The quality of assembly of furniture and the reliability of its operation are largely influenced by fasteners designed to connect individual elements to each other and used for mounting products. Of course, the type and design features of fasteners depend on the category of furniture and its operating conditions.
The modern industry offers a sufficient number of new fastening accessories that greatly facilitate the assembly of furniture and increase the durability of its use in the most adverse conditions. For example, kitchen designs made from cheap particle board are more likely to fail by delamination of the panel or peeling of the decorative coating than to fail due to poor quality or reliability of fasteners.
Today, in the industrial and independent manufacture of furniture products, quite a lot of types of fasteners are used, which differ in functionality, method of fixation, size and protective coating.
Categories of fasteners
If half a century ago, wooden dowels were the main elements for assembling furniture components, and the installation of various specimens at the place of operation was carried out using nails or screws, today the range of accessories for connecting individual parts and furniture elements has expanded significantly.
Modern fastening and connecting parts can be divided into several categories, including both highly specialized products and universal fittings:
The most common types of furniture fasteners
Consider the most common groups of connecting and fixing fittings for furniture, the features of its installation and operation.
Button head or ornamental head screws and bolts with a fixing mustache or square neck are the main examples used to tie individual panels of frame furniture. Thanks to the fixing mustache or square head, the bolt (screw) is fixed in the hole of the chipboard, which prevents it from turning. Due to this design feature, the assembler has the ability to tighten the nut without additional fixation of the screw.
Universal screws with countersunk or semi countersunk head have slots of various shapes (cross, with an internal hexagon, a straight slot, and others) and are designed for fastening individual assembly parts inside furniture structures. They are used for:
On a note!
When using universal screws, either screwdrivers with interchangeable bits or screwdriver sets with interchangeable tips are used.
Confirmates (Euroscrews) in modern furniture production are the most popular type of fastening and fixing devices. This type is used for fastening any parts made of chipboard or MDF panels.
Before screwing the euro screws, holes are pre-drilled in the parts using a special confirmation drill, the diameter of which depends on the diameter of the fixing element. To screw this type of fastener, it is used either with special bits or screwdrivers with seed nozzles. The type of bit or nozzle depends on the type of slot.
Eccentrics other fittings, bearing the somewhat exotic name of rastexes and minifixes, allows you to connect and pull panels located at right angles to each other. Despite the obvious advantages of this category of fasteners, their main disadvantages are:
- the need for additional milling of furniture panels, for the installation of individual fastener parts;
- relatively high cost.
- high accuracy of marking and the complexity of installing individual fasteners;
On a note!
To install individual minifix parts, you will need three different types of woodworking tools - one end mill and two drills of different diameters.
Furniture corners proved to be a reliable, easy-to-install element. Today they can be made either from metal or from special, high-strength plastic. In industrial production, the color of the plastic corner is matched to the color of the furniture.
Modern furniture dowels made of wood, plastic or metal. Their main advantages are low cost and ease of connecting furniture parts to each other. To increase the reliability of the connection, there is a corrugation on the surface of the dowels.
Special types of fasteners
Today, furniture, the individual parts of which are made of glass sheets or in the form of mirrors, is becoming increasingly popular. If ten years ago glass was mainly used as doors for furniture cabinets and showcases or doors for shelving and shelves, today you will not surprise anyone with a glass top for a coffee or dining table.
To interconnect glass parts and furniture elements made of other materials, special types of fittings are used, which are attached to glass surfaces with the help of special adhesives, by wrinkling clips with rubber gaskets or by drilling holes in the glass. When choosing this category of fittings, it is necessary to pay attention to the weight that it can withstand, which is especially stipulated in the instructions for its use.
The review will focus on the latest furniture fittings.
Fixed joints widely used in mechanical engineering are divided into two types: detachable (performed mainly with the help of threaded fasteners - bolts, screws, studs and nuts) and one-piece (performed by various types of rivets, welding, soldering, gluing).
Threaded and riveted joints are widely used in all branches of engineering, and they account for up to 35% of the total labor intensity of assembly work. The range of used fasteners is large and tends to grow. This is due to the fact that the creation of new progressive products, usually more expensive, does not exclude the possibility of using traditional cheap fasteners (bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, washers) in simple low-loaded assemblies that guarantee the required consumer qualities of machines. For example, the US industry produces more than two million types of fasteners, including more than 50 thousand standard (according to US terminology), for a total amount of several billion dollars a year.
The classifier of state standards refers fasteners for general machine-building use to the GZ group, which includes the following classes: G31 - bolts; G32 - screws, studs; GZZ - nuts; G34 - rivets; G36 - washers, cotter pins; G37 - pins; G38 - other industrial hardware. At present, many types of progressive fasteners have been developed and mastered in various branches of the machine-building complex, which are not included in the State Standards Classifier. A variety of fasteners in terms of design, technological, functional and other features makes it difficult to exhaustively classify and describe them. However, all fasteners can be divided into five groups. The classification is based on one of the most characteristic features that determined the name of each group, namely: fasteners for mass use; high-strength threaded fasteners; fasteners for one-sided setting and shockless riveting; fasteners for high-life and hermetic connections; fasteners for joining polymer composite materials.
The conditionality of the proposed classification lies in the fact that in each group there is a certain range of fasteners that can be attributed to another group. For example, in the group of fasteners for one-sided setting and impactless riveting, some designs of bolt rivets are designed for high-life joints or for joints of composite materials. At the same time, each of the groups includes fasteners of several classes according to the State Standards Classifier. For example, the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, screws, nuts, and the group of high-strength fasteners includes classes of bolts, rivets, etc.
However, the proposed classification allows designers and technologists to relatively easily understand a wide variety of fasteners and take into account their specific features when designing and developing technological processes for assembling detachable and one-piece joints, and will also assist specialists involved in the design and organization of specialized production of fasteners.
Correctly naming a fastener is often very difficult. What is it? Bolt or screw, anchor or dowel. Considering the great diversity of this class of products and the complexity in their correct name, we turn to GOST, which regulates the names and terms.
Below are some of the most commonly used terms and definitions in accordance with GOST 27017-86 for fasteners and their structural elements.
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A fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end, with a head at the other, forming a connection with a nut or a threaded hole in one of the connected products. |
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A fastener for forming a connection or fixation, made in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end and a structural element for transmitting torque at the other. Note: The structural element of the torque-transmitting screw may be a slotted head, a knurled head, or, in the absence of a head, a slot in the end of the rod. |
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A fastener in the form of a rod with an external special thread, a threaded conical end and a head at the other end, forming a thread in the hole of a wooden or plastic product to be joined. Note: The special thread has a triangular pointed profile and a large root width compared to the width of the tooth. |
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Fastener in the form of a cylindrical rod with external threads at both ends or along the entire length of the rod. |
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Fastener in the form of a cylindrical or conical rod for fixing products during assembly. |
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A fastener with a threaded hole and a structural element for transmitting torque. Note: A structural element of a nut for transmitting torque can be a polyhedron, knurling on the side surface, end and radial holes, slots, etc. |
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A fastener with a hole placed under the nut or head of a bolt or screw to increase the bearing surface and/or prevent them from self-loosening. |
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A fastener in the form of a wire rod of a semicircular cross section, folded in half to form a head. |
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Fastener in the form of a smooth cylindrical rod with a head at one end, which serves to obtain a permanent connection due to the formation of a head at the other end of the rod by plastic deformation. |
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A bolt whose smooth shank diameter exceeds the nominal thread diameter. |
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Bolt, the head of which is made in the form of a movable part of the swivel joint. |
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A bolt, the diameter of the smooth part of the rod of which is determined from the condition of ensuring the shear operation of the connection. |
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A bolt with a specially shaped head used to fasten equipment to the foundation. Note: The special shape of the head may represent the extended legs of the slotted part of the rod, the bent part of the rod, etc. |
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A screw whose smooth shank diameter is smaller than the inside diameter of the thread. |
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A screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the plastic or metal products to be joined. |
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Self-tapping screw with drill shape end. |
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A screw with a specially shaped end used to fix products relative to each other. Note: Special end shape can be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc. |
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Pin of cylindrical section with a longitudinal groove along the length, made of spring steel. |
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Hexagonal nut with radial slots for the cotter pin on the side of one of the end surfaces. |
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Hexagonal nut, part of which is made in the form of a cylinder with radial slots for the cotter pin. |
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Nut with spherical and flat end surfaces and blind threaded hole. |
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Nut with flat protrusions for torque transmission. |
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Washer with a flat bearing surface. |
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A split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners during its elastic deformation under load. |
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A washer used to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners using structural elements. Note: The structural elements of the washer are paws, socks, teeth, etc. |
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Rivet with a rod of tubular section. |
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A rivet, the end part of which has a tubular section. |
Elements of fasteners
Kernel. Part of a fastener that enters directly into the holes of the products to be joined or is screwed into the material of one of them.
Fastener head. A part of a fastener having a rod that serves to transmit torque and (or) form a supporting surface.
Bolt head. The smooth part of the shaft of a bolt, cylindrical, oval or square, directly adjacent to the head and used to center the bolt or prevent it from turning.
Fastener collar. A protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut, bolt head or screw, made in the form of a cylinder or a truncated cone with a diameter greater than the diameter of their circumscribed circle.
Supporting protrusion of the fastener. An annular protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut or bolt head whose diameter is less than the spanner size.
Note: Wrench size refers to the distance between opposite faces of a polyhedral nut or bolt head, screw, measured in a plane normal to their axis.
Fastener slot. A recess of a special shape in the end of the head of a bolt, screw or screw, in the end of a set screw without a head, along the generatrix or in the end of a nut.
Note: The shape of the slot can be hexagonal, cross-shaped, in the form of a through or blind slot, etc.
Bolt spike. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the bolt head that serves to prevent it from turning.
The mustache of the bolt. A protrusion on the bearing surface of the head and shaft of the bolt, which serves to prevent it from turning.
Gimlet. The threaded, tapered end of a screw used to cut a thread in a wood or plastic product to form a joint.
GOST 27017-86 fully complies with ISO 1891-79 and should be used in conjunction with GOST 11708-82 “Thread. Terms and Definitions". GOST 27017-86 establishes terms and definitions for fasteners for general machine building applications. Standards establish only basic terms. Today, when new types of fasteners appear in Russia, the process of the formation of terminology is observed, strictly speaking, this is a constant process. The desire of market participants to avoid discrepancies in the names is quite natural.
Fasteners for special purposes are used to connect various structures, as well as in complex mechanisms where standard fasteners are not suitable. They are made of high quality hard steel, which withstands high mechanical loads. Special fasteners, like regular fasteners, have threads made in metric or inch format.
What is a special fastener
In fact, there are not so many elements of special fasteners. All available products can be divided into two categories - rigid fixation and rigging.
Rigid fixation elements are used to connect fixed products, and rigging elements are used to secure cables or ropes. Special fasteners are presented on the market with an extensive range of different variations that have the simplest design, but differ in dimensions and other non-essential characteristics, which allows them to be grouped into categories.
Hard Fixture
Rigid fixing fasteners include only three categories of products:
- Hairpins.
- Fitting.
- Bosses.
Hairpin
The hairpin is a metal rod with a thread. Such fasteners come in various sizes and are made of metals with a wide range of hardness, therefore, they differ in physical and mechanical properties. Large studs are used for foundation work. With their help, a metal frame is attached to the concrete, as well as advertising billboard racks are fixed to the blocks. There are only two main categories of studs:
- With double thread.
- Full threaded.
bilateral the studs have a clean, unthreaded area in the center. There is a right-hand thread on one end of the stud, and a left-hand thread on the other. This design is often used to mount the cylinder head in a car. Part of the fastener is screwed into the aluminum engine block, and a head is threaded onto the free end, which is clamped with nuts.
Full threaded studs have one type of thread that goes from edge to edge. You can screw a nut on them and scroll along the entire length. Classic threaded clamps work according to this principle. Such studs are widely used in construction to create various structures. In particular, they are used for mounting sandwich panels, etc.
Union
A fitting is a common special fastener that is used to connect pipes to pipes or hoses. The main condition is the presence of a thread on at least one element. Usually they are used in water and gas pipelines. Also, with the help of fittings, household appliances that use water or gas are connected. There are fittings on washing machines and dishwashers, gas stoves, boilers, etc.
There are four categories of fittings:
- Connecting.
- Welded.
- Swivel.
- Transitional.
Connective the fitting is a metal tube of various lengths, at both ends of which an external thread is knurled. The fitting is inserted between two pipes with prepared female threads and screwed onto them. Since the threads are opposite, when the fitting is rotated, it enters both ends of the pipes simultaneously. In its center there is a groove for a wrench. There are also fittings with internal threads, which, on the contrary, are screwed onto the tubes.
Welded the fitting is a metal tube, on the outer side of one of the ends of which a thread is cut. The clean edge is welded to the unthreaded pipe using electric welding. Another threaded pipe is screwed onto the second end of the fastener. The use of such an element allows you to make a water or gas branch, or simply extend the pipe. Often, such fasteners have not metric, but inch threads, which are used in engineering systems.
Turning the fitting has a movable design that allows the flange intended for fitting the hose to rotate. The use of such fasteners is very convenient in cases where it is not desirable to allow the hose to be screwed when twisting the fitting.
transitional the fitting is almost the same special fastener as the connecting one, but with a slight difference. Its ends have different diameters. This allows you to connect pipes of different thicknesses.
Bosses
The boss is a similar design on the connecting fitting, but still has some differences. It is a tall nut that is screwed onto a tube - for example, to connect measuring equipment such as a pressure gauge. A hexagonal groove runs along the entire surface of the boss for the possibility of tightening with a wrench. The connection thread is inside the tube. The diameter of the outlet holes on different sides of the fastener may vary. Threads for connecting to a pipe are often made in inch format, and for a pressure gauge in metric. Bosses are made of stainless steel or copper alloys.
Rigging hardware
Rigging special fasteners are more diverse than classic:
- Staple.
- Lanyards.
- Carabiners.
- Hooks.
- Clamps.
- Koushi.
- Blocks.
- swivels.
- Eye nuts and bolts.
brace It is a curved rod, the edges of which are connected by a finger or a transverse bolt and a nut. This is a very common fastener that allows you to securely connect the cable to various supports. It is made of solid steel and covered with a layer of zinc. There are both small brackets and quite large ones.
Lanyard is a screw tie, which allows you to create a strong tension during rotation with minimal effort. This element is a frame or ring, into the body of which metal rods are screwed. One of them ends with a hook, and the second with a ring. When the frame rotates, the rods are screwed inward, which ensures the creation of tension. This is a reusable system that can work as well as a hydraulic jack, but for tightness, not lifting.
Carbine- This is an element for quickly connecting chains and cables. It is a metal rod bent and connected by ends, at one end of which there is a special spring mechanism that holds the removable segment. By moving the segment away, you can insert a cable ring or a chain link inside the carabiner.
Hook is a metal rod, at one end of which there is a thread, and the other end is unscrewed by a semicircle. It is screwed into various materials, such as wood or dowels, and holds suspended elements. There are also designs in which a ring is used instead of a hook. Care must be taken to use such special fasteners, since the hook can unbend under the influence of a large weight.
Rope clamp is a metal plate into which a bent rod is inserted in the form of a bracket. Nuts are screwed on its ends. The clamp allows you to create a reliable cable loop that will not break. It is enough to put the cable folded in half into the holes of the clamp and tighten the bolts.
Koushi represent an insert made of a metal rod bent in the shape of a triangle or a drop. They are used to increase the bend radius when creating rope knots. The thimbles are an alternative to clips in making loops. They are cheaper and, when properly knotted, provide a stronger connection. Their only drawback is that you need to use quite a lot of rope to prepare the knot. Often, thimbles are used in conjunction with clamps when guaranteed strength is needed.
Block is a special fastener that is used for lifting work. Its design provides a pulley into which a cable or rope can be inserted. Thanks to the receipt of the axis of rotation, it is easier to apply efforts to lift weights.
Depending on the design, the block can be solid or folding. If it is one-piece, then to carry out the work, you must first bring the end of the cable like a thread into the eye of a needle. In a folding design, everything is much simpler. On its side there is a special segment that can be pushed back to get a rope or cable without having to look for the end, which is especially convenient if a long bay is used.
Swivel It is a steel ring, in the side hole of which a metal rod is inserted, with a small ring at the end. The use of a swivel prevents the cable or rope from twisting. This fastener allows you to extend the life of the coil used and to dampen the sway. When the cable is turned out, the swivel simply turns, thereby compensating for such actions, preventing a break. Similar to a rigging swivel, but in miniature can be found on a leash for walking dogs, and bags. The swivel is also used in fishing gear.
Eye bolts and eye nuts are a bolt or nut to which a ring is welded. This design has much in common with a rigging hook, but is more reliable. All its elements are firmly welded together. This eliminates bend straightening, which is a common hook problem. Eye nuts and bolts come in a variety of sizes. They are always made from steel.
When carrying out construction, repair and other works, in mechanical engineering ..., in almost any production it is impossible, or extremely difficult, to do without the use of various kinds of fasteners. Metal fasteners are a guarantee of reliable connection of individual parts to each other. The most common and popular fasteners are considered to be hardware - metal products.
Fastener classification
1. Anchor fasteners are technically complex steel products that carry high loads (up to 5 tons).
2. Screws and self-tapping screws are the most commonly used and easy-to-use type of fastener. It has a very wide distribution and application.
3. Metric fasteners are the most reliable and common type (nuts, bolts, washers, etc.)
4. Dowels - mainly products made of propylene or nylon. Used in conjunction with screws or self-tapping screws.
5. Nails - made of metal for attaching parts to wooden bases.
6. Tapes perforated with holes - made from sheet steel (corners, perforated tape ...). Often used in the construction of wooden houses.
7. Rigging fasteners - are used for fastening and moving various loads (cables, chains, carabiners ...).
Anchor fasteners
There are several types of anchors:
- driving anchor - a metal sleeve. Threaded on one side, cut on the other side. There is a wedge inside, which, when hammered (mainly into concrete), securely holds the mounted structure;
- wedge - also used in concrete and natural stones. Clogged and additionally twisted with a wrench;
- expanding - a special expanding mechanism opens inside the base;
- chemical anchor - a pre-prepared hole is filled with a chemical composition and a fastening rod is inserted.
Electrical fasteners
Some types:
- dowel-bracket for round and flat wires;
- cable tie;
- universal wire clamp;
- fixing flat and round wire;
- clamps;
- fixings for corrugated pipes, PVC and cables.
Self-tapping screws and screws
Divided by type of head:
- hexagonal;
- semi-cylindrical;
- secret;
- hemispherical;
- with a cross slot.
The types of tips differ:
- with a sharp end;
- in the form of a drill.
Depending on the application, they are divided into:
- for connecting wooden parts;
- for connecting metal parts;
- roofing.
Protection of fasteners by electroplating
Serves to increase service life. Anti-corrosion coating can be:
- copper;
- tin;
- zinc;
- nickel;
- cadmium.
Serve for connection (fastening) of elements of machines and designs. Fasteners include bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, wedges, rivets, etc. products, as well as auxiliary parts (for example, washers and cotter pins). * * * MOUNTING… … encyclopedic Dictionary
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