On the territory of Russia and Europe, there is a mass death of trees.
In the city of Yelets and in the Lipetsk region as a whole, there is a mass death of birch and mountain ash.
Tui are dying in Lipetsk.
The scale of the disaster is significant: for example, in Lipetsk, most of the birches and thujas died, according to various estimates, from 1,500 to 200 trees in the city. In a comment to an article on the trv-science.ru website, the user custod notes: “Three days ago I was shocked by the view from the fifth floor of a suburban house in Lipetsk. There are already not two thousand, but dozens of hectares of completely leafless birches, and they stretch beyond the line of sight ... "
The drying of birch plantations was also noted in other regions, in particular, in Tula, Voronezh, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod. Since 2010, a mass death of birch trees has been observed in the city of Samara
Daldinia concentric (Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not., 1863) 
Daldinia concentric (Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not., 1863) 
Everywhere there is a mass death of elms. The reason is grafiosis or Dutch disease, the carrier is the elm sapwood. this dangerous disease continues to cause enormous damage.
The causative agent, the fungus Ceratocistis ulmi, is of particular danger in urban plantations, where elms have valuable environment-forming and recreational properties. With the disappearance of elms, serious homeostatic disturbances occur in the functioning of such complex ecosystems as urban plantations, threatening the death of many consortial plant species, avifauna and entomofauna. More than 80% of elms in Russia are affected.
In Moscow and adjacent regions, there is a mass death of ash. The reason is the defeat of the narrow-bodied goldfish. More than 60% of trees are affected. A tree populated by a goldfish dies in 2-3 years.
In the Krasnogorsk and Istra districts of the Moscow region, an extremely rapid spread of bacteriosis or dropsy of birch is observed.
The carrier of bacteriosis is birch sapwood.
From 30 to 40 percent of birches are affected by bacteriosis. Infected trees die within 2-4 years. The only known method of combating birch bacteriosis is felling.
Currently, the disease is noted in Bashkiria, where all birch forests are affected, the Baltic states, Tatarstan, the Republic of Adygea, the Bryansk region and adjacent regions. In 10 years, we risk completely losing birch as a species.
Bacterioses occupy a special place among diseases of forest woody plants. This group of diseases is one of the least studied and difficult to diagnose. In 2007, bacterial diseases were detected in plantations in 17 regions on a total area of 42.4 thousand hectares. Bacteriosis affected birch, oak, chestnut, poplar, ash, beech, and fir. The most widespread is bacterial dropsy of birch, which was noted in the plantations of 11 regions on an area of 11.7 thousand hectares. Measures to combat bacterial diseases of forest species have not yet been developed.
For the second decade in the Moscow region there has been a mass death of spruce and pine forests. The reason is the mass reproduction of the bark beetle-typographer and the bark beetle-engraver. Coniferous trees weakened by bark beetles are colonized by black spruce barbel, which leads to accelerated death of trees. It can be said with full confidence that more than 60-70 percent of coniferous trees have recently died in the Moscow region.
By the end of 2015, it is planned to cut down about 36,000 hectares of coniferous forest throughout the Moscow region.
The dead spruce plantations can be compensated, at best, in a hundred years. And then, if the spread of the beetle stops. In the Moscow region, he is comfortable, there are warm winters and hot summers. The bark beetle cannot withstand temperatures below 35 degrees, but in order to stop a forest epidemic, such a frost must stand for at least a week. For the local climate, this is a rarity. But so far - the only more or less reliable medicine.
Cherry vascular disease, moniliosis or moniliosis burn, has become widespread in the Moscow region. Moniliosis is a fungal disease of stone fruit trees such as cherries and apricots.
Affected branches and leaves look like burnt. At the end of June, dried branches can be seen on the affected plant, and this may be a mass phenomenon. Cracks form on old affected branches, gum protrudes, and gradually the branches die.
Most of the berries are mummified and fall off, some berries can sag until spring. In the event that moniliosis becomes widespread, the crop may completely die, and the tree may become very weak. If you do not take action for several years, the plant will completely dry out. In case of mass damage by moniliosis, plants are uprooted and burned. To prevent the re-development of moniliosis on cherry or apricot plants, other types of fruit or ornamental trees are planted in place of old plantings.
Since July 2013, there has been a rapidly spreading vascular necrosis in Moscow - wilt or virticillium wilt of maples. The disease affects Tatar maple, sugar maple and some other types of maples. Trees die in a relatively short period.
For the second year in Kyiv, mountain ash has been massively drying out.
In Slovakia, in Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Austria, Germany - practically in the entire territory from France to Tatarstan, oaks are dying en masse.
The reason is tracheomycosis. The coordinator of the team of the Slovak Research Institute of Forestry in Zvolen M. Capek believes that: “The first reason for the death of oaks is, of course, a lack of moisture during the growing season, which significantly reduced potential immunity. Dry, warm and long growing season created conditions for increased reproduction of insects - carriers of tracheomycosis. And chief among them is the oak bark beetle.
Olive trees are dying en masse in Italy. The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which used to destroy olives only in America, moved to Europe. Italy may lose a significant part of the olive harvest in 2014. The damage is estimated at 250 million euros.
The Italian authorities turned to scientists from the United States for help. Experts from the University of California advised farmers to destroy infected trees. Such a measure will reduce the likelihood of the spread of bacteria. Currently, Xylella fastidiosa infects olives at an alarming rate.
If you ate in your garden, trees fell ill on the territory of the cottage village, send photos. We will try to help you. Write: [email protected] To the department of plant protection
Responsible candidate of agricultural SciencesOlga Chemarina:
The answer to this question depends on the specific circumstances.
The average life expectancy of birches is 100-120 years. But foresters believe that after 70 these trees enter old age and can gradually dry out in the future. And one of the "age signs" indicating a strong weakening of the birch is dry top. However, such "old women" can live for quite a long time. I saw dried-up birches, according to legend, planted by order of Prince Potemkin along the road along which Empress Catherine II was supposed to travel: that is, these trees are more than 200 years old.
If a dry top appeared on a young birch, then this is a sign of either some kind of disease, or a weakening of the plant caused by stress, a change in the environment. Such unfortunate consequences can be caused, for example, by a violation of the water-air regime of the soil due to reclamation work, the construction of roads, as well as the erection of buildings, capital fences or other structures on the foundation. In addition, dry top may be due to the fact that the root neck was covered with a layer of earth - this happens quite often during the development of land plots. Sometimes the soil selected when digging a pit is used to level the site or to create a lawn. For the same purpose, fertile soil is imported, and part of it, when backfilled, falls into the region of the root collar.
If you want to save dead top birch, you need to watch it. Weakened trees are susceptible to attack by pests, which often turn out to be carriers of bacterial diseases. If you wish, you can contact specialists from the nearest forestry enterprise who will examine your trees, assess their condition and give qualified recommendations for care. But you should regularly inspect birches yourself. For example, on trees affected by bacterial dropsy, traces of the vital activity of bacteria appear - weeping reddish spots. Sometimes secretions accumulate under the bark, forming swellings. The bast and wood in the affected areas become wet, acquire a dark brown color and a sour smell. Timely detected foci of the disease can be treated. To do this, it is necessary to remove the dead bark, clean the wood to a healthy tissue, pickle with a 5% solution of copper sulfate and paint with oil or nitro paint. This makes sense if the disease has captured only part of the circumference of the trunk. Mechanical damage is also treated in order to avoid the germination of fungal spores on them.
If the treatment procedure seems laborious to you or the disease has gone too far, then it is better to cut down the tree.
Why do the branches of a birch and an apple tree begin to dry?
There can be many reasons for the drying of branches. Perhaps the atypically cold winter had an effect (usually under such conditions the trees do not freeze. But the trees that were very frozen in a more severe winter and tortured by abnormal heat and lack of rain overwintered weakened, not hardened, without reserves of necessary nutrients. That is why they were powerless even before slight frosts When freezing, the starch in the cells of wood and bark turns into gum.This thick brown mass clogs the vessels in the wood, through which nutrients from the roots come to the leaves.When cutting branches, it is clearly visible that the wood is brown inside. the substances that ended up in the buds and around them were enough for them to blossom and even bloom, and there was no further influx of new, necessary nutrients every minute.Therefore, they gradually dried up immediately after flowering or during the summer.), perhaps aphids appeared on the branches , May beetles or moles started up on the site, high levels may also affect groundwater wreath.
If a birch grows next to an apple tree, this may be the reason for the branches to dry out. Any large trees with powerful roots are bad for the garden. Birches are trees - pumps that literally pump water and fertilizers out of the soil, and birch, as a tree species, has the ability to release substances into the soil that poison other crops. Note that birches always grow only with each other. A small tree is still tolerable, but a large one should be kept only in a free area in a recreation area. It is better not to plant the following types of trees in a garden plot or garden: walnut, birch, poplar, conifers.
So what's now?
First of all, you need to immediately cut the drying branches. And do it at any time, without waiting for autumn or spring. If tops began to grow at the base of these branches from sleeping buds, then it is necessary to cut them near them. Tops, let me remind you, are strong vegetative shoots with large leaves and underdeveloped buds, developing from dormant or adnexal buds. In this place, the wood froze less, and it will be possible to form new healthy branches from tops in two or three years. We remove the drying parts so that they do not interfere with the growth of new ones and pests and diseases do not accumulate on them.
In addition, such trees need special care - namely, regular watering so that the soil is constantly moist. The trunk circle 1 - 1.5 m under the trees should be mulched with a layer of mulch 5 -10 cm. effective microorganisms that quickly process organic matter and increase soil fertility).
To help the trees get out of the painful state faster, during the summer you need to carry out several foliar top dressings with special preparations: Terra-Sorb, Megafol, Masters, Plantafol, Agricola, Kemira-Lux.
If it's a birch, it should be cut off or removed from the site altogether.
Is it worth it to talk about how good birch is? The general opinion will be unambiguous. But it also happens that the owners of the plots are not at all pleased with the white-trunked trees that have grown near the house, in the garden or vegetable garden. They can be understood. This is the fragility of the trunk with a hurricane wind. Mature trees shade the area. Often there are wires in the crown of a fast-growing tree. Birch works as a powerful pump that dries up the soil. In some cases, this pleases, in others, it becomes necessary to moisten the soil. Many troubles can be avoided if you pick up a pruner and start forming a seedling, and as a reward you will receive strong low trees and garden bonsai. Then the birch trees, the height of which will be under control all the time, will help drain damp places, and the garden bonsai will decorate the site.
Ferns look beautiful next to the birch
Where to get birch?
Any birch is perfectly formed. A seedling can be purchased at a garden center or nursery. It's easier to dig in the wasteland. If you walk along swollen ditches and embankments, you will be more likely to find a tree with a bizarrely twisted trunk.
There are many birches in the forest. Especially in the undergrowth, which is completely or partially removed during sanitary felling. But a trip to the forest near Moscow with a shovel in hand can end in serious trouble. Be sure to read the Forest Code before heading into the woods for planting material for your site.
Remember the Forest Code when going to the forest for planting material
We rarely think about the diversity of birches in our area. I realized this when I was forming another tree, found on the site of an old estate near Moscow. There was nothing left but an ancient birch with fairly large velvety leaves. There were many seedlings of different ages around. I dug up one of them and planted it in our yard.
What kind of forms does not create nature. The hidden beauty of Karelian birches and the luxury of their wood. Wind-bent trees that have to survive in the harsh North. On the Onega and Ladoga lakes, trees grow, the roots of which manage to squeeze into the cracks of stone monoliths.
What forms nature does not create!
Choose the shape of the trunk and crown
Birches can be formed in a variety of ways. There are grafted trees with a weeping crown that can be purchased at garden centers. I like to create beauty with my own hands. With secateurs and garden shears in hand. I do not use bending and tying branches.
The "umbrella" is overgrown, it's time to correct the crown with sharp garden shears
First, you should look at the seedling. Determine its purpose. If there are no ideas, form a crown in the shape of an umbrella or a ball. Birches with crooked trunks are more suitable for garden bonsai. But it will take a long time to work on the backbone - the basis of bonsai.
The basis of garden bonsai is its backbone
At one birch, I had to leave a trunk a little less than two meters high and not allow the crown to expand and grow upwards. I need this tree in order to drain the far corner of the site where the drainage groove ends. There are containers with humus, a barrel for watering and a greenhouse, which I would not like to shade.
Take a closer look at the huge birches growing in "heaps". They do not interfere with each other if they have enough light. Low trees planted in a row can also coexist peacefully. Feel free to create birch hedges and screens. Just do not forget to cut them, giving the desired shape. I made a narrow birch screen up to two meters long.
I want to draw attention to the fact that pruning not only limits the size of the tree, but also inhibits its growth, strengthens the backbone.
Wires are stretched over this birch, so limiting the growth of the tree is so important.
We have two pines and two birches of the same age growing on our site. This is hard to believe when you compare the dimensions of those trees that were allowed to grow freely and those that were regularly pruned.
Saw and pruner banned
All of our birches tolerate pruning easily. Unless it is carried out in the spring before the leaves are fully blooming. During the sap flow, the birch must not be touched: it will not cry, but sob. It was during this period that birch sap is collected from mature trees.
No need to form a crown in late autumn. There should be a margin of time for the wounds to dry out.
I never do pruning in rainy weather. I cover large wounds with paint on drying oil or pharmaceutical greenery. Small in dry weather tighten themselves.
Mature (especially old) birches do not tolerate trunk pruning. Our huge birch, grown from a seedling, is no exception. We made the mistake of letting the tree grow and only then thought about the consequences. Now you have to attach a high folding ladder to the trunk and shorten all the thick branches that have grown on top.
The mutilated crown of an adult tree is less visible in summer
It is better to limit birch in growth from a very young age. Then there will be no ugly "stump" on top. And the tree itself will be healthier. This does not apply to those birch trees, which it was decided not to limit in growth.
winter beauty
In winter, birch trees always attract attention, especially formed ones.
In winter, we see only the "skeleton" of birch trees. It is at this time of the year that the bizarre curves of garden bonsai attract attention. True, all the flaws are more noticeable than in the summer under the foliage.
Many remember who did a lot of trouble. They did not spare the birch either. Garden bonsai under the ice crust not only did not suffer, but also looked spectacular.
Freezing rain did not damage strong birch trees with a formed crown. Large trees in forests and parks he did not spare
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Birch trees grow in many garden plots, which the owners did not cut down in the process of developing their allotments. Two or three years ago, we noticed that in some healthy-looking adult trees, the tops suddenly began to dry out for no apparent reason or any human intervention. With what it can be connected? Will such a fate await all the birches in the district?
The candidate of page - x answers. Sci. Olga Chemarina:
The answer to this question depends on the specific circumstances.
The average life expectancy of birches is 100-120 years. But foresters believe that after 70 these trees enter old age and can gradually dry out in the future. And one of the "age signs" indicating a strong weakening of the birch is dry top. However, such "old women" can live for quite a long time. I saw dried-up birches, according to legend, planted by order of Prince Potemkin along the road along which Empress Catherine II was supposed to travel: that is, these trees are more than 200 years old.
If a dry top appeared on a young birch, then this is a sign of either some kind of disease, or a weakening of the plant caused by stress, a change in the environment. Such unfortunate consequences can be caused, for example, by a violation of the water-air regime of the soil due to reclamation work, the construction of roads, as well as the erection of buildings, capital fences or other structures on the foundation. In addition, dry top may be due to the fact that the root neck was covered with a layer of earth - this happens quite often during the development of land plots. Sometimes the soil selected when digging a pit is used to level the site or to create a lawn. For the same purpose, fertile soil is imported, and part of it, when backfilled, falls into the region of the root collar.
If you want to save dead top birch, you need to watch it. Weakened trees are susceptible to attack by pests, which often turn out to be carriers of bacterial diseases. If you wish, you can contact specialists from the nearest forestry enterprise who will examine your trees, assess their condition and give qualified recommendations for care. But you should regularly inspect birches yourself. For example, on trees affected by bacterial dropsy, traces of the vital activity of bacteria appear - weeping reddish spots. Sometimes secretions accumulate under the bark, forming swellings. The bast and wood in the affected areas become wet, acquire a dark brown color and a sour smell. Timely detected foci of the disease can be treated. To do this, it is necessary to remove the dead bark, clean the wood to a healthy tissue, pickle with a 5% solution of copper sulfate and paint with oil or nitro paint. This makes sense if the disease has captured only part of the circumference of the trunk. Mechanical damage is also treated in order to avoid the germination of fungal spores on them.
If the treatment procedure seems laborious to you or the disease has gone too far, then it is better to cut down the tree.
