Temperature graph 95 70. Why is a heating temperature graph necessary? Poor heating system

Most city apartments are connected to the central heating network. The main source of heat in large cities is usually boilers and CHPs. A coolant is used to provide heat in the house. Typically, this is water. It is heated to a certain temperature and fed into the heating system. But the temperature in the heating system can be different and is related to the temperature indicators of the outside air.

To effectively provide city apartments with heat, regulation is necessary. The temperature chart helps to observe the set heating mode. What is the heating temperature chart, what types of it are, where is it used and how to compile it - the article will tell about all this.

Under the temperature graph is understood a graph that shows the required mode of water temperature in the heat supply system, depending on the level of outdoor temperature. Most often, the heating temperature schedule is determined for central heating. According to this schedule, heat is supplied to city apartments and other objects that are used by people. This schedule allows you to maintain the optimum temperature and save heating resources.

When is a temperature chart needed?

In addition to central heating, the schedule is widely used in domestic autonomous heating systems. In addition to the need to adjust the temperature in the room, the schedule is also used to provide for safety measures during the operation of domestic heating systems. This is especially true for those who install the system. Since the choice of equipment parameters for heating an apartment directly depends on the temperature graph.

Based on the climatic features and the temperature schedule of the region, a boiler and heating pipes are selected. The power of the radiator, the length of the system and the number of sections also depend on the temperature established by the standard. After all, the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should be within the standard. You can read about the technical characteristics of cast iron radiators.

What are temperature charts?

Graphs may vary. The standard for the temperature of the apartment heating batteries depends on the option chosen.

The choice of a specific schedule depends on:

1. climate of the region;
2. boiler room equipment;
3. technical and economic indicators of the heating system.

Allocate schedules of one- and two-pipe heat supply systems.

Designate the heating temperature graph with two digits. For example, the temperature graph for heating 95-70 is deciphered as follows. To maintain the desired air temperature in the apartment, the coolant must enter the system with a temperature of +95 degrees, and exit - with a temperature of +70 degrees. As a rule, such a schedule is used for autonomous heating. All old houses with a height of up to 10 floors are designed for a heating schedule of 95 70. But if the house has a large number of storeys, then the heating temperature schedule of 130 70 is more suitable.

In modern new buildings, when calculating heating systems, the schedule 90-70 or 80-60 is most often adopted. True, another option may be approved at the discretion of the designer. The lower the air temperature, the coolant must have a higher temperature when entering the heating system. The temperature schedule is chosen, as a rule, when designing the heating system of a building.

Features of scheduling

The temperature graph indicators are developed based on the capabilities of the heating system, the heating boiler, and temperature fluctuations in the street. By creating a temperature balance, you can use the system more carefully, which means it will last much longer. Indeed, depending on the materials of the pipes, the fuel used, not all devices are always able to withstand sudden temperature changes.

When choosing the optimal temperature, they are usually guided by the following factors:

It should be noted that the temperature of the water in the central heating batteries should be such that it will warm the building well. Different standards have been developed for different rooms. For example, for a residential apartment, the air temperature should not be less than +18 degrees. In kindergartens and hospitals, this figure is higher: +21 degrees.

When the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment is low and does not allow the room to warm up to +18 degrees, the owner of the apartment has the right to contact the utility service to increase the efficiency of heating.

Since the temperature in the room depends on the season and climatic features, the temperature standard for heating batteries may be different. Heating of water in the heat supply system of the building can vary from +30 to +90 degrees. When the temperature of the water in the heating system is above +90 degrees, then the decomposition of the paintwork and dust begins. Therefore, above this mark, heating the coolant is prohibited by sanitary standards.

It must be said that the calculated outdoor air temperature for heating design depends on the diameter of the distributing pipelines, the size of the heating devices and the coolant flow in the heating system. There is a special table of heating temperatures that facilitates the calculation of the schedule.

The optimal temperature in the heating batteries, the norms of which are set according to the temperature heating schedule, allows you to create comfortable living conditions. You can find out more about bimetallic heating radiators.

The temperature schedule is set for each heating system.

Thanks to him, the temperature in the home is maintained at an optimal level. Graphs may vary. Many factors are taken into account in their development. Any schedule before being put into practice needs approval from the authorized institution of the city.

There are certain patterns by which the temperature of the coolant in central heating changes. In order to adequately trace these fluctuations, there are special graphs.

Reasons for temperature changes

To begin with, it is important to understand a few points:

1. When weather conditions change, this automatically entails a change in heat loss. With the onset of cold weather, an order of magnitude more thermal energy is spent to maintain an optimal microclimate in the home than during the warm period. At the same time, the level of consumed heat is not calculated by the exact temperature of the outdoor air: for this, the so-called. "delta" of the difference between the street and the interior. For example, +25 degrees in an apartment and -20 outside its walls will entail exactly the same heat costs as at +18 and -27, respectively.
2. The constancy of the heat flow from the radiators is ensured by a stable temperature of the coolant. With a decrease in the temperature in the room, a certain rise in the temperature of the radiators will be observed: this is facilitated by an increase in the delta between the coolant and the air in the room. In any case, this will not be able to adequately compensate for the increase in heat loss through the walls. This is explained by the setting of restrictions for the lower temperature limit in the dwelling by the current SNiP at the level of + 18-22 degrees.

It is most logical to solve the problem of increasing losses by increasing the temperature of the coolant. It is important that its increase occurs in parallel with the decrease in air temperature outside the window: the colder it is, the greater the heat loss needs to be replenished. To facilitate orientation in this matter, at some stage it was decided to create special tables for reconciling both values. Based on this, we can say that the temperature graph of the heating system means the derivation of the dependence of the level of water heating in the supply and return pipelines in relation to the temperature regime on the street.

Features of the temperature graph

The above charts come in two varieties:

1. For heating networks.
2. For the heating system inside the house.

To understand how both of these concepts differ, it is advisable to first understand the features of the operation of centralized heating.

Link between CHP and heating networks

The purpose of this combination is to communicate the proper level of heating to the coolant, with its subsequent transportation to the place of consumption. Heating mains usually have a length of several tens of kilometers, with a total surface area of ​​tens of thousands of square meters. Although the main networks are subjected to thorough thermal insulation, it is impossible to do without heat losses.

In the direction of travel between the CHP (or boiler house) and residential premises, there is some cooling of process water. The conclusion itself suggests itself: in order to convey to the consumer an acceptable level of heating of the coolant, it must be supplied inside the heating main from the CHP in the most heated state. The temperature swing is limited by the boiling point. It can be shifted in the direction of increasing temperature if the pressure in the pipes is increased.

The standard pressure indicator in the supply pipe of the heating main is in the range of 7-8 atm. This level, despite the loss of pressure during the transportation of the coolant, makes it possible to ensure the efficient operation of the heating system in buildings up to 16 floors high. In this case, additional pumps are usually not needed.

It is very important that such pressure does not pose a danger to the system as a whole: routes, risers, pipes, mixing hoses and other components remain operational for a long time. Given a certain margin for the upper limit of the supply temperature, its value is taken as +150 degrees. The passage of the most standard temperature curves for the supply of coolant to the heating system takes place between 150/70 - 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

Features of the supply of coolant to the heating system

The house heating system is characterized by a number of additional restrictions:

• The value of the highest heating of the coolant in the circuit is limited to +95 degrees for a two-pipe system and +105 for a single-pipe heating system. It should be noted that preschool educational institutions are characterized by the presence of more stringent restrictions: there the temperature of the batteries should not rise above +37 degrees. To compensate for such a decrease in the supply temperature, it is necessary to increase the number of radiator sections. The interiors of kindergartens located in regions with particularly harsh climatic conditions are literally crammed with batteries.
• It is desirable to achieve a minimum temperature delta of the heating supply schedule between the supply and return pipelines: otherwise, the degree of heating of the radiator sections in the building will have a large difference. To do this, the coolant inside the system must move as quickly as possible. However, there is a danger here: due to the high speed of water circulation inside the heating circuit, its temperature at the outlet back to the route will be unnecessarily high. As a result, this can lead to serious violations in the operation of the CHP.

To overcome this problem, each house is equipped with one or more elevator modules. Thanks to them, the flow of water from the supply pipeline is diluted with a portion from the return. Using this mixture, it is possible to achieve rapid circulation of significant volumes of coolant, without exposing the risk of excessive heating of the return pipeline of the main. The heating system inside the dwellings is set by a separate heating temperature chart, which takes into account the presence of an elevator. Two-pipe circuits are served by a heating temperature schedule of 95-70, single-pipe circuits - 105-70 (such schemes are almost never found in multi-storey buildings). See also: "What temperature should be in central heating batteries - norms and standards."

Influence of climatic zones on outdoor temperature

The main factor that directly affects the preparation of the temperature schedule for the heating season is the estimated winter temperature. In the course of compilation, they try to ensure that the highest values ​​\u200b\u200b(95/70 and 105/70) at maximum frosts guarantee the desired temperature for SNiP. The outdoor temperature for heating calculation is taken from a special table of climatic zones.

In this situation, you need to demand recalculation from the resource supplying organization (hereinafter referred to as RSO). If there is a common house metering device, the payment for heating depends on the volume of heat carrier received by the apartment building.

In order to influence the RSO, you need to draw up a bilateral act of reconciliation of the compliance of the coolant temperature with the temperature graph with the participation of a representative of the RSO. You also have the right to send a claim to the RSO in connection with the improper fulfillment of contractual obligations in terms of overestimation of the temperature.

In accordance with Art. 15 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2010 N 190-FZ “On Heat Supply”, consumers of thermal energy purchase thermal energy and heat carrier from a heat supply organization under a heat supply agreement. Also, according to clause 1.1. "Methodological recommendations for regulating relations between RNOs and consumers" (Methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 19.01.2002) the receipt of thermal energy is carried out on the basis of a heat supply agreement concluded between the RSO and the subscriber.

One of the essential conditions of the heat supply agreement is the indicator of the quality of thermal energy (for thermal energy supplied with network water), provided by the RSO - this is the temperature of the network water in the supply pipeline in accordance with the temperature schedule, the minimum pressure difference between the supply and return pipelines and the pressure limit in the return pipeline at the boundary of operational responsibility (clause 1.5, chapter 1 Heating "Methodological recommendations for regulating relations between RSO and consumers" of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 19.01.2002).

The resource supplying organization is obliged to maintain the temperature of the network water in the supply pipeline at the boundary of operational responsibility in accordance with the temperature schedule attached to the contract.

During periods when the outdoor air temperature drops below the design values ​​adopted for the design of heating systems, the temperature of the network water must be maintained at the level of its value for the design outdoor air temperature.

The specific schedule depends on the climate, boiler room equipment and technical and economic indicators.

By virtue of clause 6.32 of MDK 4-02.2001 of the “Standard Instruction for the Technical Operation of Heat Networks of Public Heat Supply Systems” (Order of the Gosstroy of Russia dated December 13, 2000 N 285), the water temperature in the supply line of the water network in accordance with the temperature schedule approved for the heat supply system should be set according to the average outdoor air temperature for a period of time within 18-24 hours, determined by the heat network dispatcher, depending on the length of the networks, climatic conditions and other factors.

According to clause 9.2.1. Order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated March 24, 2003 N 115 "On approval of the Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants", the deviation of the average daily temperature of the water entering the heating system should be within 3% of the established temperature schedule.

The average daily temperature of the return network water should not exceed the temperature set by the temperature chart by more than 5%.

The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature in the supply pipe.

Accordingly, the temperature of the return pipeline also changes according to this dependence.

And all systems that consume heat are designed with these requirements in mind.

The temperature schedule determines the mode of operation of heat networks, providing central regulation of heat supply.

According to the temperature graph, the temperature of the supply and return water in the heating networks, as well as in the subscriber input, is determined depending on the outdoor temperature.

The temperature schedule for regulating the heat load is developed from the conditions of the daily supply of thermal energy for heating, which provides the building's need for thermal energy, depending on the outdoor temperature, in order to ensure that the temperature in the premises is constant at a level of at least 18 degrees.

The temperature schedule for regulating the heat load is approved by the heat supply organization (clause 2.3.2 of MDK 4-03.2001).

According to Art. 539 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under an energy supply agreement, the RSO undertakes to supply energy to the subscriber (consumer) through the connected network, and the subscriber undertakes to pay for the received energy, as well as to comply with the mode of its consumption provided for by the agreement, to ensure the safety of operation of the energy networks under his control and the serviceability of the devices used by him and equipment related to energy consumption.

In accordance with Art. 542 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the quality of the supplied energy must comply with the requirements established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including the mandatory rules, or provided for by the energy supply agreement.

In the event of a violation of the RSO imposed on the quality of energy, the subscriber has the right to refuse to pay for such energy.

Based on the provisions of h. 2 Article. 542 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in order to exercise the right to refuse payment for energy established by this norm, the subscriber must prove the fact of violation of the requirements for the quality of the resource by the RSO.

In paragraph 2 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2010 N 190-FZ “On Heat Supply” gives the concept of heat supply quality, which is understood as the totality of heat supply characteristics established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and (or) heat supply agreement, including thermodynamic parameters of the heat carrier.

The results obtained are brought into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:

So, we got three different schemes that can be taken as a basis. It would be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we considered the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic features of the region and the characteristics of the building.

To reduce power consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and uniform distribution of heat throughout the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the load of the system does not affect the quality operation of the unit.

Adjustment

Automatic control is provided by the heating controller.

It includes the following details:

1. Computing and matching panel.
2. Executive device at the water supply line.
3. Executive device, which performs the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
4. boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
5. Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several in a room.

The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.

To increase the flow, there is a booster pump, and the corresponding command from the regulator. The incoming flow is regulated by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some of the liquid that circulates along the circuit is sent to the supply.

Information is taken by sensors and transmitted to control units, as a result of which flows are redistributed, which provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.

Sometimes, a computing device is used, where the DHW and heating regulators are combined.

The hot water regulator has a simpler control scheme. The hot water sensor regulates the flow of water with a stable value of 50°C.

Regulator benefits:

1. The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
2. Exclusion of liquid overheating.
3. Fuel Economy and energy.
4. The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.

Table with temperature chart

The operating mode of the boilers depends on the weather of the environment.

If we take different objects, for example, a factory room, a multi-storey building and a private house, all will have an individual thermal diagram.

In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:

There are certain norms that must be observed in the creation of projects for heating networks and the transportation of hot water to the consumer, where the supply of water vapor must be carried out at 400 ° C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. The supply of heat from the source is recommended to be released to the consumer with values ​​of 90/70 °C or 115/70 °C.

Regulatory requirements should be followed for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory coordination with the Ministry of Construction of the country.

Thermal regime parameters when entering into MCD

Question:

What are the parameters of the thermal regime when entering into the MCD?

Answer:

The temperature of the network water in the supply pipelines must comply with the specified schedule, in accordance with the Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants, approved by Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2003 N 115 (hereinafter - Rules N 115).

The graphs of the dependence of the temperatures of the coolant in the supply and return pipelines are called the temperature graph of the heat supply system.

The temperature curve of the heat source is a curve that determines what the temperature of the heat carrier should be at the actual outdoor temperature

In accordance with paragraph 6.2.58 of Rules N 115, in the presence of a hot water supply load, the minimum water temperature in the supply pipeline of the network is provided for closed heat supply systems of at least 70 degrees. WITH; for open systems of heat supply of hot water supply not lower than 60 hail. WITH.

According to clause 6.2.59 of Rules N 115, the water temperature in the supply line of the water heating network in accordance with the schedule approved for the heat supply system is set according to the average outdoor temperature over a period of time within 12 - 24 hours, determined by the heat network dispatcher depending on the length networks, climatic conditions and other factors. At the same time, deviations from the specified regime of the temperature of the water entering the heating network at the heat source are provided for no more than +/- 3%;

By virtue of clause 9.2.1 of Rules N 115, the deviation of the average daily temperature of the water supplied to the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and hot water supply systems must be within 3% of the established temperature schedule. The average daily temperature of the return network water should not exceed the temperature set by the temperature chart by more than 5%.

The pressure and temperature of the coolant supplied to the heat-consuming power plants must correspond to the values ​​​​established by the technological regime (clause 4 of Rules N 115).

In accordance with paragraph 107 of the Rules on the commercial accounting of thermal energy, coolant, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 18, 2013 N 1034 (hereinafter referred to as Rules N 1034), the following parameters characterizing the thermal and hydraulic regime of the heat supply system of heat supply and heat network organizations are subject to control of the quality of heat supply:

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature graph. The temperature values ​​of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They have standard values ​​and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature chart of the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is centralized heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where the thermal energy can be taken up by the flue gases. If the temperature values ​​are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In this case, its technical characteristics indicate an efficiency of 100%.

Temperature chart and calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The greater the negative value of the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to take this indicator. This temperature is specified in the regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the past 50 years is taken.

Graph of outside and inside temperature

The graph shows the relationship between outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, it is possible to prepare the heating system even under the most severe conditions. It also reduces the material costs of installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

inside premises depends from temperature coolant, a also others factors:

• Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
• Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
• The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These costly measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating period. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides the required amount of coolant to the consumer.

Change temperature schedule can several ways:

• quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
• high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
• temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature schedule is a heating pipeline schedule that distributes the heating load and is regulated by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature graph, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made by a simple method. Hto build it necessary initial temperature air data:

• outdoor;
• in room;
• in the supply and return pipelines;
• at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal thermal load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The results of the calculations are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table must be drawn up so that the maximum values ​​of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

heating appliances

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature curve for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest - +18ºС; in the bathroom - + 25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

Except Togo, exist norms for others types premises:

• in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
• children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
• in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

This area of ​​temperature values ​​is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more of them, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Exist certain factors, from which depends temperature heating appliances:

• Outside air temperature;
• Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
• The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
• Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, the outside temperature is 0°C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45ºС on the supply, and 38ºС on the return. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55ºC. If the temperature indicator reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, at the supply + 95/105ºС, and at the return - + 70ºС.

Additional options

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of + 130ºС. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimal value is + 95ºС. To do this, an elevator assembly is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the state of the pipelines is monitored by the city heating networks. The ZHEK is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying coolant to a new house, it is necessary to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

Dismantling of the elevator assembly

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in the apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

• Nozzle reaming.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do it? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and cranes at the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

• Suction dampening.

In severe cold, when there is a problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to muffle it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heaters will reach 130ºС.

• Drop adjustment.

In the middle of the heating period, a significant increase in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A manometer is mounted on the return. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

When autumn confidently walks across the country, snow flies beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word “heating season” sounds appropriate. People recall past winters and try to figure out the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully revise the valves and nozzles of the boilers. By October 1, residents of an apartment building are waiting, like Santa Claus, a plumber from a management company. The ruler of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays on five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house has a calorie supply system.

The economy class apartment building is heated through a centralized heat supply system. Pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of heat carrier is regulated by inlet valves, after which water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through risers, and from them it is supplied to batteries and radiators that heat housing.

The number of gate valves correlates with the number of risers. When performing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical line, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partially leaves through the return pipe, and partially is supplied to the hot water supply network.

degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP plant or in a boiler house. The norms of water temperature in the heating system are prescribed in the building rules: the component must be heated to 130-150 ° C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure will break them like a heating pad.

An extensible concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here, the elevator unit performs an energy-saving function - a jumper between the direct and return pipes. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the return in winter allow the preservation of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

The liquid from the straight pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The carrier temperature is lowered by mixing the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

hot gone

According to sanitary rules, the temperature of hot water at the points of analysis should lie in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - from the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - with a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

A temperature chart is drawn up. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming the home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the norms of coolant temperatures in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter in the range of 70-90 ° C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In the summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to the range of 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that in a neighboring apartment, the heating elements are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser is the way the hot water is distributed.

In a single-pipe design, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature on the upper floors is higher than on the lower ones;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

In a two-pipe system, the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° C in the forward direction and 70 ° C in the opposite direction.

Warm like a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk through the attics, stairwells and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

We assume that the coolant in the riser complies with the building regulations. It remains to find out what is the norm for the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in terms of the house;
• living or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important, not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

During the day in the corner rooms, the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and in the centrally located rooms 18 ° C is allowed.

At night, air in the dwelling is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is household, denoting a number of identical items. In relation to the heating of housing, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually they put a lattice fence that does not interfere with air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

The aesthetics of cast-iron radiators is a byword. They require periodic painting, as the regulations require that the work surface should have a smooth surface and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters of cast iron products are on top:

• little susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• they have a high thermal power per 1 section, therefore they are compact;
• they are inert in heat transfer, therefore they smooth out temperature fluctuations in the room well.

Another type of radiators is made of aluminum. Lightweight construction, factory painted, no painting required, easy to maintain.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in the aquatic environment. Of course, the inner surface of the heater is insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then a chemical reaction will begin with the release of hydrogen, when an excess gas pressure is created, the aluminum device may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much the heating of a metal object that is important, but the heating of the air in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from the working surface of the heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Stairwell heating

Since we are talking about an apartment building, we should mention the stairwells. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system state: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of the residents requires that the doors of the entrance group be closed tightly, that the transoms of the stair windows not be left open, that the glass be kept intact and that any problems be promptly reported to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate the points of probable heat loss and maintain the temperature regime in the house, an application for recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating devices in the apartment is carried out with the obligatory coordination with the management company. Unauthorized change in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and sites will be recorded. A technical inspection of the premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - trial - fine.

So the situation is resolved like this:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to apply to the Criminal Code is to turn off the riser for the duration of the repair;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat energy metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the cubic capacity of water passed through the house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat at temperatures in the apartment below the norm, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.

Each management company strives to achieve economical heating costs for an apartment building. In addition, residents of private houses are trying to come. This can be achieved if a temperature graph is drawn up, which will reflect the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on the weather conditions on the street. Proper use of these data allows optimal distribution of hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature chart

The same mode of operation should not be maintained in the coolant, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. It is she who needs to be guided and, depending on her, change the temperature of the water in heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on the outside air temperature is compiled by technologists. To compile it, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the coolant and the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the equipment providing heat supplied to it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections of the pipes must be taken into account. In a high-rise building, residents cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, as it is supplied from the boiler room. Adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature graph of the coolant. The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe supplies water with a temperature above 70 ° C, then the coolant flow will be excessive, but if it is much lower, there is a shortage.

Important! The temperature schedule is drawn up in such a way that at any outdoor air temperature in the apartments a stable optimal heating level of 22 °C is maintained. Thanks to him, even the most severe frosts are not terrible, because the heating systems will be ready for them. If it is -15 ° C outside, then it is enough to track the value of the indicator to find out what the water temperature in the heating system will be at that moment. The more severe the outdoor weather, the hotter the water inside the system should be.

But the level of heating maintained indoors depends not only on the coolant:

• Temperature outside;
• The presence and strength of the wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
• Thermal insulation - high-quality processed structural parts of the building help to keep heat in the building. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

Heat carrier temperature table from outdoor temperature

In order to calculate the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics that heating devices have - batteries and radiators. The most important thing is to calculate their specific power, it will be expressed in W / cm 2. This will most directly affect the transfer of heat from the heated water to the heated air in the room. It is important to take into account their surface power and the coefficient of resistance available for window openings and external walls.

After all the values ​​\u200b\u200bare taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in the two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the inlet pipe, the higher in the return pipe. Accordingly, indoor heating will increase below these values.

Proper use of the coolant implies attempts by the inhabitants of the house to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipes. This can be building work to insulate a wall from the outside or insulate external heat supply pipes, insulate ceilings over a cold garage or basement, insulate the inside of a house, or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with the standards. In central heating systems, it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C, depending on the outside air temperature. It is important to bear in mind that in the corner rooms it cannot be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment it is allowed to drop to 18 C. If the temperature drops to -30 C outside, then the heating in the rooms should rise by 2 C. In other rooms it should also increase the temperature, provided that it can be different in rooms for different purposes. If there is a child in the room, then it can range from 18 C to 23 C. In pantries and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

It is important to note! The average daily temperature is taken into account - if the temperature is about -15 C at night, and -5 C during the day, then it will be calculated by the value of -10 C. If at night it was about -5 C, and in the daytime it rose to +5 C, then heating is taken into account by the value of 0 C.

Schedule for supplying hot water to the apartment

In order to deliver optimal hot water to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible. Heating mains are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands of square meters. Whatever the thermal insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.


However, water cannot be heated to more than its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

It is important to know! As it rises, the boiling point of water shifts upwards. As a result, it reaches the consumer really hot. With an increase in pressure, risers, mixers and taps do not suffer, and all apartments up to the 16th floor can be provided with hot water without additional pumps. In a heating main, water usually contains 7-8 atmospheres, the upper limit usually has 150 with a margin.

It looks like this:

The supply of hot water in the winter season must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule are accidents on heat supply. Hot water can be turned off only in the summer for preventive maintenance. Such work is carried out both in closed-type heating systems and in open-type systems.