to imitate the occurrence in this case of intermolecular forces of attraction.
DIY Tesla Coil. The resonant Tesla transformer is a very spectacular invention. Nikola Tesla was well aware of how spectacular the device was, and he constantly demonstrated it in public. Why do you think? That's right: to get additional funding.
You can feel like a great scientist and impress your friends by making your own mini-coil. You will need: a capacitor, a small light bulb, wire and a few other simple parts. However, remember that the Tesla resonant transformer produces a high voltage of high frequency - check the technical safety rules, otherwise the effect may turn into a defect.
Potato gun. An air gun that shoots potatoes? Easily! This is not a particularly dangerous project (unless you decide to make a giant and very powerful potato weapon). Potato Cannon is a great way to have fun for those who love engineering and petty mischief. The super weapon is pretty straightforward to make - you'll need an empty aerosol can and a couple of other parts that aren't hard to find.
High power toy machine. Remember children's toy machines - bright, with different functions, bang-bang, oh-oh-oh? The only thing that many boys lacked was to shoot a little further and a little harder. Well, we'll fix that.
Toy machines are made of rubber to be as safe as possible. Of course, the manufacturers made sure that the pressure in such pistols is minimal and cannot harm anyone. But some craftsmen still found a way to add power to children's weapons: you just need to get rid of the details that slow down the process. From what and how - says the experimenter from the video.
Drone with your own hands. Many people think of a drone solely as a large unmanned aerial vehicle used during military operations in the Middle East. This is a misconception: drones are becoming a daily occurrence, in most cases they are small, and it is not so difficult to make them at home.
Parts for a "homemade" drone are easy to obtain, and you don't have to be an engineer to assemble it entirely - although, of course, you will have to tinker. The average handmade drone consists of a small main body, a few additional parts (you can buy it or find it from other devices) and electronic equipment for remote control. Yes, a special pleasure is to equip a finished drone with a camera.
Theremin is the music of the magnetic field. This mysterious electric musical instrument is of interest not only (and not so much?) to musicians, but to mad scientists. An unusual device, invented by a Soviet inventor in 1920, you can assemble at home. Imagine: you just move your hands (of course, with the languid air of a scientist-musician), and the instrument makes “otherworldly” sounds!
Learning to masterfully control the theremin is not easy, but the result is worth it. Sensor, transistor, speaker, resistor, power supply, a couple more details, and you're good to go! Here's what it looks like.
If you do not feel confident in English, watch a Russian-language video on how to make a theremin from three radios.
Remote controlled robot. Well, who has not dreamed of a robot? Yes, and his own assembly! True, a fully autonomous robot will require serious titles and efforts, but a remote-controlled robot can be created from improvised materials. For example, the robot in the video is made of foam, wood, a small motor, and a battery. This "pet" under your leadership freely moves around the apartment, overcoming even uneven surfaces. With a little creativity, you can give it the look you want.
Plasma ball must have grabbed your attention. It turns out that you do not need to spend money on its acquisition, but you can gain confidence in yourself and do it yourself. Yes, at home it will be small, but still one touch to the surface will make it discharge with beautiful multi-colored "lightning bolts".
Main ingredients: induction coil, incandescent lamp and capacitor. Be sure to follow safety precautions - a spectacular device works under voltage.
solar powered radio- A great device for lovers of long hikes. Don't throw away your old radio: just attach a solar panel to it and you'll be independent of batteries and other power sources than the sun.
This is what a solar-powered radio looks like.
segway today incredibly popular, but considered an expensive toy. You can save a lot by spending only a few hundred instead of a thousand dollars, adding your own strength and time to them, and making a segway yourself. This is not an easy task, but it is quite real! It is interesting that today Segways are used not only as entertainment - in the United States they are used by postal workers, golfers and, which is especially striking, experienced Steadicam operators.
You can get acquainted with a detailed almost hour-long instruction - however, it is in English.
If you doubt that you understood everything correctly, below is the instruction in Russian - to get a general idea.
non-newtonian fluid allows you to do many fun experiments. It's completely safe and fun. A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose viscosity depends on the nature of the external force. It can be made by mixing water with starch (one to two). Think it's easy? It wasn't there. The "foci" of a non-Newtonian fluid begin already in the process of its creation. Further more.
If you pick it up in a handful, it will look like polyurethane foam. If you start tossing, it will move like a living thing. Relax your hand and it will start to spread. Clench into a fist - it will become hard. It "dances" when you bring it to powerful speakers, but you can also dance on it if you stir enough to do so. In general, it is better to see once!
Do you love physics? You love experiment? The world of physics is waiting for you!
What could be more interesting than experiments in physics? And of course, the simpler the better!
These exciting experiences will help you see extraordinary phenomena light and sound, electricity and magnetism Everything necessary for the experiments is easy to find at home, and the experiments themselves simple and safe.
Eyes are burning, hands are itching!
Go explorers!
Robert Wood - the genius of experiments..........
- Up or down? Rotating chain. Salt fingers.......... - Moon and diffraction. What color is the fog? Rings of Newton.......... - Top in front of the TV. Magic propeller. Ping-pong in the bath.......... - Spherical aquarium - lens. artificial mirage. Soap glasses .......... - Eternal salt fountain. Fountain in a test tube. Spinning spiral .......... - Condensation in the bank. Where is the water vapor? Water engine.......... - A popping egg. Inverted glass. Whirlwind in a cup. Heavy paper..........
- Toy IO-IO. Salt pendulum. Paper dancers. Electric dance..........
- Ice Cream Mystery. Which water freezes faster? It's cold and the ice is melting! .......... - Let's make a rainbow. A mirror that does not confuse. Microscope from a drop of water
- Snow creaks. What will happen to the icicles? Snow flowers.......... - Interaction of sinking objects. The ball is touchy ..........
- Who quickly? Jet balloon. Air carousel .......... - Bubbles from the funnel. Green hedgehog. Without opening the bottles.......... - Candle motor. A bump or a hole? Moving rocket. Diverging Rings..........
- Multi-colored balls. Sea dweller. Balancing Egg..........
- Electric motor in 10 seconds. Gramophone..........
- Boil, cooling .......... - Waltzing dolls. Flames on paper. Robinson Feather..........
- Faraday experience. Segner wheel. Nutcrackers .......... - Dancer in the mirror. Silver plated egg. Trick with matches .......... - Oersted's experience. Roller coaster. Don't drop it! ..........
Body weight. Weightlessness.
Experiments with weightlessness. Weightless water. How to reduce your weight..........
Elastic force
- A jumping grasshopper. Jumping ring. Elastic coins..........
Friction
- Crawler coil..........
- A sunken thimble. Obedient ball. We measure friction. Funny monkey. Vortex rings..........
- Rolling and sliding. Friction of rest. Acrobat walks on a wheel. Brake in the egg..........
Inertia and inertia
- Get the coin. Experiments with bricks. Wardrobe experience. Experience with matches. coin inertia. Hammer experience. Circus experience with a jar. The ball experience....
- Experiments with checkers. Domino experience. Egg experience. Ball in a glass. Mysterious skating rink..........
- Experiments with coins. Water hammer. Outwit inertia..........
- Experience with boxes. Checkers experience. Coin experience. Catapult. Apple momentum..........
- Experiments with inertia of rotation. The ball experience....
Mechanics. Laws of mechanics
- Newton's first law. Newton's third law. Action and reaction. Law of conservation of momentum. Number of movement..........
Jet propulsion
- Jet shower. Experiments with reactive pinwheels: air pinwheel, jet balloon, ethereal pinwheel, Segner's wheel ..........
- Balloon rocket. Multistage rocket. Impulse ship. Jet boat..........
Free fall
- Which is faster..........
Circular motion
- Centrifugal force. Easier on turns. Ring experience....
Rotation
- Gyroscopic toys. Clark's wolf. Greig's wolf. Flying top Lopatin. Gyro machine ..........
- Gyroscopes and tops. Experiments with a gyroscope. Spinning Top Experience. Wheel experience. Coin experience. Riding a bike without hands. Boomerang Experience..........
- Experiments with invisible axes. Experience with staples. Matchbox rotation. Slalom on paper..........
- Rotation changes shape. Cool or raw. Dancing egg. How to strike a match..........
- When the water does not pour out. A little circus. Experience with a coin and a ball. When the water is poured out. Umbrella and separator..........
Statics. Equilibrium. Center of gravity
- Roly-ups. Mysterious matryoshka..........
- Center of gravity. Equilibrium. Center of gravity height and mechanical stability. Base area and balance. Obedient and naughty egg..........
- Human center of gravity. Fork balance. Funny swing. Diligent sawer. Sparrow on a branch..........
- Center of gravity. Pencil competition. Experience with unstable balance. Human balance. Stable pencil. Knife up. Cooking experience. Experience with a saucepan lid ..........
The structure of matter
- Fluid model. What gases does air consist of? The highest density of water. Density tower. Four floors..........
- Plasticity of ice. A popped nut. Properties of a non-Newtonian fluid. Growing crystals. Properties of water and egg shells..........
thermal expansion
- Expansion of a rigid body. Ground stoppers. Needle extension. Thermal scales. Separation of glasses. Rusty screw. Board to smithereens. Ball expansion. Coin Expansion..........
- Expansion of gas and liquid. Air heating. Sounding coin. Water pipe and mushrooms. Water heating. Snow heating. Dry from water. The glass is creeping..........
Surface tension of a liquid. wetting
- Plateau experience. Darling experience. Wetting and non-wetting. Floating razor..........
- Attraction of traffic jams. Adhesion to water. Miniature Plateau experience. Bubble..........
- Live fish. Experience with a paperclip. Experiments with detergents. Color streams. Rotating spiral ..........
Capillary phenomena
- Experience with a blooper. Experience with pipettes. Experience with matches. Capillary pump..........
Bubble
- Hydrogen soap bubbles. Scientific preparation. Bubble in a bank. Colored rings. Two in one..........
Energy
- Transformation of energy. Curved strip and ball. Tongs and sugar. Photoexposure meter and photoelectric effect ..........
- Transfer of mechanical energy into heat. Propeller experience. Bogatyr in a thimble..........
Thermal conductivity
- Experience with an iron nail. Tree experience. Glass experience. Spoon experience. Coin experience. Thermal conductivity of porous bodies. Thermal conductivity of gas ..........
Heat
- Which is colder. Heating without fire. Heat absorption. Radiation of heat. Evaporative cooling. Experience with an extinguished candle. Experiments with the outer part of the flame ..........
Radiation. Energy transfer
- Transfer of energy by radiation. Experiments with solar energy
Convection
- Weight - heat controller. Experience with stearin. Creating traction. Experience with weights. Spinner experience. Spinner on a pin..........
aggregate states.
- Experiments with soap bubbles in the cold. Crystallization
- Frost on the thermometer. Evaporation on the iron. We regulate the boiling process. instant crystallization. growing crystals. We make ice. Ice cutting. Rain in the kitchen....
- Water freezes water. Ice castings. We create a cloud. We make a cloud. We boil snow. Ice bait. How to get hot ice..........
- Growing crystals. Salt crystals. Golden crystals. Large and small. Peligo's experience. Experience is the focus. Metallic crystals..........
- Growing crystals. copper crystals. Fairy beads. Halite patterns. Home hoarfrost..........
- Paper bowl. Experience with dry ice. Experience with socks
Gas laws
- Experience on the Boyle-Mariotte law. Experiment on Charles' law. Let's check the Claiperon equation. Checking Gay-Lusac's law. Focus with a ball. Once again about the Boyle-Mariotte law ..........
Engines
- Steam engine. Experience of Claude and Bouchereau..........
- Water turbine. Steam turbine. Wind turbine. Water wheel. Hydro turbine. Windmills-toys..........
Pressure
- Solid body pressure. Punching a coin with a needle. Ice cutting..........
- Siphon - Tantalum vase..........
- Fountains. The simplest fountain Three fountains. Fountain in a bottle. Fountain on the table..........
- Atmosphere pressure. Bottle experience. Egg in a decanter. Bank sticking. Glass experience. Canister experience. Experiments with a plunger. Bank flattening. Experience with test tubes..........
- A blotter vacuum pump. Air pressure. Instead of the Magdeburg hemispheres. Glass-diving bell. Carthusian diver. Punished curiosity..........
- Experiments with coins. Egg experience. Newspaper experience. School gum suction cup. How to empty a glass..........
- Pumps. Spray..........
- Experiments with glasses. The mysterious property of the radish. Bottle experience..........
- Naughty cork. What is pneumatics. Experience with a heated glass. How to raise a glass with the palm of your hand..........
- Cold boiling water. How much water weighs in a glass. Determine the volume of the lungs. Persistent funnel. How to pierce a balloon so that it does not burst ..........
- Hygrometer. Hygroscope. Cone barometer .......... - Barometer. Do-It-Yourself Aneroid Barometer. Ball barometer. The simplest barometer .......... - Light bulb barometer .......... - Air barometer. water barometer. Hygrometer..........
Communicating vessels
- Experience with the picture..........
Law of Archimedes. Pulling force. Swimming bodies
- Three balls. The simplest submarine. Experience with grapes. Does iron float?
- Draft of the ship. Does the egg float? Cork in a bottle. Water candlestick. Sinking or floating. Especially for the drowning. Experience with matches. Amazing egg. Does the plate sink? The riddle of scales ..........
- A float in a bottle. Obedient fish. Pipette in a bottle - Cartesian diver..........
- Ocean level. Boat on the ground. Will the fish drown. Scales from a stick ..........
- Law of Archimedes. Live toy fish. Bottle level..........
Bernoulli's law
- Funnel experience. Water jet experience. Ball experience. Experience with weights. Rolling cylinders. stubborn sheets..........
- Bending sheet. Why doesn't he fall. Why does the candle go out. Why doesn't the candle go out? Blame the air flow..........
simple mechanisms
- Block. Polyspast ..........
- Lever of the second kind. Polyspast ..........
- Lever arm. Gate. Lever scales..........
fluctuations
- Pendulum and bicycle. Pendulum and the globe. Fun duel. Unusual pendulum ..........
- Torsional pendulum. Experiments with a swinging top. Rotating pendulum..........
- Experience with the Foucault pendulum. Addition of vibrations. Experience with Lissajous figures. Pendulum resonance. Hippo and bird..........
- Funny swing. Vibrations and Resonance ..........
- Fluctuations. Forced vibrations. Resonance. Seize the moment..........
Sound
- Gramophone - do it yourself ..........
- Physics of musical instruments. String. Magic bow. Ratchet. Drinking glasses. Bottlephone. From the bottle to the organ..........
- Doppler effect. sound lens. Chladni's experiments ..........
- Sound waves. Spreading sound..........
- Sounding glass. Straw flute. String sound. Reflection of sound..........
- Phone from a matchbox. Telephone exchange ..........
- Singing combs. Spoon call. Drinking glass..........
- Singing water. Scary wire..........
- Audio oscilloscope..........
- Ancient sound recording. Cosmic voices....
- Hear the beat of the heart. Ear glasses. Shock wave or clapperboard ..........
- Sing with me. Resonance. Sound through the bone..........
- Tuning fork. Storm in a glass. Louder sound..........
- My strings. Change the pitch. Ding Ding. Crystal clear..........
- We make the ball squeak. Kazu. Drinking bottles. Choral singing..........
- Intercom. Gong. Crow's glass..........
- Blow out the sound. Stringed instrument. Little hole. Blues on the bagpipe..........
- Sounds of nature. Drinking straw. Maestro, march..........
- A speck of sound. What's in the bag. Surface sound. Disobedience Day..........
- Sound waves. Visible sound. Sound helps to see ..........
Electrostatics
- Electrification. Electric coward. Electricity repels. Soap bubble dance. Electricity on combs. Needle - lightning rod. Electrification of the thread ..........
- Bouncing balls. Interaction of charges. Sticky ball..........
- Experience with a neon light bulb. Flying bird. Flying butterfly. Living world..........
- Electric spoon. Saint Elmo's fire. Water electrification. Flying cotton. Soap bubble electrization. Loaded frying pan..........
- Electrification of the flower. Experiments on the electrification of man. Lightning on the table..........
- Electroscope. Electric theater. Electric cat. Electricity attracts...
- Electroscope. Bubble. Fruit Battery. Gravity fight. Battery of galvanic elements. Connect the coils..........
- Turn the arrow. Balancing on the edge. Repulsive nuts. Turn on the light..........
- Amazing tapes. Radio signal. static separator. Jumping grains. Static rain..........
- Wrap film. Magic figurines. Influence of air humidity. Living doorknob. Sparkling clothes..........
- Charging at a distance. Rolling ring. Crack and clicks. Magic wand..........
- Everything can be charged. positive charge. The attraction of bodies static adhesive. Charged plastic. Ghost leg..........
Burdenkov Semyon and Burdenkov Yuri
Making a device with your own hands is not only a creative process that encourages you to show your ingenuity and ingenuity. In addition, during the manufacturing process, and even more so when demonstrating it in front of a class or the whole school, the manufacturer receives a lot of positive emotions. The use of home-made devices in the classroom develops a sense of responsibility and pride in the work done, proves its importance.
Download:
Preview:
Municipal state educational institution
Kukuy basic comprehensive school №25
Project
Do-it-yourself physical device
Completed by: 8th grade student
MKOU OOSH №25
Burdenkov Yu.
Head: Davydova G.A.,
Physics teacher.
- Introduction.
- Main part.
- Purpose of the device;
- tools and materials;
- Device manufacturing;
- General view of the device;
- Conclusion.
- Bibliography.
- Introduction.
In order to put the necessary experience, you need to have instruments and measuring instruments. And do not think that all devices are made in factories. In many cases, research facilities are built by the researchers themselves. At the same time, it is considered that the most talented researcher is the one who can put experience and get good results not only on complex, but also on simpler instruments. Complex equipment is reasonable to use only in cases where it is impossible to do without it. So do not neglect home-made devices - it is much more useful to make them yourself than to use purchased ones.
GOAL:
Make a device, installation in physics to demonstrate physical phenomena with your own hands.
Explain the principle of operation of this device. Demonstrate the operation of this device.
TASKS:
Make devices that are of great interest to students.
Make devices missing from the laboratory.
Make devices that cause difficulty in understanding theoretical material in physics.
HYPOTHESIS:
The made device, installation in physics for demonstrating physical phenomena with your own hands, apply in the lesson.
In the absence of this device in the physical laboratory, this device will be able to replace the missing installation when demonstrating and explaining the topic.
- Main part.
- Purpose of the device.
The device is designed to observe the expansion of air and liquid when heated.
- Tools and materials.
Ordinary bottle, rubber stopper, glass tube, the outer diameter of which is 5-6mm. Drill.
- Device manufacturing.
Make a hole in the cork with a drill so that the tube fits snugly into it. Next, pour tinted water into the bottle to make it easier to observe. We put a scale on the neck. Then insert the cork into the bottle so that the tube in the bottle is below the water level. The device is ready for the experiment!
- General view of the device.
- Features of the demonstration of the device.
To demonstrate the device, you need to grab the neck of the bottle with your hand and wait a while. We will see that the water starts to rise up the tube. This happens because the hand heats the air in the bottle. When heated, the air expands, presses on the water and displaces it. The experiment can be done with different amounts of water, and you will find that the level of rise will be different. If the bottle is completely filled with water, then you can already observe the expansion of water when heated. To verify this, you need to lower the bottle into a vessel with hot water.
- Conclusion.
It is interesting to watch the experience conducted by the teacher. Conducting it yourself is doubly interesting.
And to conduct an experiment with a device made and designed by one's own hands is of great interest to the whole class. In such experiments, it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how a given installation works.
- Literature.
1. Teaching equipment for physics in high school. Edited by A.A. Pokrovsky "Enlightenment" 1973
