Proper positioning of the body and legs and holding the file when filing
Working movements and balancing when working with a file. Filing is an operation for processing metals and other materials by removing small layers of metal (material) with files or filing machines. In order to file correctly, it is necessary to apply pressure and move the file correctly.
1. The height of the vice position is chosen according to the growth of the worker so that when the elbow part of the arm is applied to the vise jaws, an angle of 90 ° is formed between the elbow and shoulder parts of the arm (Fig. 96). If the height of the vise does not correspond to the height of the worker, it is adjusted with special stands or the workbench with the vise is raised.
Before starting work, the file must be on the right side of the vise with the handle towards the worker.
2. The upper edge of the bar, clamped in a vice, should be at a height of 5-10 mm above their working surface. The jaws of the vise should be clamped only by hand force.
3. In front of the vise, stand straight and steady at a half-turn to it (at an angle of 45°). The left foot must be placed near the workbench, and the right foot should be moved back and to the right by about 250 mm so that the angle between the midlines of the feet is 60 °.
Rice. 96. Setting the body and the position of the feet when filing
Rice. 97. The position of the right hand on the handle of the file
4. The capture of the handle of the file with the right hand is carried out in two steps: the right hand is positioned so that the oval head of the handle rests on the pulp of the palm (Fig. 97, a); thumb placed along
The axis of the handle, and with the rest of the fingers clasp the handle, pressing it to the palm of your hand (Fig. 97, b).
The left hand is placed across the file at a distance of 20-30 mm from its end (Fig. 99, a, b).
5. The file is placed on a wooden block and taken into a working position, in which the elbow of the left hand should take a position close to horizontal.
The development of working movements and balancing when working with a file consists of two training tasks performed by students to master the coordination of movement and obtain a primary skill in balancing with a file.
Rice. 99. Training exercises to develop skills in working with a file
Training task 1 on filing two steel plates installed at a distance of 80 mm from each other consists in mastering the techniques of correct balancing with a file and observing the rhythm of movements (Fig. 99).
1. On two steel plates, risks are applied (along the length) at a distance of 5 mm from the edge.
2. Two steel plates (at a distance of 80 mm from each other) and a wooden spacer are clamped in a vise; the edges of the plates protrude above the level of the vise jaws by 5 mm.
3. Take a working position, take the file with the right hand by the handle, put it on the edges of the steel plates, and place the left hand on the file.
4. On the narrow edges of two steel plates, movements are made with a worn bastard file in the horizontal plane of the plates.
The movement of the file is carried out with the coordinated actions of both hands. The force in the horizontal direction (along the file) is necessary to create its movement during the working and idle strokes, and in the vertical direction - to press on the surface to be treated only during the working stroke. In this case, the vertical force changes depending on the position of the file on the plane being processed: at the middle position, the greatest effort is applied and at the extreme ones, less (arrows-vectors in Fig. 99, b). When working with the file away from you, the weight of the body will be transferred to the left foot, and when the file is moved towards you, the load will move to the right foot.
Training task 2 on filing two steel plates installed at a distance of 50 mm from each other (Fig. 99, c) is performed in the same sequence as the first, and is intended to acquire skills in balancing with a file and with a shorter filing length.
Checking the correct coordination of horizontal movements and balancing with a file is determined by the height of the sawn edges. If the metal layer is removed evenly, then both edges will have the same height. If the height of the edges is not the same, it means that the efforts were incorrectly distributed during filing.
In the initial period of training, the pace of work should be regulated and be no more than 50 double movements per minute. To reduce the fatigue of students, you should alternate work (5 minutes) with rest (2-3 minutes).
Rules and techniques for filing
For a specific job, choose the type of file, its length and notch number.
The type of file is determined by the shape of the surface to be treated, the length is determined by its dimensions. The file is taken 150 mm longer than the size of the surface to be treated.
For filing thin plates, fitting and finishing work, short files with a fine notch are taken.
When it is required to remove a large allowance, they work with a file 300 - 400 mm long with a large notch. The notch number is chosen depending on the type of processing and the size of the allowance.
For roughing, files with a notch N0 and N1 are used. They remove the allowance up to 1 mm.
Finishing is done with an N2 file.
For processing with personal files, an allowance of up to 0.3 mm is left.
For final filing and finishing of the surface, files NN 3, 4, 5 are taken. They remove the metal layer to 0.01 - 0.02 mm.
Hardened steel blanks are best filed with a file with a notch N 2.
Non-ferrous metals are processed with special files, and in the absence of general-purpose files No. 1. Personal and velvet files are unsuitable for filing non-ferrous metals.
Before filing, it is necessary to prepare the surface by cleaning it of oil, sand, scale, foundry skin, etc. Then the part is clamped in a vise with the sawn-off plane horizontally about 10 mm above the vise jaws.
The workpiece with machined surfaces is fixed by putting on the jaws of a vice made of soft material - copper, brass, aluminum.
When filing a thin part, it is fixed on a wooden block with wooden plates, which ensure the immobility of the part.
When filing, you need to monitor the correct coordination of hand movements and the effort transmitted to the file. The movement of the file must be horizontal, so the pressure on the handle and the toe of the file must change depending on the position of the fulcrum of the file on the surface being processed.
When moving the file, the pressure with the left hand gradually decreases. By adjusting the pressure on the file, they achieve a smooth sawn surface without blockages along the edges.
If the pressure of the right hand is weakened and the left hand is strengthened, the surface may roll forward.
With increased pressure of the right hand and weakening of the left, a blockage will turn back. It is necessary to press the file against the surface being processed during the working stroke, i.e., when the file moves away from itself.
During the reverse stroke, the file goes freely without pressure, however, it does not need to be torn off the part so as not to lose support and not change the position of the file.
The smaller the notch, the lower the pressing force should be.
The position of the worker at the time of filing in relation to the workpiece is important.
It should be positioned to the side of the vise at a distance of about 200 mm from the workbench so that the body is straight and rotated at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the vise.
When the file moves away from itself, the main load falls on the left leg slightly extended forward, and when the file is idling, it is on the right. With a slight pressure on the file when finishing or finishing the surface, the feet are located almost side by side. Such work, as accurate, is more often performed while sitting.
The position of the hands (grip of the file) is also important. It is necessary to take the file by the handle in the right hand so that it rests on the palm of the hand, while four fingers grab the handle from below, and the thumb is placed on top.
The palm of the left hand is placed somewhat across the file at a distance of 20 - 30 mm from its toe.
The fingers should be slightly bent, but not hanging down; they do not support, but only press the file. The elbow of the left hand should be slightly raised. The right hand from the elbow to the hand should form a straight line with the file.
When processing small parts with a file, as well as when working with a needle file, press the end of the file with the thumb of the left hand, support it from below with the rest of the fingers.
The index finger of the right hand is placed on a needle file or file. With this position of the hands, the pressure is minimal, the chips are removed very thin, and the surface is brought to the desired size without the danger of going beyond the marking line.
Surface filing is a complex labor-intensive process. The most common defect when filing a surface is non-flatness.
Working with a file in one direction, it is difficult to get a correct and clean surface.
Therefore, the movement of the file, the position of its strokes, traces on the processed surface must change, i.e. alternately from corner to corner.
First, filing is performed from left to right at an angle of 30 - 40 degrees to the axis of the vise, then, without interrupting work, with a straight stroke and finish filing with an oblique stroke at the same angle, but from right to left. Such a change in the direction of movement of the file makes it possible to obtain the necessary flatness and surface roughness.
The sawing process must be constantly monitored.
The part needs to be checked quite often, especially at the end of filing.
For control use calibration rulers, calipers, squares, calibration plates.
The straightedge is chosen depending on the length of the surface to be checked, i.e. The length of the straightedge should cover the surface to be checked.
Checking the quality of filing the surface with a straightedge is carried out in the light. To do this, the part is taken out of the vise and raised to eye level. The straightedge is taken by the middle with the right hand and the edge of the straightedge is applied perpendicular to the surface to be checked.
In order to check the surface in all directions, first the ruler is placed along the long side in two or three places, then along the short side - also in two or three places, and finally, along one and the other diagonals. If the gap between the ruler and the surface being checked is narrow and uniform, then the plane has been processed satisfactorily.
During the control, the ruler is not moved along the surface, but each time it is taken away from the surface being checked and rearranged to the desired position.
If the surface is to be filed especially carefully, the accuracy check is carried out using a paint test plate. In this case, a thin uniform layer of paint (blue, red lead or soot diluted in oil) is applied to the working surface of the calibration plate with a swab.
Then the calibration plate is placed on the surface to be checked, several circular movements are made, then the plate is removed.
On insufficiently accurately processed (protruding) places, paint remains. These places are filed additionally until a surface is obtained with a uniform layer of paint over the entire surface.
With a caliper, you can check the parallelism of two surfaces by measuring the thickness of the part in several places.
When filing planes at an angle of 90 degrees, their mutual perpendicularity is checked with a bench square.
The control of the outer corners of the part is carried out by the inner corner of the file, looking at the clearance.
The correctness of the internal corners in the product is checked by the outer corner.
Sawing concave surfaces. First, the necessary contour of the part is marked on the workpiece.
Most of the metal in this case can be removed by cutting with a hacksaw, giving the depression in the workpiece the shape of a triangle, or by drilling. Then, the edges are filed with a file and the protrusions are cut off with a semicircular or round bastard file to the applied risk.
The cross-sectional profile of a semicircular or round file is chosen so that its radius is less than the radius of the sawn surface.
Not reaching about 0.5 mm from the risks, the bastard file is replaced with a personal one. The correctness of the sawing shape is checked according to the “clearance” template, and the perpendicularity of the sawn surface to the end of the workpiece is checked with a square.
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K category: Plumbing work
Metal filing techniques
The sawn product is firmly clamped in a vice to give it a stable position.
A layer of rust and scale on the workpiece and the crust of the casting are filed with an old bastard file so as not to spoil the good one, which wears out quickly. Then they start roughing the part with a suitable bastard file and then finish it with a personal file.
Rice. 1. The position of the worker at the vice: a - the position of the body, b - the layout of the legs, c - the position of the body during rough filing
In order not to spoil the vise jaws during the final filing, they are put on overlays made of copper, brass, lead or aluminum.
The frequency and accuracy of filing depends on the installation of the vice, the position of the body of the worker at the vice, working methods and the position of the file.
The top of the vise jaws should be at the level of the worker's elbow. The correct position of the vise worker is shown in fig. one.
The person working when filing should stand on the side of the vise - half-turned, at a distance of about 200 mm from the edge of the workbench. The body must be straight and rotated 45° to the longitudinal axis of the vise. The legs are spaced to the width of the foot, the left leg is extended slightly forward in the direction of the file. The feet are placed approximately 60° apart. When working, the body is slightly tilted forward. This position of the body and legs provides the most comfortable and stable position for the worker, the movement of the hands becomes free.
During filing, the file is held with the right hand, resting the head of the handle in the palm of your hand. The thumb is placed on top of the handle, and the rest of the fingers support the handle from below. The left hand is placed on the end of the file near his nose and the file is pressed.
When rough filing, the palm of the left hand is placed at a distance of about 30 mm from the end of the file, fingers half-bent so as not to injure them on the edges of the product during operation.
When finishing filing, the end of the file is held with the left hand between the thumb located on the top of the file and the rest of the fingers at the bottom of the file. The file is moved back and forth smoothly along its entire length.
The product is clamped in a vise so that the sawn surface protrudes 5-10 mm above the vise jaws. In order to avoid recesses and blockages along the edges, when moving the file forward, it is evenly pressed against the entire surface being processed. The file is pressed only when moving it forward. With the reverse movement of the file, the pressure is weakened. The speed of the file is 40-60 double strokes per minute.
To obtain a properly processed plane, the product is filed with cross strokes alternately from corner to corner. First, the surface is filed from right to left, and then from left to right. Thus, the surface is sawn off until the necessary layer of metal is removed.
After the final filing of the first wide plane of the tile, they begin filing the opposite surface. In this case, it is required to obtain parallel surfaces of a given thickness.
The second wide surface is filed with cross strokes.
The accuracy of the surface treatment and the accuracy of the corners are checked with a ruler and a square, and the dimensions are checked with a caliper, inside gauge, scale ruler or caliper.
When preparing pipelines and manufacturing parts for sanitary systems, the ends of pipes and the plane of parts are sawn off. When filing products, it is necessary to strive to prevent marriage. Marriage during filing is the removal of an excess layer of metal and a decrease in the size of the product compared to the required ones, the unevenness of the sawn surface and the appearance of "blockages".
Therefore, before starting filing, the locksmith must carefully mark the product and choose the right files. In the process of filing, use control and measuring tools and systematically check the dimensions of the workpieces.
To extend the service life of files, it is necessary to clean the file notch from stuck chips in a timely manner and protect it from oil and water. The file is cleaned of dirt or metal particles with steel brushes.
The working part of the file should not be taken with oily hands and the files should not be placed on an oil workbench.
When filing soft metals, it is recommended to rub the file with chalk beforehand. This will prevent it from being clogged with metal filings and will facilitate cleaning from sawdust.
When filing, the following safety rules must be observed: - the handle must be firmly attached to the file so that during operation it does not come off and injure the hand with the shank; - the vise must be in good condition, the product must be firmly fixed in them; - the workbench must be firmly fixed so that it does not swing; - when filing parts with sharp edges, do not press your fingers under the nozzle during its reverse stroke; - shavings are allowed to be removed only with a sweeping brush; - after work, the files must be cleaned of dirt and chips with a metal brush; - it is not recommended to put files one on top of the other, as this spoils the notch.
For the mechanization of filing work, an electric filing machine with a pneumatic drive and a flexible shaft is used. A special device is put on the end of the flexible shaft, which converts rotational motion into reciprocating motion. A file is inserted into this device, with which parts are filed.
- Techniques for filing metal
Rules and techniques for filing
For a specific job, choose the type of file, its length and notch number.
The type of file is determined by the shape of the surface to be treated, the length is determined by its dimensions. The file is taken 150 mm longer than the size of the surface to be treated.
For filing thin plates, fitting and finishing work, short files with a fine notch are taken.
When it is required to remove a large allowance, they work with a file 300 - 400 mm long with a large notch. The notch number is chosen depending on the type of processing and the size of the allowance.
For roughing, files with a notch N0 and N1 are used. They remove the allowance up to 1 mm.
Finishing is done with an N2 file.
For processing with personal files, an allowance of up to 0.3 mm is left.
For final filing and finishing of the surface, files NN 3, 4, 5 are taken. They remove the metal layer to 0.01 - 0.02 mm.
Hardened steel blanks are best filed with a file with a notch N 2.
Non-ferrous metals are processed with special files, and in the absence of general-purpose files No. 1. Personal and velvet files are unsuitable for filing non-ferrous metals.
Before filing, it is necessary to prepare the surface by cleaning it of oil, sand, scale, foundry skin, etc. Then the part is clamped in a vise with the sawn-off plane horizontally about 10 mm above the vise jaws.
The workpiece with machined surfaces is fixed by putting on the jaws of a vice made of soft material - copper, brass, aluminum.
When filing a thin part, it is fixed on a wooden block with wooden plates, which ensure the immobility of the part.
When filing, you need to monitor the correct coordination of hand movements and the effort transmitted to the file. The movement of the file must be horizontal, so the pressure on the handle and the toe of the file must change depending on the position of the fulcrum of the file on the surface being processed.
When moving the file, the pressure with the left hand gradually decreases. By adjusting the pressure on the file, they achieve a smooth sawn surface without blockages along the edges.
If the pressure of the right hand is weakened and the left hand is strengthened, the surface may roll forward.
With increased pressure of the right hand and weakening of the left, a blockage will turn back. It is necessary to press the file against the surface being processed during the working stroke, i.e., when the file moves away from itself.
During the reverse stroke, the file goes freely without pressure, however, it does not need to be torn off the part so as not to lose support and not change the position of the file.
The smaller the notch, the lower the pressing force should be.
The position of the worker at the time of filing in relation to the workpiece is important.
It should be positioned to the side of the vise at a distance of about 200 mm from the workbench so that the body is straight and rotated at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the vise.
When the file moves away from itself, the main load falls on the left leg slightly extended forward, and when the file is idling, it is on the right. With a slight pressure on the file when finishing or finishing the surface, the feet are located almost side by side. Such work, as accurate, is more often performed while sitting.
The position of the hands (grip of the file) is also important. It is necessary to take the file by the handle in the right hand so that it rests on the palm of the hand, while four fingers grab the handle from below, and the thumb is placed on top.
The palm of the left hand is placed somewhat across the file at a distance of 20 - 30 mm from its toe.
The fingers should be slightly bent, but not hanging down; they do not support, but only press the file. The elbow of the left hand should be slightly raised. The right hand from the elbow to the hand should form a straight line with the file.
When processing small parts with a file, as well as when working with a needle file, press the end of the file with the thumb of the left hand, support it from below with the rest of the fingers.
The index finger of the right hand is placed on a needle file or file. With this position of the hands, the pressure is minimal, the chips are removed very thin, and the surface is brought to the desired size without the danger of going beyond the marking line.
Surface filing is a complex labor-intensive process. The most common defect when filing a surface is non-flatness.
Working with a file in one direction, it is difficult to get a correct and clean surface.
Therefore, the movement of the file, the position of its strokes, traces on the processed surface must change, i.e. alternately from corner to corner.
First, filing is performed from left to right at an angle of 30 - 40 degrees to the axis of the vise, then, without interrupting work, with a straight stroke and finish filing with an oblique stroke at the same angle, but from right to left. Such a change in the direction of movement of the file makes it possible to obtain the necessary flatness and surface roughness.
The sawing process must be constantly monitored.
The part needs to be checked quite often, especially at the end of filing.
For control use calibration rulers, calipers, squares, calibration plates.
The straightedge is chosen depending on the length of the surface to be checked, i.e. The length of the straightedge should cover the surface to be checked.
Checking the quality of filing the surface with a straightedge is carried out in the light. To do this, the part is taken out of the vise and raised to eye level. The straightedge is taken by the middle with the right hand and the edge of the straightedge is applied perpendicular to the surface to be checked.
In order to check the surface in all directions, first the ruler is placed along the long side in two or three places, then along the short side - also in two or three places, and finally, along one and the other diagonals. If the gap between the ruler and the surface being checked is narrow and uniform, then the plane has been processed satisfactorily.
During the control, the ruler is not moved along the surface, but each time it is taken away from the surface being checked and rearranged to the desired position.
If the surface is to be filed especially carefully, the accuracy check is carried out using a paint test plate. In this case, a thin uniform layer of paint (blue, red lead or soot diluted in oil) is applied to the working surface of the calibration plate with a swab.
Then the calibration plate is placed on the surface to be checked, several circular movements are made, then the plate is removed.
On insufficiently accurately processed (protruding) places, paint remains. These places are filed additionally until a surface is obtained with a uniform layer of paint over the entire surface.
With a caliper, you can check the parallelism of two surfaces by measuring the thickness of the part in several places.
When filing planes at an angle of 90 degrees, their mutual perpendicularity is checked with a bench square.
The control of the outer corners of the part is carried out by the inner corner of the file, looking at the clearance.
The correctness of the internal corners in the product is checked by the outer corner.
Sawing concave surfaces. First, the necessary contour of the part is marked on the workpiece.
Most of the metal in this case can be removed by cutting with a hacksaw, giving the depression in the workpiece the shape of a triangle, or by drilling. Then, the edges are filed with a file and the protrusions are cut off with a semicircular or round bastard file to the applied risk.
The cross-sectional profile of a semicircular or round file is chosen so that its radius is less than the radius of the sawn surface.
Not reaching about 0.5 mm from the risks, the bastard file is replaced with a personal one. The correctness of the sawing shape is checked according to the “clearance” template, and the perpendicularity of the sawn surface to the end of the workpiece is checked with a square.
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Preparing the surface for sawing. The workpiece is cleaned with metal brushes from dirt, oil, molding earth scale, the casting crust is cut down with a chisel or removed with an old file.
Anchoringblanks. The workpiece to be processed is clamped in a vise with a sawn-off plane horizontally, 8 ... 10 mm above the level of the jaws. The workpiece with machined surfaces is fixed by putting on sponges made of soft material (copper, brass, aluminum, mild steel).
Filing techniques. The position of the body is considered correct if an angle of 90 ° is formed between the shoulder and elbow parts of the right arm bent at the elbow with a file mounted on the vise jaws (initial position). In this case, the body of the worker must be straight and turned at an angle of 45 ° to the line of the vise axis. .
Figure 5.2.1 Positions of hands (a), body (b) and legs (c) when filing.
Leg position. At the beginning of the working stroke of the file, the mass falls on the right foot, when pressed, the center of gravity passes to the left foot. This corresponds to such an arrangement of the legs: the left one is taken out (retracted) forward in the direction of the file, the right nose is set aside, from the left by 200 ... 300 mm so that the middle of her foot is against the heel of the left leg.
During the working stroke of the file (from oneself), the main load falls on the left leg, and during the reverse (idle) stroke - on the right, so the leg muscles alternately rest.
When removing thick layers of metal, you have to press the file with great force, so the right leg is set back half a step from the left, and in this case it is the main support. With weak pressure on the file, for example, when finishing or finishing the surface, the groans of the legs are located almost side by side. These works, as accurate ones, are more often performed while sitting.
Figure 5.2.2. File grip: a - right hand; b - left hand
Hand position(file grip) is extremely important. The locksmith takes the file by the handle in his right hand so that the latter rests on the palm of the hand, four fingers grab the handle from below, and the thumb is placed on top (Figure 5.2.2 a). The palm of the left hand is placed somewhat across the file at a distance of 20 ... 30 mm from its toe (Figure 5.2.2 b). In this case, the fingers should be slightly bent, but not hanging down; they do not support, but only press the file. The elbow of the left hand should be slightly raised. The right hand from the elbow to the hand should form a straight line with the file (Figure 5.2.1 a).
Figure 5.2.3. Coordination of efforts when filing
Coordination of efforts. When filing, the coordination of pressing forces (balancing) must be observed, which consists in the correct increase in the right hand pressure on the file during the working stroke while simultaneously decreasing the pressure with the left hand. The movement of the file must be horizontal, so the pressure on its handle and toe must change depending on the position of the file's fulcrum on the surface being processed. With the working movement of the file, the pressure with the left hand is gradually reduced. By adjusting the pressure on the file, they achieve a smooth sawn surface without blockages along the edges.
In the case of weakening the pressure with the right hand and strengthening the left, the surface may roll forward. With increased pressure with the right hand, weakening with the left will result in a blockage back.
It is necessary to press the file to the surface to be treated during the working stroke (away from you). When reversing, do not tear the file from the surface being processed. During the return stroke, the file should only slide. The rougher the processing, the greater the force on the working stroke.
When finishing filing, the pressure on the file should be much less than when drafting. In this case, the left hand presses on the toe of the file not with the palm of the hand, but only with the thumb.
Sawing surfaces is a complex and time-consuming process. The most common defect in filing surfaces is a deviation from flatness. Working with a file in one direction, it is difficult to get a flat and clean surface. Therefore, the direction of movement of the file, and consequently, the position of strokes (traces of the file) on the surface to be treated must change, alternately from corner to corner.
Figure 5.2.4 Filing: a - from left to right; b, c - across and along the workpiece; from right to left
First, filing is performed from left to right at an angle of nom 30 ... 40 0 to the axis of the vise, then, without interrupting work, with a direct stroke; finish filing with an oblique stroke at the same angle, but from right to left. Such a change in the direction of movement of the file provides the necessary flatness and surface roughness.
