What types of lamps are there. The concept and purpose of the lamp. Power of LED lamps

Such a process as choosing a suitable lighting device must be approached, of course, with special care, since a particular device can affect the design of a room in different ways. As a rule, the standard copy is equipped in such a way as to provide protection to the lamp. In addition, such equipment can operate both from the network and autonomously.

It is necessary to consider in more detail what types of lamps exist, as well as how each of them differs from each other.

Types of lighting fixtures

When purchasing a lamp, it is important to take into account not only its design and type, but also the distinctive features of the interior of a particular room.

In accordance with the design features, it is customary to distinguish between illumination used outside, that is, on the street, as well as devices used indoors. Lamps for the room, in turn, also have a division into three types: ceiling, wall and floor devices.

According to the place of application, several categories of these household items can be distinguished. These can be lamps in the living room, in the kitchen, in the bedroom, in the hallway, as well as in rooms with a high level of humidity, like a bath or sauna.

In addition, in recent years, the separation of electrical properties has become more and more obvious. Less and less common today are acquired by everyone, which are gradually being replaced by more modern devices like fluorescent lights, energy-saving and LED devices. It is necessary to dwell on the characteristics of the latter in more detail, since they also differ in significant efficiency compared to other lamps. Therefore, it is necessary to consider what types of LED lamps are and where such devices are used most often.

Varieties of LED lamps

The modern market offers a variety of LED-based, of which there are several of the most common:

• Embedded. Used for mounting on a ceiling surface, for ease of installation, they are equipped with a hidden mount.
• Linear. They are used for the purpose of proportional illumination of large objects.
• Wall. Their installation is carried out strictly on vertical surfaces, and the lamps themselves in this category are distinguished by a wide range of uses.
• Office. Despite their name, they are used in a wide variety of public buildings (offices, shopping centers, administrative and medical institutions, etc.).
• Industrial. The use of these LED lamps is common in the workshops of industrial facilities and other similar premises. A huge role here is also played by high rates of energy saving devices.

Power of LED lamps

It is no secret that one of the main factors influencing the choice of type is their power rating. As you know, in comparison with conventional incandescent lamps, these devices consume much less electricity in the same luminous flux.

Despite the seemingly low power of 3-5 W, the LED lamp is quite able to provide normal lighting for a small room. There are instances with higher rates, which, accordingly, are suitable for rooms that are voluminous in area.

Features of the functioning of fluorescent lighting devices

Considering the types of fixtures, one cannot fail to mention luminescent type devices, which are also quite popular today.

The principle of their operation is based on the use of a phosphor - a special gas, due to which ultraviolet radiation begins to glow under the influence of electricity. It is worth noting the extreme degree of efficiency of these lamps, since their operation requires approximately 10 times less energy compared to standard equipment of the same power. It is also worth noting that during operation, devices of this type almost do not heat up, which only increases their functionality.

It is necessary to consider in more detail what types exist and what technical properties they have.

Variants of lighting devices based on fluorescent

The most popular varieties of these lamps are as follows:

• closed-type fluorescent lamps;
• overhead lamps;
• hanging appliances.

The most popular among designers are built-in fluorescent lamps of a closed sample. The range of their colors is truly rich, which makes it possible to realize any, even the most daring design decision. These models are perfect for today's stretch ceiling designs, as they do not overheat and do not spoil the surface of the canvas. The power of these lamps varies from 11 to 36 W, so you don’t have to worry about overspending on electricity.

Mentioning the types of luminaires based on fluorescent, be sure to pay attention to overhead models. They are attached to the base of the wall or ceiling with anchors. These lighting fixtures are most widely used in public buildings such as shopping centers, offices or industrial enterprises.

The last type of lighting instances in this category are pendant models. These patterns are the most popular of all of the above. From the name you can understand that their fastening is carried out to the ceiling by means of a cable. There are two types of connection of these fluorescent lamps - transit (one wire can be equipped with a dozen lamps) and dead-end (installation of a single device is allowed).

Lighting devices of the type "Armstrong"

It is not a mystery to anyone that Armstrong-type luminaires are used exclusively for suspended ceilings that are extremely common today, having a similar name. These devices find their application in public premises, the ceiling height of which is in the range from 3 to 5 meters.

Thanks to the easy-to-install system, fixing such lamps is not difficult. They are based on exclusively environmentally friendly materials, and the strength of the structure obtained during the installation process allows you to forget about the need to carry out repair work for a long time.

Thus, we can conclude that the variety of modern lighting fixtures is really large, and each consumer will be able to easily choose for himself exactly the lamp that will meet his personal preferences and ideally fit into the interior of each particular room.

Properly selected and placed lighting elements affect the atmosphere and mood of the room, as well as give the latter a unique individual character. The issue of lighting occupies an important place in the world of design.

Eminent factories such as FLOS, LOUIS POULSEN, VIBIA, Catellani & Smith, Brand van Egmond, Lasvit and others turn the production of lighting fixtures into a true philosophy of light and create designer lamps that find their place in a variety of interiors and exteriors.

In our blog there will be many articles about the use of different types of fixtures. We will talk about the selection rules, touch on the compatibility of lamps and fixtures, and do not forget about the technical aspects. But without knowledge of theory and classification it is difficult to live. Let's dive into it a little.

Luminaire typologies

A lamp is a device that redirects the radiation of a light source (lamp) and concentrates the light flux at a certain angle. Depending on the type of luminaire, the flow of light inside the device is reflected, refracted, distorted and limited to varying degrees. As a rule, lamps are used to illuminate relatively nearby objects.

Let's delve into the classification. A lamp is a lighting device. Like a spotlight. Exactly! Spotlights are not lamps, but are on the same level with them.

The parameter for difference is the angular concentration with different light flux amplification factors. Typically, spotlights are used to illuminate distant objects, and are most often used in architectural lighting.

Lamps are classified according to a variety of characteristics, ranging from location, ending with materials and the degree of security. We will introduce you to the most important groups.

1. Classification of fixtures according to the place of application.

First of all, the lamps are divided into groups according to the place of application:

• for premises;
• for open spaces;
• for extreme environments.

It is not difficult to imagine lamps for indoors or for open spaces: chandeliers, sconces, floor lamps, spotlights, all kinds of street lamps, etc. But what is hidden under the classification of “extreme” lamps?

This group includes mainly industrial lighting devices that retain their functions in various difficult conditions. High or low temperatures, high humidity or underwater space, small particles or dust - in these conditions it is necessary to use special lamps.

Underwater lights for fountains. Disneyland.

2. Classification of fixtures according to the method of light propagation.

In interior design, the distribution of light in a room plays an important role. Therefore, we believe that it is definitely worth considering the classification of luminaires according to the method of light propagation:

2.1 - Luminaires that create direct illumination

For direct light fixtures, at least 80% of the radiation is directed to the lower hemisphere.

Examples of direct light fixtures:

2.2 - Create reflected light

Reflected light luminaires direct more than 80% of the radiation to the upper hemisphere. The properties of reflected light are affected by the shape and direction of the light source, as well as the orientation of the reflective surface and its properties. This type is used when there is a need to avoid shadows. In terms of efficiency, reflected light fixtures lose to direct light fixtures.

Examples of reflected light fixtures:

2.3 - Diffuse luminaires (diffused light)

Lamps of this type emit light evenly in all directions, create soft lighting without glare.

Examples of diffuse light fixtures:

3. Classification of fixtures at the place of installation.

In turn, the above types of fixtures are divided into groups according to the installation site.

3.1 - Ceiling

Such lamps are replete with forms, differ in styles, sizes and methods of execution. Important in such an interior element are both the material of construction and the light source used, we will talk about this separately in other articles. It is the ceiling light, as a rule, that is the main one and sets the character of the entire room. According to the type of ceiling lamps are divided into suspended, invoices and embedded.

An interesting example suspended structure- model PH 50 of the famous Danish factory LOUIS POULSEN. The ascetic style of execution of these luminous sculptures, impeccable lines and authenticity of forms from the world design icon Paul Henningsen will suit a variety of interiors.

3.2 - Wall mounted

Such lamps are indispensable assistants for interior designers in various projects. A sconce with soft light in the recreation area will create an atmosphere of comfort and warmth, and a spotlight will favorably emphasize an important object in the interior.

3.3 - Desktop

These lighting devices are an important component of any office or workplace. Bedside lamps create an atmosphere of coziness and comfort in the bedroom. In the development of projects, designers always remember the importance of table lamps, which help to solve functional problems.

Take a look at the Kelvin table lamp by the Italian brand FLOS. It is made in a minimalist style. It combines sophisticated simplicity, convenience and functionality. Such a decorative element is universal and reflects the character of self-confident people. You can position the lamp at any angle (double knee lamp base).

To turn on the lamp, you just need to touch its surface. And it automatically changes the brightness of the LEDs depending on the level of ambient light.

3.4 - floor

The most convenient type of lamps. With the help of such a device, you can temporarily add lighting where necessary (local lighting). The most common example of a floor lamp is a floor lamp.

In this article, we have touched only on the main points regarding the classification of fixtures. to our blog to deepen your knowledge of the art of light, and stay tuned for new articles in which we will go into detail about each group. We will be glad to see your comments.

Luminaires are short-range lighting devices and they are designed for rational redistribution of the luminous flux of lamps, as well as eye protection from excessive brightness, protect light sources from pollution and mechanical damage. Structurally, they consist of a reflector body and (or) a diffuser, a cartridge and a fastening device.

All luminaires, depending on the ratio of the luminous flux emitted into the lower hemisphere ( F) to the entire luminous flux of the luminaire ( F c) are divided into the following five classes:

P - direct light

H - mostly direct light

P - scattered light

B - predominantly reflected light

O - reflected light .

Each of the fixtures can be characterized by one of seven typical luminous intensity curves: concentrated (K), deep (D), cosine (D), semi-wide (L), wide (W), uniform (M) and sine (S). Typical curves are shown in fig. 2.1.

The ratio of luminous fluxes and light distribution curves are the most important lighting characteristics of a luminaire, which determine the distribution of its luminous flux in the space surrounding the luminaire.

Rice. 2.1. Typical luminous intensity curves for luminaires

According to the design, in the general case, the lamps are divided into:

open - the lamp is not separated from the external environment;

protected - the lamp is protected from mechanical damage;

closed - protected from dust penetration and mechanical damage to the lamp;

dust-tight - protected from the ingress of fine dust;

waterproof - resist moisture;

explosion-proof - resist the appearance of an explosion (B - explosion-proof, H - increased reliability against an explosion).

Similarly with the classification of electrical equipment by design, which simultaneously determines the degree of protection of equipment from the ingress of solid foreign bodies (in particular dust), the degree of protection of personnel from contact with live parts located inside the shell of products and the degree of protection against moisture, for luminaires also have an international protection system, consisting of the letters IP (International Protection) and two numbers indicating the degree of protection. The first digit determines the dust protection of the lamp. There are six following protection classes for luminaires against dust:

unprotected (open - 2, overlapped - 2 ");

dustproof (fully - 5, partially - 5 ");

dust-tight (fully - 6, partially - 6"),

and seven following moisture protection classes:

0 - waterproof - no protection;

2 - drip-proof - protection against drops falling from above at an angle of 15 ° to the vertical;

3 - protected - protection against drops or jets of water falling from above at an angle of 60 ° to the vertical;

4 - splash-proof - protection against drops or splashes at any angle;

5 - jet-proof - protection against water ingress when pouring with a jet at any angle;

7 - waterproof - protection against water ingress during short-term immersion in water;

8 - sealed - protection against water ingress during unlimited immersion in water.

If a number with a "stroke" is indicated, the letters IP in the protection designation are not indicated, for example 6 "3.

Protection of lamps from dust, water and aggressive environments is provided, as a rule, by structural and lighting materials, various degrees of sealing of the internal volume of the lamp or its individual cavities, current-carrying elements and (or) electrical contacts.

In addition, the main characteristics of the lamps are:

gain (To y), representing the ratio of the maximum luminous intensity of the lamp ( I max) to average spherical luminous intensity ( I sf.):

, (2.3)

where .

The gain characterizes the increase in the luminous intensity of the lamp in a given direction;

efficiency (h):

, (2.4)

where F sv - luminous flux of the lamp;

F l is the luminous flux of the light source;

protective angle(g) - determines the degree of protection of the eye from exposure to bright parts of the light source.

On fig. 2.2 shows the designation structure and marking of fixtures in accordance with GOST 13828-74.

Rice. 2.2. Designation structure and marking of fixtures

Examples of fixture designations:

NSP05´500-016-U3 - luminaire with a 500 W incandescent lamp, general purpose, suspended for industrial enterprises, series 05, modification 016, climatic version U, placement category 3;

LS02-2´40-005-U3 - pendant luminaire with two 40 W fluorescent lamps, for public buildings, series 02, modification 005, climatic version U, placement category 4;

RKU08´400-014-KhL1 – luminaire with a mercury lamp of the DRL type with a power of 400 W, console, outdoor, series 08, modification 014, climatic modification HL (cold climate), placement category 1.

Along with the given symbol, the luminaires can be assigned their own names, for example: "Deep emitter". In addition, even earlier GOSTs are in effect, as well as designations assigned by the manufacturer. All this creates certain difficulties in deciphering the symbol of lamps.

With the existing variety of luminaires, their main distinguishing features are the type of light source, its power, design with a certain protection from environmental influences, and light distribution.

Table 2.1 shows the main parameters of some types of luminaires used for general lighting of industrial premises and premises of public buildings.

Table 2.1

Nomenclature and basic parameters of some fixtures

The end of the table. 2.1

Notes:

Mounting method for fixtures with mercury lamps: 1 - on a pipe with a 20 mm thread; 2 - on the mounting profile; 3 - on the hook; 4 - on the supporting surface; 5 - special fastening.

Mounting method for luminaires with fluorescent lamps: 1 - on a pipe with a 20 mm thread; 2 - on the busbar; 3 - on the rods; 5 - on the ceiling; 6 - on rods; 7 - on the hook; 8 - on the mounting profile.

Mounting method for luminaires with incandescent lamps: 1 - on a pipe with a 20 mm thread; 2 - on the mounting profile; 3 - on the hook; 4 - on the ceiling; 5 - on a horizontal support surface; 6 - on an inclined supporting surface.

The main factors determining selection of fixtures are:

a) environmental conditions (presence of dust, moisture, chemical aggressiveness, fire and explosive zones);

b) building characteristics of the premises (dimensions of the premises, including its height, presence of trusses, technological bridges, dimensions of the building module, reflecting the properties of walls, ceiling, floor and work surfaces);

c) requirements for the quality of lighting.

The choice of a particular type of luminaire is carried out according to the design, light distribution and glare limitation, and economic considerations.

Design A luminaire is largely determined by the level of its protection from environmental influences.

The design of the luminaires determines their reliability and durability in the given environmental conditions of the room, safety against fire, explosion and electric shock, as well as ease of maintenance.

All types of unprotected (IP20) luminaires can be used in normal dry and damp rooms.

In damp rooms, the use of unprotected (IP20) lamps is also allowed, but on condition that the cartridge body is made of insulating and moisture-resistant materials.

In particularly damp rooms and in rooms with a chemically active environment, it is recommended to use luminaires with a degree of protection of at least IP22, in dusty rooms - at least IP44.

In hot rooms - not lower than IP20, and in luminaires with fluorescent lamps, the use of amalgam lamps is recommended.

In fire hazardous areas, luminaires with the minimum permissible degrees of protection indicated in Table 1 are used. 2.2.

Table 2.2

Minimum admissible degrees of protection of luminaires depending on

from fire zone class

Note. It is allowed to change the degree of protection of the shell against water penetration (2nd digit of the designation) depending on the conditions of the environment in which the luminaires are installed.

In hazardous areas, luminaires can be used, provided that the level of their explosion protection or the degree of protection corresponds to Table. 2.3 or higher.

Table 2.3

Permissible level of explosion protection of luminaires depending on the class of the explosive zone

If the existing range of luminaires provides the possibility of using not only one, but several possible luminaires in the room, it is almost always advisable to choose the one that has the highest operational group (Table A7), which characterizes the ability of the luminaire to maintain high lighting qualities during operation . This approach allows, under certain conditions, to accept lower values ​​of the safety factors, which in turn leads to a decrease in the installed power of light sources, a decrease in electricity consumption.

Choosing the right luminaire light distribution causes economical use of the luminous flux of the light source, leads to a decrease in the installed power of the lighting installation. Under equal conditions, it is preferable to choose fixtures with higher efficiency, despite their higher cost. These additional costs are offset by energy savings.

In industrial premises with low reflection coefficients of walls and ceilings, it is advisable to use direct light class P luminaires with light distribution type K (concentrated) with high ceilings (more than 6-8 m), with lower ceiling heights - with light distribution type D (cosine), less often G (deep). With an increase in the height of the room, the luminaire used should have a higher degree of concentration of the luminous flux (K, G) and vice versa, in low rooms it is recommended to use luminaires with a wider light distribution (D, G).

With high reflective properties of the walls and ceilings of industrial premises (light ceilings and walls), it is advisable to use luminaires with predominantly direct light of class H.

With high reflective properties of the floor or work surfaces, class P luminaires are advantageous, since in this case, due to reflection, enough luminous flux enters the upper hemisphere to create acceptable visual comfort.

Luminaires of predominantly direct light class P and diffused light class R with light distribution curves D (cosine) and L (semi-wide) should be used for lighting administrative, educational premises, laboratories, etc.

Luminaires of classes B (mainly reflected light) and O (reflected light) are used to create architectural lighting for industrial premises, civil buildings. For outdoor lighting - luminaires with a luminous intensity curve Ш (wide).

When choosing luminaires, their dazzling effect is taken into account according to blindness index, which is normalized and compared with the actual glare. The calculation of this indicator is given in, but in practice, when designing lighting installations, due to the difficulty of calculating this indicator, this characteristic is taken into account indirectly by the minimum allowable suspension height of luminaires.

Selection of luminaires by criterion economy performed at the minimum cost. However, taking into account that the main component of annual operating costs is the cost of electricity, it is possible to estimate the efficiency of a lamp with some approximation by the criterion of energy efficiency ( E e). Energy efficiency is understood as the ratio of normalized (minimum) illumination ( E min) to power density R oud:

, (2.5)

where R sp - specific power, equal to the ratio of the installed power of the lamps to the area of ​​the illuminated room.

The increase in energy efficiency in accordance with expression (2.5) is a consequence of a decrease in the specific installed power of light sources required to create a given illumination.

It was found that energy efficiency is a function of the combined argument , where E min - illumination according to the norms, To h - safety factor, H p - the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures above the working surface (see Fig. 2.3).

This allows you to determine the areas that are economically feasible for the use of various types of luminaires. For some types of luminaires, the largest and smallest lamp powers and the corresponding argument values ​​\u200b\u200bare given . If, during design, the actual value of the argument will be less than the lower limit for this lamp, then it is not recommended to use it. If the actual values ​​of the argument are greater than the upper limit for a given luminaire, its use can be allowed provided that there is no other, more economical luminaire.

As you can see from the argument The energy efficiency of luminaires largely depends on the estimated height of the luminaire suspension ( H R); which to a certain extent depends on the height of the room.

At a low height (up to 6 m), it is possible to achieve quality indicators, such as minimal illumination unevenness, acceptable pulsation and glare, only with the help of a large number of lamps with a relatively low unit power of the light source (LN and LL). In high rooms, it is more economical to use powerful light sources (DRL, DRI, HPS) and a small number of lamps, each of which must have the optimal light distribution for a particular option.

Therefore, the choice of the type of luminaires is carried out simultaneously with the choice of their placement schemes on the plan of the illuminated room.

The height of the illuminated room also determines the economical type of light distribution of the luminaires.

For each typical luminous intensity curve (luminaire type) there is the most favorable relative distance between luminaires, which provides the greatest uniformity of illumination distribution, as well as the most advantageous relative distance between luminaires which ensures maximum energy efficiency. The relative distance between lamps is understood as the ratio of the distance between them ( L) to the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures above the working surface ( H p) (Tables A.8, A.9).

The selected luminaires must be located and installed in such a way as to ensure:

a) safety and convenient access to fixtures for maintenance;

b) creation of normalized illumination in the most economical way;

c) compliance with the requirements for the quality of illumination (uniformity of illumination, direction of light, limitation of harmful factors: shadows, pulsations of illumination, direct and reflected brilliance);

d) the smallest length and ease of installation of a group network;

e) reliability of fastening fixtures.

Luminaire suspension height

Suspension height of luminaires above the illuminated surface ( H P) - the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures (Fig. 2.3) largely determines the characteristics and technical and economic indicators of the designed lighting installation.

The installed power of light sources, the placement of lamps on the plan depends on its value; suspension height determines the quality indicators of lighting, the choice of luminaires for light distribution, economic considerations.

Rice. 2.3. Placement of the lamp according to the height of the room:

H is the height of the room; H p - the height of the suspension of the lamp above

illuminated surface; h c - the height of the overhang of the lamp;

h p - height of the working surface

Due to the fact that a number of OS indicators are regulated by the norms of artificial lighting, the height of the suspension of lamps is taken simultaneously with the solution of other design problems - the choice of the type of lamps, their placement and maintenance, etc.

The minimum suspension height of the luminaires is limited by the condition of their dazzling effect (normalized dazzle index).

The maximum height is limited by the size of the room and the maintenance conditions of the luminaires.

When choosing the height of the suspension, the building features of the premises are taken into account - the presence of trusses, technological bridges, the dimensions of the building module; at the same time, methods for laying and installing wires and cables of the lighting network are considered.

In rooms of limited height, the luminaires are installed either on overhangs or directly on the ceiling and are serviced from ladders or stepladders. According to the condition of accessibility, the height of the luminaires suspension should not exceed 5 m from the floor, and the luminaires should not be located above large equipment, pits and in other places where it is impossible to install ladders or ladders.

In rooms with a truss ceiling, general lighting fixtures are most often installed on trusses. In these cases, they can be serviced from overhead cranes, and the luminaires must be placed at least 1.8 m above the flooring of the service platform on the crane or at the level of the lower chord of the trusses.

When designing lighting installations, it is necessary to ensure that the largest possible part of the luminaires is accessible for maintenance from the floor using portable devices (stools, ladders and ladders).

These measures include:

a) installation of fixtures using brackets on walls or columns at a height of not more than 5 m;

b) suspension of fixtures on cables, boxes, pipes, mounting profiles, etc. at a height of not more than 5 m or on cables with lowering devices;

c) installation of luminaires on bridges or platforms intended for servicing bus ducts, hoists, etc., as well as installation on large technological equipment;

d) the use of technological platforms of the upper marks for the installation of lamps on them, illuminating the lower marks.

2.1 - in electrical rooms, when installing lamps near open live parts;

no more than 3.5 - at technological sites, bridges, transitions, etc. when installing fixtures on the walls;

2.5 - on technological sites, bridges, transitions, etc. when installing fixtures on racks along fences;

at the level of the flooring ± 0.5 - on the bridges for servicing fixtures.

Pendant lamps for general lighting installed on ceilings or trusses, as a rule, should be attached to the latter with an overhang of no more than 1.5 m. An increase in the overhang of these lamps can be provided in the following cases:

a) if necessary in order to provide access to luminaires for maintenance;

b) when it allows to improve the economic performance of the installation without compromising the quality of lighting.

When installing luminaires with an increased overhang, the design of their fastening should limit the possibility of swaying the luminaires under the influence of air currents.

In the general case, the estimated height of the suspension of fixtures is determined by the expression:

H p= H- (h c + h p), (2.6)

where H- the height of the room;

h c is the height of the luminaire overhang;

h p is the height of the working surface, in the absence of a specific value, it is taken equal to 0.8 m.

When arranging residential premises of all types, it is impossible to do without lighting devices. Today, a large number of lamps can be found on the market for goods and services. In the selection process, it should be borne in mind that the existing types of chandeliers may differ not only in shape and size, but also in the method of installation, the brightness of the lighting. If you choose the right lighting, you can give the room a unique appearance.

Types of lighting fixtures for the home

The most popular lighting fixture for the home today is the ceiling chandelier. As a rule, such light sources are used for residential premises. Due to the variety of shapes, sizes and colors, everyone will be able to choose the appropriate option based on the design of the room.

Depending on the method of fastening, chandeliers can be divided into several groups:

• ceiling - installation is carried out directly to the ceiling; as a rule, such models are small in size and are designed for rooms with low ceilings;
• suspended - suspensions are used as fasteners, which can be adjusted in height, such lamps are classic and are designed for large rooms.

1. Sconce - a lamp mounted on a wall, designed for local lighting. On sale you can find models with direct and directional light, as a rule, the second option is used as a backlight for large mirrors.
2. Spotlight- a device of small size, it is great for suspended and stretch ceilings.
   
   
3. A floor lamp is a type of outdoor lighting fixture. Such varieties allow you to visually enlarge the room if they are installed in the corners of the room.
   
   
4. Table lamp- a common model of a light source used for an office or a children's room.
   
   
5. Night light - these types of devices are usually used for children's rooms for designing various shapes on the walls and ceiling. The most popular option is the starry sky.
   
   

Attention! Spotlights can be installed in furniture or inside the wall.

What types of lamps are

Today on sale you can find a large number of types of spotlights and chandeliers. All existing models can be classified according to a number of criteria:

• method of light propagation - direct, diffused, reflected;
• mounting method - stationary, non-stationary;
• installation method - ceiling, wall, table, floor;
• by destination - household, street, industrial;
• by functionality;
• by type of lamps used - LEDs, halogen, fluorescent, incandescent lamps;
• according to the method of power supply - electrical network, batteries, individual power source;
• depending on the form;
• according to the level of protection of the used lamp from moisture and dust;
• according to the method of cooling - natural, forced.

Such devices may have a remote control with which you can control the level of illumination.

Types of spotlights

All existing varieties of spotlights are divided into groups depending on the installation method, lighting control and functionality.

External or, as they are also called, overhead spotlights are used to install frameless bases:

• concrete ceiling;
• brickwork.

Such devices consist of a special mounting platform and a housing with a diffuser. In this case, a mounting plate with a smaller diameter than the housing is used. The body is fixed to the mounting platform using side screws.

Embedded models need a frame base:

• drywall constructions;
• walls and ceilings made of panels or slats;
• stretch ceiling;
• furniture partitions;
• niches in the walls.

An alternative option is to install appliances in the floor, pool, bar counters or on the stairs.

Suspended views must be mounted at some distance from the surface. To install the lamps, a decorative cable is used, which is pre-fixed on the ceiling. It is not required to use additional parts that will strengthen the structure.

Advice! If it is decided to install massive lighting devices in the room, it is recommended to install additional mounting strips.

Types of ceiling lights

If we consider the types of ceiling lights, then it should be borne in mind that they are conventionally divided into the following types:

• superficial;
  
  
• rotary;
  
  
• suspended;
  
  
• invoices;
  
  
• embedded;
  
  
• point.
  
  

Lighting devices may also differ in the emitted light:

• raster;
• halogen;
• incandescent;
• luminescent;
• energy saving.

As a rule, surface, hanging and built-in appliances are perfect for the bedroom and living room. Surface models can be, depending on the shape, round and oblong.

Fastening is carried out at a certain point on the surface of the ceiling. In order for the lighting to be as bright as possible, it is recommended to illuminate several zones at the same time, as a result of which light sources are installed in one room in different parts of the room.

What are chandeliers

On sale you can find a large number of devices for artificial lighting of the room. As you know, chandeliers can be of different shapes, sizes, styles, colors, they can also differ in the installation method, the number of recessed lamps.

If we consider depending on the system, we can distinguish suspended and ceiling models. The first option must be attached to the surface with a special hook on a chain or string.

Ceiling models are great for rooms with small ceilings. Such chandeliers are in the shape of a plate. Models can have a large number of segments or act as a single design.

Important! Plafonds can be made of glass, plastic, crystal.

Types of LED strips

There are a large number of varieties of LED strips, they differ from each other according to a number of criteria. If we consider by the method of installation, then we can distinguish 2 types: DIP and SMD. If surface mount (SMD) is used, then this means that the LEDs and resistors are soldered to the board at the very top. DIP assumes that the LEDs are inside a special housing, of which there are 2 outputs on each side.

Thus, SMD LED strip looks like a flat strip, and SMD looks like a chain of small cylinders. After these abbreviations, the manufacturer indicates 4 digits, which indicate the size of the soldered LED chips. For example, if you purchase an SMD 5630 LED strip, it means that the chip size is 5.6mm by 3mm.

Since there are a large number of types of ceiling chandeliers, it is necessary to understand how to choose them correctly. During the acquisition process, it is recommended to adhere to the following recommendations:

• in rooms without windows, yellow lamps must be used;
• for work in the studio you should not use fluorescent devices;
• it is imperative to check what type of fastener is included in the kit, it often happens that manufacturers save money and do not provide fasteners;
• the chandeliers used must match the design of the room.

It is important to remember that the right lighting can transform a room. In addition, it is possible to visually divide the room into several zones.

Types of chandeliers and lamps: photos in the interior

The types of chandeliers are presented in a wide assortment range, as a result of which an unknowing consumer can get confused in such a variety. If necessary, you can see how specific models look in interior design and only then make a choice.

Conclusion

The types of chandeliers on sale are amazing and can confuse any person. Before purchasing a lighting fixture, it is recommended to first study the existing types and types, only after that you can make a purchase decision. It is important to understand that the beauty of the room largely depends on the right fixtures, in addition, they can be used to visually divide the room into zones or create the effect of a floating ceiling and walls.

Each house or apartment has its own lighting, no modern person can do without chandeliers and lamps. In this article, we will tell you what types of lamps exist on the market, what is their difference, features, characteristics and applications.

Types of fixtures

Ceiling chandeliers
This type of luminaire is compact and is used for general lighting of a small room. Such light sources are great for rooms with low ceilings. Compact chandeliers are often used to illuminate corridors and bathrooms. And a huge number of different designs allows you to choose a ceiling chandelier in a room in any style.

Hanging chandeliers
These chandeliers are also designed for general room lighting. But unlike the ceiling, they are much more massive and larger in size. Hanging chandeliers also play a decorative role in the interior of the room, so you need to choose them in accordance with the style of the room and the design decision.

Hangers -
These are lamps with special suspension structures. These lamps are attached with a special torso, the length of which can be adjusted. Sometimes, instead of a cable, there may simply be a cord or even a chain. Hangers are mainly used in the kitchen or in the dining room to highlight a certain area in the interior.

Floor lamps -
these are lamps for local, decorative lighting, and some types of lamps are able to illuminate almost the entire room. They come with a table, with an additional lamp, on "one leg" and on a tripod. Floor lamps are installed in halls, living rooms and sometimes in spacious bedrooms.

Table lamps
are mainly used for local, decorative or task lighting of a specific area. They come with a mount, with a clothespin, on a “flexible leg”, which allows you to direct the light flux in the right direction. Table lamps are used to illuminate the work surface, desk. Still often table lamps are installed in bedrooms as bedside lamps.

Spotlights
very popular in modern interiors and perform the function of general lighting. They are built-in and overhead. Recessed fixtures are mounted in the ceiling, overhead fixtures are installed without drilling the ceiling, many models are suitable for rooms with stretch ceilings. Spotlights are very compact. They are built into the entire ceiling area providing high-quality general lighting in any room. They are suitable for absolutely any room. Often they are used to illuminate the living room, corridor, bathroom and office.

turning spots
are a small lamp with one or more light bulbs. Spotlights are mounted on a bracket and can, if necessary, be directed in different directions due to the swivel design. Spots are lamps for local and decorative lighting. They are installed in rooms to illuminate a small area, for example, near the reading chair, on the wall along the edges of the sofa, or in the bathroom near the mirror.

Track systems
are several lamps that are mounted on a special frame - a busbar. Track systems belong to the category of spot lighting.

backlights
are used to illuminate a specific area or element of a room, such as lighting a picture, a mirror in a hallway or a bathroom. Also, backlighting is widespread in the creation of landscape design, where it performs a decorative function.

What kind of lamps are we told, now we will give some important tips on choosing lighting fixtures:

• In large rooms, you should purchase either several spotlights, or one large chandelier in combination with a floor lamp or a spotlight to illuminate the reading and relaxation area.
• In order for the illumination in the room to be sufficient, it is necessary to take into account the area, the height of the ceilings and the design (color scheme) of the interior.
• When choosing fixtures in the bathroom and kitchen, we must not forget about the high humidity in these rooms. For such rooms, special waterproof lamps are provided.
• If you want to create comfortable lighting, supplement the main light with local light, and at different levels. Use sconces, table lamps and lights, so you can create the most comfortable lighting for the perception of the room.