We systematize the planting of crops in the summer cottage, observing the rules of crop rotation in the garden. Crop rotation - competent crop rotation Predecessors of garden crops table

Families and groups of plants. When compiling tables, the predecessors and neighbors of plants are taken into account. Tables are a guide to action for summer residents.

Crop rotation is necessary for gardeners for sustainable farming. Its use ensures good yields of vegetables, increases soil fertility and provides protection of plants from pests and diseases in a natural way. In nature, everything is balanced, and this should be strived for in the country.

Ways to increase yield

Vegetable plants of the same species consume the same nutrients from the soil, release similar toxins, and have the same pests. When cultivating plants in a permanent place, the soil is greatly depleted. There is a reproduction of pests, infection with diseases, as well as the growth of weeds. Soil fatigue sets in, its fertility decreases. It accumulates toxins secreted by plants. Crop rotation of crops is carried out according to the tables.

To increase the yield of vegetables, the following conditions must be met:

There is no standard and correct crop rotation scheme, since each summer resident grows different crops and in different quantities. Some plant a lot of potatoes, others grow greens and cucumbers. Therefore, an individual table of crop rotation of vegetables in the beds is compiled. To do this, a diagram of the site and a description of the plants grown by summer residents are entered in the summer magazine. It is desirable to have permanent ridges for better crop rotation.

A crop rotation table will make it easier to grow vegetables. The rotation of plants allows the soil to rest, as each crop consumes certain mineral fertilizers. The table takes into account all the properties of plants.

Classification of crops and interaction with the soil

Phosphate fertilizers, compost, ash must be applied to the soil. Crops such as carrots, beets, spinach, dill and celery are undemanding, but the soil must be mulched with compost and potash should be applied. The fourth group includes plants that saturate the earth with nitrogen, loosen it. : peas and beans. Potatoes and cabbage inhibit the growth of weeds. Cultivation is carried out according to the following principle:

Table 2. Crop rotation in relation to the soil

With mixed planting, different requirements for illumination, wind protection, the need for mineral fertilizers and ripening periods are taken into account. In this case, the interval between vegetable crops must be increased. The use of vegetable crop rotation tables will allow you to get high yields, and will make working in the country pleasant.

In the spring, it is worth planning plantings in the garden, taking into account the predecessors of vegetables that grew in a certain place earlier using tables. Any summer resident should keep track of what, where he has and when he grew. This is simply necessary if you want to get a good harvest in the fall. After all, not all vegetables go well together. Then, after last year, pathogenic bacteria (for example, late blight of tomatoes) can be preserved in the ground. Then some vegetables are able to draw from the ground the nutrients needed by another crop. In any case, vegetables cannot be planted in the same place every year; crop rotation must be observed.

For convenience, there are special tables where you can see the best and worst predecessor for each crop.

Necessary breaks when growing crops in one place

In general, I must say, the more time has passed since the moment when the same plant grew in a particular place, the better for it.

Permissible alternation

It is also good to give the land a rest by not planting anything on it for one year. Having rested, the earth will recover and be enriched with nutrients and microelements.

Beet predecessors

It is a commonly grown vegetable in vegetable gardens. And who sows it every year knows that it is better to plant beets after potatoes, cucumbers, onions, cabbage and cauliflower.

Invalid interleaving

Modern agriculture is a diversified production, combining, as a rule, animal husbandry and crop production. Depending on the soil-climatic, economic and other conditions, as well as the specialization and scale of production, each farm develops a certain structure of sown areas.

Crop area structure- the ratio of the area of ​​plots occupied by crops and clean fallows.

Planning the structure of areas allows the most efficient use of land resources, while taking into account natural, economic and agronomic conditions.

The size of the fields is determined by the structure of sown areas, relief and natural boundaries, as well as the type of crop rotation. For example, short rotation rotations allow for larger fields, while multi-field rotations use long rotation. In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, more often, the fields are larger than in the forest-meadow zone. It is desirable that in the crop rotation the fields have approximately equal areas.

Example. On one arable land, it is necessary to place crops of 4 crops with the following structure of sown areas: - 25%, potatoes - 25%, - 25%, vetch-oat mixture for green fodder - 25%. To do this, the area of ​​arable land is divided into 4 equal fields, on which one crop is placed. In subsequent years, two ways of placing these crops across the fields are possible.

In the first case, each crop is placed in the same field where it has already grown, and thus they will be called permanent.

Permanent culture- a crop cultivated for a long time in the same field.

Monoculture- the only permanent crop cultivated on the farm. Often the concept of "monoculture" is used as a synonym for "permanent culture".

The centuries-old accumulated experience of agriculture shows that the permanent cultivation of almost all agricultural plants leads to a significant decrease in productivity, and in some cases to the death of crops.

The second option for placing crops from the example involves their annual change in four fields in a predetermined sequence, that is, in the order of alternation over the years.

The most effective and scientifically based sequence of alternation for the listed crops is as follows: 1 - vetch-oat mixture for feed, 2 - winter wheat, 3 - potatoes, 4 - barley. In this case, each crop is a precursor to the one coming next year.

Predecessor- crop or fallow that occupied the field before the next crop in the rotation.

The given alternation scheme assumes the following placement by fields and years:

Regardless of the crop that occupies the field in the first year, within 4 years each of them will pass through each field and the rotation of the crop rotation will be completed.

rotation- the period during which all crops and fallows will pass through each field in the sequence provided for by the crop rotation. The above crop rotation scheme is called a rotation table.

The rotation duration in the example is 4 years. Rotation is determined by a crop rotation scheme with a duration equal to the number of fields. The number of fields in a crop rotation is determined by the number of crops and their ratio, taking into account the location of the land, relief, soil differences and other conditions.

Traditionally, in crop rotation schemes, it is customary to designate the rotation number with Arabic numerals, and the field numbers with Roman numerals. When crop rotation is introduced, a permanent number is assigned to each field, which is stored in crop rotation and land management documents, on boundary signs located along the boundaries of fields in kind, as long as the crop rotation scheme is used.

After the completion of the first rotation, the next one begins with the placement of crops on the same fields on which they were placed in the first. However, in the process of crop rotation, for many reasons, alternation patterns can be made.

The crop rotation scheme can include both individual crops and their groups, as a rule, with similar properties: ( or ), tilled, perennial grasses, annual grasses, clean and busy fallows. For example, the crop rotation scheme will look like this: 1 - annual grasses, 2 - winter grains, 3 - row crops, 4 - spring grains. This approach allows, if necessary, to adjust the crop rotation without changing it as a whole. For example, in the example above, crops can be replaced by: 1 - green pea-barley mixture for fodder, 2 - , 3 - for silage, 4 - , while the crop rotation and area structure are preserved.

As a rule, one crop occupies one field. However, in certain crop rotations, often with a short rotation, it is possible to sow several similar crops in one field. For example, winter rye and winter wheat can be placed on a winter grain field, potatoes, corn for silage and fodder root crops can be placed on a row crop field, oats and barley can be placed on a spring grain field, etc. In this case, the field will be prefabricated.

Prefabricated crop rotation field- a field on which several crops are cultivated.

Repeat crops- crops cultivated in the same field for 2-3 or more years in a row with its subsequent change until the completion of the crop rotation. In some cases, for example, perennial fodder grasses - legumes, cereals or their mixtures, occupying one field for several years, are not classified as repeated crops, since the cycle of their development in each year differs from the previous one in terms of the composition of the herbage and its use.

Culture by layer- a crop that goes in a crop rotation after perennial grasses. Culture by seam turnover- a crop following a crop in a layer in a crop rotation.

Crop rotation is an agronomic term, which is understood as a regular, scientifically based annual change or alternation of crops in one or more fields included in the cycle of cultivation of these plants.

seed planning

Vegetable crop rotation contributes to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil, heals it from pathogens and wintering stages of pests. Bundling and co-cultivation create opportunities for higher yields. A crop rotation table should be in every amateur vegetable grower. It is advisable to remember the principles of fruit change according to various criteria:

• According to the type of economically valuable part of the crop, in the forward and reverse order, ROOT CROPS are replaced by FRUIT, then LEAF VEGETABLES - FLOWERS;
• On the basis of belonging to the biological family: plants from the pumpkin, legume, haze and cabbage families are replaced by nightshade.

What to plant after

In addition to a clear understanding of the sequence, it is important to know a number of rules related to soil fertility and a favorable phytosanitary regime:

• The same crop should not be cultivated in one place for more than one year. Even if the crops are different, but belong to the same botanical family, they should not follow each other, since they are damaged by the same pests and react in the same way to soil toxins;
• It is useful to leave the soil under “fallow”, without planting anything for 1-2 years, during the season the site is weeded and loosened, watered if necessary;
• Plants that were grown on the site last year leave behind volumes of root residues, which then rot and create a supply of essential macro- and microelements in the soil. In addition, bushes with a deep-penetrating root system saturate the soil with oxygen and make it moisture-permeable;
• The tops of vegetable crops and flowers significantly enrich the soil with organic matter, and the site looks clean and tidy;
• Plants that release substances that repel insect pests can significantly reduce the pesticide load on the soil and the environment;
• The annual cultivation of highly demanding plants to the level of mineral nutrition significantly depletes the soil.

Watch the video! What can be planted after - tips for gardeners

Advice! Use the tops of vegetable and flower crops to make compost and create warm beds!

If you follow the above rules, the accumulation of nutrients and the improvement of the soil will occur in a systematic and targeted manner. Gardeners-gardeners need to keep a diary, where to record all the manipulations in the garden and in the garden.

Use of mixed landings

A number of studies and practical experience of vegetable growers testify to the positive effect of mixed plantings of vegetables. The most suitable landing schemes include:

• onions + carrots;
• radish + carrot;
• onion + cabbage;
• beets + cabbage.

Seeds are sown in alternating rows, while they help each other to sprout and protect against possible pests. When planning joint plantings of vegetables, it is important to take into account their relationship to light.

There are no shade-loving crops among vegetables. In the complete absence of direct sunlight, they cease to develop and give a crop of poor quality.

Table 1 - The ratio of vegetable crops to the level of illumination

Good forerunners of vegetable crops

All plantings leave behind in the soil, in addition to a set of mineral and organic substances, useful or toxic substances, root residues. If you correctly select the sequence of plants, actively use compost, then you can effectively manage soil fertility. The main vegetable crops and good predecessors for them are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 - Main vegetable crops and good predecessors for them

All plants have certain requirements for soil fertility and endure fixed amounts of nutrients. Table 3 presents the categories of vegetable and green crops according to the level of removal of nutrients from the soil.

The level of nutrient removal from the soil means that for the growth of subsequent plantations, nutrients must be applied back to the soil in an amount greater than that which was carried out by the previous crop in order to accumulate fertility.

Healthy! Leave the soil under clean fallow for 1-2 years every 5-6 years of use.

The scheme of alternation of plants in the suburban area

Let's figure out how to properly draw up a vegetable crop rotation scheme for a summer residence. The primary task is to draw up a map-plan of the site indicating buildings, household objects, trees, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe beds and the ratio of the cardinal points. This will allow you to see the most illuminated and shaded areas. The easiest way to make a crop rotation is to divide the entire area under the beds into 4 sectors and move the entire set of suburban vegetable crops along them.

Important! In the garden, where crops from the first group grew last year, representatives of the second group should be planted this year, etc.

Thus, the country crop rotation includes 4 groups of vegetable plants:

• Cucumber, cabbage, zucchini, pumpkin, squash;
• Tomato, onion, radish, garlic, green crops;
• Carrots, beets, radishes, root parsley;
• Potato.

This combination of vegetables takes into account the ratio of the volume of needs in each type. The next year, the totality of cultures moves to the neighboring sector. The proposed scheme is very convenient. Over time, summer residents develop the habit of correctly arranging crops and there is no need to keep records.

Attention! For soil under greenhouses and temporary shelters, the requirement to observe crop rotation also remains.

Good and Bad Neighborhood

Good crop compatibility for co-planting

Many years of experience in the cultivation of garden crops allows us to compile a list of plants that favorably affect each other:

Watch the video! Vegetables neighbors in the beds

Poor crop compatibility for co-planting

The peculiarity of growing plants in summer cottages is that it is necessary to fit a wide range of crops, both tree and shrub and vegetable, in a relatively small area. The fact is that many fruit and nut trees can have a negative effect on plants that are in close proximity to them. Here are examples of negative neighborhoods:

• The walnut inhibits any plants that come into contact with the substance it releases - juglone;
• Fennel oppresses all crops in close proximity;
• Legumes and wormwood do not get along well;
• Potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes and strawberries grow worse if they are in the zone of influence of each other's roots, also applies to all representatives of the Solanaceae family;
• Cabbage and strawberries are two crops that attract a huge number of pests to the site, which negatively affects the growth of each crop individually.

Thus, the time spent on the design of crop rotations in the country is not wasted. A competent approach and thoughtful decisions will allow you to correctly design a country crop rotation, save on fertilizers, plant protection products and get a significant harvest of vegetables.

Watch the video! Crop rotation of vegetable crops

Crop rotation is a necessary condition for harvesting a high and high-quality crop of vegetables, and for this, in fact, every summer resident and work on his land. Few observe it, often complaining about the small size of the garden. Do not despair, a small plot of land is not a problem, arm yourself with a sheet of paper and a pencil, make a list of crops for planting.

Most plants in the same place cannot be grown several years in a row. The exceptions are tomatoes, beans, potatoes and strawberries. Cultures of the same family are also unacceptable to grow one after another. The vegetable is returned to its original place only after 3-4 years. An exception is if cultures are alternated with.

Crop rotation is the rotation of crops to improve soil fertility and protect plants from pests and diseases.

Before you begin to sow the garden, draw a diagram of the beds on paper. Make a list of vegetables and herbs. Decide on the number of beds and be sure to make a “Year” column (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020…).

At the dacha, the crop rotation system allows you to:

• Let the soil rest. Plants growing annually in one place draw certain nutrients from the soil, over time they become less and gradual depletion begins, the crop is reduced. When you replace one crop with another, while applying top dressing, soil resources are restored, while giving away other nutrients.
• Destroy pests naturally. During the summer season, pests and pathogens characteristic of plants appear in the soil. By alternating vegetable crops of different families, these pests and diseases will not be dangerous, and in a few years there will be no trace of them at all. So, growing onions for several years in a row in one place, nematodes appear in the soil, and cabbage has a disease.
• Loosen the soil and enrich with trace elements. A culture with long roots (buckwheat, rapeseed) will make dense soil looser, and will also be able to get phosphorus, potassium, calcium to the surface from the depths, therefore, planting a crop with small roots in the same place next season, there will be no need for additional feeding of that or other micronutrient.
• Legumes (beans, peas) enrich the soil with useful fertilizer - nitrogen. It is formed and accumulates in the nodules of plants, which are left in the soil when cutting the tops. By the way, clover will enrich the soil with nitrogen 2.5 times more than peas, and alfalfa 5 times.
• Garlic, onions and carrots are best planted after pumpkin, tomatoes, cabbage or potatoes, i.e. where weeds will be the least. On well-cultivated soil with a rich content of micro and macro elements, it is better to plant tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, and cabbage. These are those vegetable crops that pull useful substances from the soil in large quantities. And in beds with a small amount of compost, it is better to plant legumes and root crops.

The crops to be replaced must not be of the same family.

By alternating vegetables of different families every year, you will already create the simplest crop rotation scheme, thus increasing yields. Let's give an example of zoning crops in a small area:

If it is difficult to maintain a planting plan, then in order not to get confused, act according to the principle of an annual change of beds with roots (root crops) to a bed of inches, then what grows on the surface of the soil.

In a crop rotation, crops can be combined, taking into account the ripening period. Plant cucumbers in 2 rows at a distance of 50 cm between them, and in the aisle and along the edges of the beds dill in a single line.

Corn is not a demanding crop and does not participate in the crop rotation system; it is a neutral predecessor to other vegetables. When planting vegetables, keep in mind what accumulates under corn.

In a small area, it is quite difficult to observe crop rotation in full, so autumn sowing will be a good solution.

Crop rotation table in the country