The design of the gable roof truss system. The device of the roof truss system of a hipped roof - installation options and rules for erection Plan of rafters in a complex roof

03.11.2017

How to draw a roof plan. The subtleties of preparing a pitched roof plan. Stages of drawing up a drawing

In low-rise buildings, as a rule, attic pitched roofs on wooden rafters with a crate. bias roof is accepted depending on the material of the roof and the area of construction. The minimum slopes of steel roofs are 14°, tiled roofs are 27°, corrugated asbestos-cement sheets are 18°. In areas with heavy snow cover, roof slopes of more than 30 ° should be taken.

The forms of attic roofs are determined by the outlines of the building in plan and the desire for architectural expressiveness. Roofs can be single-pitched, gable (the most commonly used), four-pitched (tent, hip, half-hip) and multi-pitched.

Drainage from the roof can be unorganized or organized. With an organized drain, the number of downpipes is taken at the rate of 1-1.5 cm 2 of the pipe section per 1 m 2 of the roof. The optimal distance between the drain pipes is 15-20 m. The removal of the roof eaves with an unorganized drain should be at least 500 mm, with an organized drain - at least 300 mm.

The load-bearing structures of the roof consist of rafters made of logs, beams or boards. The choice of the scheme of roof rafters is made depending on the width of the building and the nature of the location of the internal walls (supports), in accordance with the roof plan.

If there are internal load-bearing walls in the building plan, apply layered rafters, the main bearing elements of which

- rafter legs - work like obliquely laid beams, with the upper end resting on the ridge run, and the lower end on the Mauerlat of the outer walls. The maximum length of the rafter legs is no more than 6.5 m. If there are no intermediate supports in the building, then apply hanging rafters, which are the simplest type of truss truss, where inclined rafter legs transmit thrust to a horizontal puff.

The section of the elements of the rafters is taken constructively, by analogy with typical parts and textbook data. In order to avoid condensation and freezing of the insulation on the attic floor, it is necessary to provide through ventilation of the attic through dormer windows. Particular attention should be paid to the location of the Mauerlats, girders, racks, the development of nodes and the linking of the mates of individual roof elements to each other.

The gable roof system is a classic mansard roof design. They belong to the most common type of engineering solutions - tongs.

Important! Broken mansard roofs are variations of gable roofs. They can be located symmetrically and asymmetrically, be in one and two levels.

The optimal angle of inclination of a gable roof is 30-60 degrees. The sloping roof version reduces the total load on the load-bearing walls, distributing it over the surface. The advantage of this design is resistance to various weather conditions. The hip roof system is a four-pitched type of roof. The end surfaces (hips) are triangular in shape, the pitched surfaces are trapezoidal. There are modifications:

Danish roof - combines in its design a gable and hip roof;
half-hipped roof.

Hip roof truss system

A hipped roof system is a four-pitched roof, consisting of four isosceles triangles, closing with their vertices in one place. Very well suited for square buildings. A necessary condition for the construction of such a structure is the symmetry of all elements. The multi-gable roofing system is a complex multi-angled structure. May be at different levels. Such a system evenly distributes the load on the roof surface. It has a large number of internal and external angles of inclination with different values, as well as a large number of ribs-slopes.Dome (conical) roofing system - suitable for round structures. It is extremely rarely used in the construction of attic houses. But it looks great when building round turrets.

Advantages and disadvantages of pitched roofs

The simplest installation option is a pitched roof. Reinforced concrete slabs can be used as a material for construction. However, a more common mounting option is using a truss system. Advantages of shed truss roof structures:

You can do the installation yourself.
Light weight construction. Suitable for houses with light foundations.
It is mounted both on high-rise buildings and structures, and on small outbuildings on a private plot.
It is easy to equip the attic.
In open windy areas, single-slope structures with a small angle of inclination are used.

The disadvantages of single-slope structures include:

Low resistance to snow loads.
Increased waterproofing to prevent leaks. Permanent seasonal inspection and repair of small cracks and pits.
Cumbersome design appearance.

One of the simplest roof structures is a shed roof, its construction is within the power of even slightly experienced builders.

The most optimal angle of inclination of a shed roof is an angle of 45 degrees. It is recommended to construct such roofs in the southern windy dry areas. The arrangement of a shed roof in the northern snowy regions is highly discouraged.

Rules for installing the truss system

Rafter roofing systems are built according to the following rules:

The cross section of the beams cannot be less than 100x100 mm.
Mandatory waterproofing.
The load-bearing units fixed with brackets must be additionally fastened with steel strapping.
The moisture content of wooden elements should not exceed 10%.
All wooden elements are necessarily treated with an antiseptic and mosquito repellents.

Important! The best rafter material is needles. It is the most resistant to the atmospheric influence of the climatic environment.

Additionally, wooden elements are covered with fire-fighting agents. The general scheme for installing a roof truss system:

arrangement of the frame;
installation of rafters.

The truss roof structure is tightly and securely fixed. Then stepped recesses of the walls are mounted. After that, work on thermal insulation and waterproofing of the roof is carried out. After their completion, they begin to install the crate and lay the selected roofing. Then mortise or dormer roof windows are installed and internal and external finishing work is carried out.

Building a house with a mansard roof

Stages of installation of the truss frame

The top beam is laid. All elements are fastened with staples and tied with steel. This will be the rafter frame.
Mauerlat installation. It is this system that is the main one for the entire roof of the attic. Boards 50 mm thick and bars 100x150 mm are used. Along the perimeter of the walls, a beam is strengthened and sheathed with a board, additionally tied with steel.
A layer of waterproofing is laid under the bars.
Rafter legs are raised. Marks are applied to the Mauerlat in increments of 15 cm and the bars are nailed.
Edge rafter legs are attached to the pediment. It is very important at this stage that the edge of the rafters make a straight line.
A level rope is attached to the rafters and the remaining rafters are installed.
The straps are joined together. A ridge beam is attached.

The rafter roofing system is completed. It remains to equip the crate, lay a hydro-barrier and insulation. The roof has been installed. Installation of the roof truss systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gm9xv9JLozQ

Stages of drawing up a project drawing

The drawing of the roof for the attic begins with the choice of its shape, and the definition of the section of the rafters and the installation step.

To determine the size of the rafter legs, the following parameters are taken into account:

slope angle;
roofing material;
climatic features of the area in which construction is underway.

The next step is to determine the number of rafters. According to the design of the truss roof, it can be both inclined and hanging. Before designing, you must select the type of structure.
Calculation of the roof sheathing. Allocate:

continuous bituminous roll covering;
ordinary sheet (wavy) coating.

The number of parts for fastening, other auxiliary thrust elements is calculated.

Mansard roof with layered and hanging rafters, with the removal of the bottom of the rafters beyond the wall

The drawing should include not only the visual performance of the roof structure, but also contain the following data:

joining the roof with the parapet with a clamping profile;
joining the roof with a parapet without a clamping profile;
slope docking scheme;
mansard roof layout with a door opening;
calculation of the number of wooden elements of building materials and the amount of roofing;
gutter equipment and snow-retaining elements.

Important! If you align the angles of inclination of the upper and lower slopes of the mansard roof, then in appearance it will resemble the classic design of a gable roof. At the same time, the scheme of the load-bearing thrust structure itself will remain unchanged in the standard version, which is used for broken roof structures.

When drawing a broken mansard roof, it is necessary to carefully calculate the dimensions of all structural elements. It is also necessary to remember about the reliability, durability and safety of the roof in the operation of the house. Calculation scheme of the attic roof https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWu2HiFXGpM

Drawing Executors

Each house is individual. Therefore, the drawing of a broken roof structure is carried out individually, taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Of course, you can do a roof drawing yourself if you are one hundred percent sure of your own expertise. SNIP standards when drawing up a drawing of a roof project are used by many construction design organizations. This avoids accidents. That is why it is recommended to transfer the work of drawing up a drawing to specialist developers. Construction of a mansard multi-pitched roofhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxeBA1cIkIw

When building a private house, it is important to think through all the nuances that may arise in the process of work, as well as initially determine what the appearance of the finished building will be. This can be done using the services of an experienced designer. But at the stage of creating a drawing, not only the type of foundation and the area of \u200b\u200bthe future house is determined, but also the type of roof that will be used. Remember that no house will last long, and living in it will never be comfortable, unless you carefully plan and equip the roof. Before starting work on creating a roof, it is necessary to design it, as well as calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure. Experts in the construction industry argue that if you correctly approach this issue, the arrangement of the roof will not only be quick, but will also make installation work much easier and cheaper. It is extremely important to determine correctly the main elements of the section, so that during the implementation of the project it would not be necessary to make any adjustments and edits, redoing everything anew.

After developing the scheme, it is necessary to determine the most acceptable material that will be used to create the roof of the building. Do not forget that this range of work is strictly regulated by the regulatory requirements of the current standards. In this article, we will look at everything you need to know when arranging a roof, as well as exactly how a flat roof plan should be created.

General information about the design of the project

The graphical part of the calculations must necessarily visualize the entire range of work performed. The customer is provided with a flat roof roofing plan, a design drawing, certification, as well as other necessary documentation, if it is necessary for the implementation of the project. Today, a roofing scheme must be created if the building is equipped with an external drain. If you decide to give preference to the internal type, and the building itself is not capital, then you can refuse to create a technical drawing. Thanks to the view of the house from above, it is easy to determine the geometric characteristics of the floor, the installation features of the installation of load-bearing structures, as well as other components of the object.

As an addition to the drawings, there is a diagram of the arrangement of the gable, which clearly lists the design parameters. If the project requires cutting sheets, it is important to provide information about this. Particularly responsibly, one should approach the creation of drawings of a pitched roof, which make it possible to visualize the dimensions of the sheets, as well as the consumption of the material to be used.

Benefits of a flat roof

Of course, all people who decide to take on the construction of their own home often face the problem of choosing the most optimal type of roof. It is safe to say that the use of a flat roof in a building project will make the appearance of the finished house really stylish and modern. In addition, this type of design is easy to install and is considered a budget option. But do not forget about one significant drawback of this roof, which is that it is highly susceptible to the influence of environmental factors and needs thorough waterproofing work.

What you need to know about flat roofing

Below we list the main requirements that are put forward for this type of structure, namely:

Since precipitation should in no case accumulate on the roof surface, there should still be a slope. To ensure the durability of the structure and the reliability of the roof itself, it must be no less than 2%. The best option is 10-15 degrees.

If your area is characterized by prolonged and heavy rains or a large amount of precipitation in the cold season, then in this case only one slope is not enough. It is important to consider the creation of a complete drainage system. It can be both external and internal. One riser is able to serve a plot of about 150-200 square meters.
In suburban housing construction, often external drains are created using special overflow windows, which are equipped at the level of the roof storm water inlet. If the drain lines do not intersect, it is strongly recommended to display the perimeter of the facade in the roof plan.

It is important to note that the projects of private cottages often do not contain information about the angle of inclination, in which case, to correct the designer's mistake, you do not need to redo all the work again, but you just need to form a slope using various bulk materials, as well as screeds or slabs from polystyrene.

The subtleties of preparing a pitched roof plan

To begin with, it is worth noting that a pitched roof is a roof that is a prefabricated structure of sheets with a slope of no more than 10%. Given the design features, construction experts distinguish two types of roofing - with or without an attic. The most common and popular option is a roof consisting of 2 slopes. This design can be applied to any structure. In the context, it resembles a triangle, and the finished scheme should contain detailed information about such indicators as: length, location of each of the elements, as well as the section. It is extremely important during the design process to determine the principle of fixing the nodes, as well as fix this in the regulatory and technical documentation for the facility.

in this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line. Marks are located to the left of the facade along one vertical line; the shelf above which the numerical value of the mark is placed must be turned away from the image.

9. Circle the facade with solid thin lines; draw the ground level line with a solid main line and bring it beyond the contours of the facade by 15 ... 20 mm.

10. Above the completed facade, write the name of the image, in which you indicate the extreme axes, for example "FACADE 1-9»

An example of the implementation of the facade is given in App. 4.6.

Plan rafters to execute in M 1:200

1. Apply coordinate axes:

Their designations.

distance between them.

Distance between extreme axes.

2. Draw the inner border of the outer wall, observing the binding.

3. To the outside of the coordinate axis, set aside the width of the eaves.

4. Along the perimeter of the building, we lay the mauerlat on the inner edge of the outer wall.

5. In the corners of the building, we install crossbars to support the diagonal rafter legs.

6. From the corners of the building at an angle of 45 ° we draw diagonal rafter legs.

7. On the inner walls we lay the lower run (lying) above them we lay the lower run.

8. We lay out the rafter legs, starting from the support node through 1200-2000 mm, resting them on the Mauerlat at one end.

9. We install the racks starting from the support node, after 3-6 m.

10 We lay the shortened rafter legs in a checkerboard pattern along the diagonal rafter legs.

11. For the device of the cornice to each rafter leg and ... we attach the filly, and to the diagonal rafter legs on both sides.

On the plan of the rafters, with a dotted line, we depict ventilation and a frame for dormer windows.

Figure 10 - Plan of the rafters

An example of a rafter scheme is given in App. 4.7.

Roof plan to be executed in M 1:200

Pitched roof plan:

2. Use thin dashed lines to draw the outer edge of the outer walls, observing their binding to the axes.

3. Show the lines of the roof cuts (slopes), observing the amount of overhang (overhang) of the eaves.

4. Show the lines of the sloping ribs (at an angle of 45 °) and valleys, the line of the roof ridge.

5. Depict dormer windows that serve to exit to the roof, to illuminate and ventilate the attic.

6. Draw ventilation pipes in projection connection with the floor plan.

7. Depict, if required, a roof fence around the perimeter. The fence is installed for the safety of repair work and cleaning the roof from snow. The height of the fence is not less than 0.6 m. The fences on the roof should be provided for:

In buildings with a roof slope of up to 12% inclusive, the height from ground level to the cornice (parapet) is more than 10 m;

In buildings with a roof slope of more than 12% with a height of more than 7 m;

For exploitable flat roofs, regardless of the height of the building.

Fences are made of round or strip steel in the form of welded gratings, fixed on steel racks with braces. Steel racks and struts are installed on top of the roof and nailed to the roof sheathing. Under the legs of the racks and struts for reliable waterproofing, special gaskets made of sheet rubber are placed.

8. An external organized drainage system should be designed and gutters and downspouts should be depicted on the roof plan. The distance between the external drainpipes should be taken no more than 24 m; the cross-sectional area of the drainpipe should be taken at the rate of 1.5 cm 2 per 1 m 2 of the roof area (SNB 5.08.01-2000. Roofs).

Calculate the number of downpipes. Specify the diameter of the downpipe D, For example D= 13 cm.

Find the cross-sectional area of the pipe S pipes according to the formulas:

S pipes = πR 2

or S pipes \u003d πD 2 / 4, if the pipe is round,

S pipes \u003d 3.14 × 13 2 / 4 \u003d 132.665 ~ 133 cm 2

It is possible to accept pipes and rectangular cross-section. Calculate the area of the roof S roofs.

Calculate how much roof area one downpipe will serve:

1.5 cm 2 pipes - 1m 2 roofs,

133 cm 2 pipes - X m 2 roofs,

X \u003d 133 / 1.5 \u003d 88 m 2.

Number of drainpipes:

N pipes = S roofs /88.

Place this number of drainpipes evenly around the perimeter of the roof in characteristic places; draw them on the plan, tie the axes to the coordinating axes.

The decision on what will be the gutters (wall or suspended), make your own.

Flat roof plan:

1. Apply the coordination axes, their designations, the distances between them and between the extreme axes.

2. Depict the parapet of the outer walls, the parapet of the wall at the place of the height difference of the building.

3. Draw ventilation pipes in projection connection with the floor plan.

4. Draw a shaft for access to the roof.

5. Depict, if necessary, fire escapes.

On each section of the roof, limited by walls, there must be at least two water intake funnels. Number of funnels N take on the basis that one funnel serves at least 800 m 2 of the roof:

N=S roofing /800.

If the area of the non-exploited roof plot is less than 700 m 2, and the roof with landscaping is less than 500 m 2, it is allowed to install one funnel with a diameter of at least 100 mm (SNB 5.08.01-2000).

7. Arrange the funnels on the roof surface in such a way that the storm sewer risers pass through the auxiliary premises of the building (stairwells, bathrooms, vestibules, corridors, etc.). In the thickness of the walls, the installation of downpipes is not allowed. Draw funnels in circles, tie their axes to the nearest coordination axes of the building.

Plan and drawings of a gable roof

It is difficult to imagine a building without a reliable roof over it. Any roof is the basis, the main guarantor of the inviolability of things in the house, the safety of property. She is the main protector from rain and snow, wind. After its construction, you can proceed to the next stage, which involves internal work. Having made this part unreliable, one cannot speak of a full-fledged dwelling. A do-it-yourself gable roof is the simplest and most functional option among other types of roofing. roof parts

There are several options for roofs, one of which is gable. The construction does not require a lot of talent, since this type of roof is the simplest. The housing element consists of the parts shown in the figure:
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The design consists of the following parts:
Skate. The upper part that will connect the 2 slopes.
Rack. An installation that serves to redistribute weight from the top to the bottom of the roof. It must be made from quality materials.
Sill. Bar located horizontally. Connects the rack and load-bearing wall.

View of the roof from the inside
Skate start

Skate start
Struts. These boards are fixed at a slight angle. They serve to redistribute the weight from the rafters to the supporting elements below.

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Rafter leg. These elements form a visible outline in the shape of a triangle. They serve to hold the roofing. The heavier it is, the more often it is necessary to lay the rafters.
Filly. Boards that extend the rafters. Necessary to create an overhang from a gable roof, according to building codes, which should be at least 0.5 m.

simple gable roof
Filly in a schematic view

Difference between rafters
The roof plan of a gable roof and the drawing is quite realistic to do on your own. There are several ways to construct all elements. The difference is the truss system used for construction. There are the following types of rafters:

Layered. Here it is necessary to install additional support beams located in the middle of the bearing walls. Rafters will give part of the load to internal devices to lighten the weight. The type of rafters is used if the do-it-yourself roof is heavy, with large areas of the dwelling, significant distances to the walls (more than 10 meters).

Types of truss systems

Hanging. Support for them is only the side overlap. When erecting such systems, it is necessary to make puffs to remove the bursting of beams with other materials. They can be done both from above and below. It should be borne in mind that when installing the upper puffs, an indent of no more than half a meter is made.

The systems are used in many dwellings, the quality of both is sufficient for comfortable use. When building a mansard roof, they are used together. In this case, the hanging and inclined type of rafters are combined. It is worth creating drawings of rafters that will show the location of each element of the roof, erected by oneself, so that there are no incomprehensible moments. It will help to calculate the amount of materials needed.
Any element of the house must be created, understanding how all this will look like as a result. For clarity, a drawing is created, and so that everything fits perfectly, it is calculated in advance. The plan takes into account the length of the roof along the ridge, the length of the slopes, and the length of the plumb lines is shown separately. The angle of inclination of the roof is determined. The angle is determined taking into account the following points:

With strong winds in the construction area, the angle is made around 10-12o so that the roof is not torn off.
With significant winter precipitation, the slope is within 30-40o. snow will slide off easily. There are no difficulties in the calculations, but if the roof is made with a complex shape, this will make it difficult to calculate the required values.

Roof construction

After making the calculations and acquiring the necessary parts, the Mauerlat is installed. After that, a crate is created. The element is the basis for a do-it-yourself roof, made of pine or other coniferous wood. The material is strong and light, capable of spreading the weight of all elements over the entire plane. It is placed along the roof slopes, between the rafter legs, the top of the walls.
Mauerlat

In order for the element to last longer, an insulating layer is needed between the wall and it. Suitable for this ruberoid. Mauerlat can be fixed using any fasteners that are convenient.
To build a roof, you must follow the plan:

Fixing rafters. If hanging ones are used, they must be assembled in advance, using fasteners to stiffen this part. First, the extreme elements are made, after the internal ones. With a layered system, a bed is first created, where the supports will be installed. If the length of the elements is insufficient, you can add it using the installation of filly.

Lathing installation. Any materials can be used for construction, but it is important to get rid of the bark from the boards in order to increase the service life of the elements. If you plan to use a soft roof, the crate is made solid. It requires a rigid base so that there is no deformation during operation.
Solid crate

Trellised. It is done using hard types of coating: slate, metal tiles.
Lattice system

Roof laying. There are many coating materials, each of them involves the use of different coating methods. Do not neglect the recommendations of the manufacturer of the material. It is important to make a small overlap between the elements. The structure must not be broken so that there are no leaks.
Do not forget that a reliable roof built by yourself is a guarantee of the safety of property in the house. Do not neglect its construction, so that later you do not have to make complex repairs.

Device gable roof truss system - a quick guide

Necessary tools and materials

Types of roofs are different, they differ in shape and consist of different materials, but the common thing for all is the presence of a foundation. Consider the construction of a truss system for a gable roof.

Roof truss system design

So, every building has a roof that is supported by something. It is this support, without which the installation of the roof simply would not have been possible, and is called the truss system. It consists of many structural elements, these include braces, racks, ridge run, battens with counter battens, etc. In fact, its significance is comparable to the skeleton in the human body.

The main building material is wood. However, do not think that absolutely any wood will do, anyhow the dimensions were maintained. For this purpose, only high-quality materials are taken, preferably conifers. In addition, they must be well dried in natural conditions. Also, before use, all elements must be treated with a special antiseptic that prevents the appearance of fungus, mold, rotting and termite damage. Also worry about fire safety, various types of special solutions are also sold for this.

A feature of all new buildings will certainly be shrinkage, so many builders advise installing floating rafters. Their scheme does not fundamentally differ from the one you have chosen, the refinement is carried out only for attaching the legs and the ridge beam. The installation is carried out without rigid fixation, and in the process of shrinkage, the rafters can slightly change the location of their elements, while not changing or losing strength. Otherwise, parts of the structure may bend or even break.

Gable roof and types of truss system for it

As the name implies, the device of a gable design involves two wings, i.e., inclined planes connecting to each other at the very top. What about the bottom, so it rests on the walls of the building. The front and back gables can be brick, cinder block or other building material. In addition, they are often decorated, especially since today there are many ways to give this element a unique look.

This design of the roof truss system has many advantages, for example, the ability to equip an attic space, of course, it is not suitable for living, but it is quite possible to store things there. Also, the resulting space is often used as an attic. In addition, this is a fairly economical option, and the likelihood of leakage is minimal.

Now it’s worth dwelling a bit on what options for gable roof truss systems exist. So, there are hanging and layered types of structures. In the first case, the support is the roof ridge, and in the second case, the walls of the house, as well as an additional intermediate support, for example, the middle load-bearing wall. These rafters differ in the principle of service.

The beams of the hanging system work simultaneously in compression and bending, what about layered beams, so in this case the emphasis is only on bending.

The best option is a combined gable roof device (alternating layered and hanging rafters). Using this method, you can not only save building material, but also make the structure somewhat stronger, and this is useful. Indeed, this part of the house bears heavy loads, for example, sometimes a person is forced to climb onto it in order to restore it, in addition, do not underestimate the power of winds, snow, rain, etc. So, regardless of the type of gable roof truss system chosen, the design is necessary should be sufficiently reliable and strong.

Do-it-yourself rafter system for a gable roof

So, having dealt with the basic concepts, you need to pay attention to the practical part itself.

How to make a gable roof truss system with your own hands - step by step diagram

Step 1: Arrangement of the base under the rafters

You can proceed directly to the installation of the roof truss system only after the pediment, ridge, mauerlat, as well as floor beams are installed (larger sections are taken for the attic). In addition, boards should be laid on the ceiling, which will serve as the floor of the attic or attic, depending on the purpose of the room.

Step 2: Material preparation

Of course, you need to prepare the workplace first of all, however, how strong the construction of your gable roof truss system will largely depend on the quality of the material. So we buy only high-quality wood - beams most suitable for this purpose with a section size of 50x100 mm. The smaller size is not always able to serve for a long time, and during strong winds or snow melting, you will hear the pathetic creak of wood. Do not forget to process them with all the necessary means, they have already been mentioned a little higher. Next, we carry out the cutting of elements for the truss system. It is much more convenient to do this on the ground, and then lift the finished parts. On the ridge, cuts should be made in which it will dock with the legs of the rafters.

Step 3: Installation

Having installed the skate, it should be noted the places where the beams are attached to the Mauerlat and make grooves there. First of all, the extreme beams are installed. Then a strong thread is pulled between them (a fishing line is suitable) to make it easier to expose the intermediate legs. The beams are attached to the ridge with long nails, but in order to fix them to the Mauerlat, you will need anchor bolts. To increase the reliability of the gable structure, additional spacers should be installed, they are also nailed.

House with a gable roof: project + Photo - rafters before pricing

Often, when building a roof, people have to make a rather difficult choice - which option to prefer.

The fact is that modern technologies provide the possibility of such a choice, allowing you to mount a roof of any kind in a fairly short time. In Russia, gable roof trusses have always been more popular.

Thinking about which design is more suitable, the homeowner starts from many factors: its functionality, reliability and durability, the ability to prevent precipitation from entering the building.

Perhaps this was facilitated by the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of our fatherland.

In winter, much less snow collects on such roofs, because it rolls off the surface, reducing the load on the structure.

The number of slopes in no way affects the parameters of the house, so the specific choice depends on the preferences of the owners.

The gable roof of the truss system is quite easy to install, it is durable and reliable in operation. Its structure allows the use of many different materials as roofing: from the familiar, well-known slate, to fashionable metal tiles.

House with a gable roof: advantages

Such a roof looks like two surfaces inclined towards each other, oriented along the long sides of the house, connecting at the top into a ridge. It goes well with the classic house, which has the usual rectangular shape.

Among the advantages are:

sufficient strength and slope height, allowing the use of almost any roofing material;
light and simple design;
well ventilated loft;
the slope of the slopes, which interferes with the accumulation of precipitation.

The slope of the roof is an important parameter for this type of roof. For dry areas, its optimal indicator is up to 45 degrees. Where the amount of precipitation is high, it increases to 60. When designing the roof, the prevailing winds in the area should also be taken into account: after all, with an increase in the angle of inclination, the windage of this part of the structure increases.

The choice of a suitable type of roofing also depends on its slope.

Tiles and slates, for example, can only be used if it is at least 22 degrees. The final cost of the roof will also depend on the slope of the slopes. The larger it is, the more you will have to spend on covering materials, and the higher the total price will be.

Gable roof rafters: device diagram

What does any truss system consist of? These are the rafters themselves, the Mauerlat for the roof, the struts and the crate. The rafter legs with their upper ends must be overlapped by means of special overlays. The lower ends are attached to the support bars made of logs, as well as to the Mauerlat.

According to the project, a gable roof can be made in two ways: with hanging rafters, or with inclined ones. This or that method is chosen based on the size of the structure of the frame house or gazebo.

It is extremely important that the calculation of the gable roof (rafter system device) is done correctly. This is best handled by a professional worker who is worth hiring.

Mounting the support beam (aka Mauerlat)

It can be done in various ways:

The most reliable of them (it is also the most common) is as follows. When the walls are mounted, on which it is then planned to mount the support beam, a concrete belt (continuous) is created around the perimeter of the building. It can be replaced with a concrete beam.

Thick, at least 12 mm in diameter, studs are inserted into this armored belt. The studs must penetrate the axis of the Mauerlat when it is fastened. About five centimeters must be left from its edge to the edge of the armored belt. The distance between the studs should be from one and a half to two meters, so that each part of the support beam is securely fastened along the edge.

Do not forget at least the minimum required roof slope. Otherwise, it may be subject to leakage or damage by strong wind.

During masonry, the studs are embedded directly into the wall. They will have to be walled up much deeper, so the studs themselves should be much longer. Not as reliable as the previous one, but for a gable roof with an area of \u200b\u200bless than 250 squares (with and without an attic), it is quite suitable.
The most accessible way. A soft, but thick wire is laid in advance in the masonry, with the help of which the Mauerlat is then fixed. How it's done? Shortly before the end of the masonry, when several rows remain, the middle of the wire is placed between the rows so that its ends protrude evenly on both sides.

Mauerlat mounting schemes

Their length should be sufficient for attaching the support Mauerlat. To prevent the wire from being too noticeable, its outer end is passed through the mortar joint between the bricks. This method is quite common and very reliable, especially when it comes to a structure of modest size (for example, 10 by 10)

If the walls and beams have undoubted strength, then it is permissible to attach the rafters directly to the beams without using a supporting Mauerlat. Plan gable roof rafters may involve the use of the upper crown of the house (chopped) instead of the Mauerlat. In some cases, a separate support bar for the roof is required.

Between the runs and racks, to enhance the stability of the rafters, struts are made. The necessary parameters for struts and rafter legs are calculated according to the calculation of the roof. The usual width of simple rafter boards is about five centimeters, while their height is up to 20.

To form an overhang, which will become a reliable protection of the outer wall from precipitation, puffs or rafters are taken at least half a meter beyond the plane of this very wall. Under the Mauerlat, it is required to lay a good layer of waterproofing, otherwise the service life of the structure will be greatly reduced. You can use the good old roofing material or other similar material.

Between the rafters, several layers of insulation are laid, always with offset seams. As a heater, materials with low thermal conductivity are used, for example, ordinary mineral wool. In addition to thermal insulation, it is necessary to equip and vapor barrier. To do this, a well-stretched polyethylene film is fixed on the inside of the insulation.

A special vapor-tight waterproofing film is used. This is such a diffuse membrane with a special perforated structure. It is able to release steam from the interior into the insulation, but prevents moisture from entering it from the outside.

Crate: assembly order

After that, you can begin the direct installation of a gable roof according to the drawing. The final (before roofing) stage of completing the construction of a gable roof will be the assembly of the crate. A wooden bar 6 * 6, 5 * 5 or 4 * 4 cm is usually used for its manufacture. It is installed perpendicular to the rafters, as provided by the design. The crate serves to transfer and redistribute the weight of the roof to the rafters, which, in turn, direct it to the load-bearing walls of the building. The pitch of the crate can be different, and it depends on the type of roofing material chosen.

Some of them generally require the arrangement of a continuous coating-flooring. These are, for example, flat slate or soft roofing. And under soft bitumen tiles, an additional lining carpet is required, mounted on top of the flooring. It not only levels its surface, but also protects from unnecessary moisture when laying roofing materials.

To do this, you can use specially processed fiberglass with bituminous impregnation.

Do-it-yourself gable roof is a great choice for responsible homeowners who are not afraid to get their hands dirty and ready to go. A simple structure representing an isosceles triangle in section is not at all difficult to build on your own. The height of the descent and the angle of the roof can be varied, but certainly within the boundaries of correctly made calculations.

Device gable roof truss system: assembly and installation

The roof is that structural element of the house, which gives it a unique look. There are a lot of options for the construction of such a structural element. But among them there is one, gable, the appearance of which changes remarkably depending on the angle of inclination of the slope.

In order for the building to be as strong, reliable and durable as possible, the gable roof truss system should be thought out even at the stage of developing a house project. A well-executed design should be able to cope with constant loads, say, the weight of the roof, as well as temporary loads that nature presents - snow, wind, rain. The plan of a gable roof is considered the most optimal, in which the rafter legs with their ends rest against the support beam, the so-called Mauerlat, and are fixed in a special way. In this case, the load can be evenly distributed around the perimeter of the house.

Rafter system design

As already noted, the key to the strength of any roof is its truss system. By design, they are divided into layered and hanging.

hanging

Hanging rafters are bars that have only two points of support, namely the walls of the house. In this case, two types of loads mainly act on each leg - bending and compression.

The hanging ones horizontally transfer the load on them (the weight of the roof, snow, wind) to their fulcrum, that is, to the walls, as a spreading force. To reduce its influence, the rafters are connected with a wooden or metal puff. In the truss device of a broken gable roof, similar puffs are floor beams. With a span of 8 m or more, headstocks with struts are additionally installed under each truss.

Layered

Laminated rafters are bars with an intermediate support, which is supported by additional supports or the inner wall of the house. The main effect of this system on the supports is bending. In the supporting structure of the roof, only layered ones can be used if the intermediate supports are located at a distance of up to 6.5 m from each other.

The layered design is lighter than the hanging or combined system.

The scheme may also contain elements of the future attic. Vertical racks, reinforced with struts and crossbars, which are installed in this case, can serve as part of the attic in the future. They are supported by floor beams. Read: Installation of a gable roof truss system.

Installation of the truss system

Mauerlat mounting methods

In houses that are made of logs or timber, the upper crown serves as a support for the lower part of the rafters, and in brick or stone houses, a special support beam, Mauerlat. It is laid on a waterproofing gasket on the inside of the wall in the attic.

Mauerlat is fixed to the wall:

by means of a reinforcing belt (on concrete with studs), on studs embedded in the masonry walls, using wire rod.

The hairpin is a metal rod with a thread. Its length is chosen on the basis that one half of the stud will be embedded in the wall, and the protruding part should be enough for 3–4 cm to tighten the nut over the Mauerlat.

Skate run

The design of a gable roof with its upper part rests on the so-called ridge run. It is a log or bar to which the upper ends of the rafter legs are attached. It is this run that will later serve as the ridge of the roof.

With a house length of up to 6 m, it is allowed to prepare a ridge run from a single bar or log. At the same time, it can be supported in two pediments without additional supports. With a house length of more than 6, construction trusses are used for the installation of a composite ridge run.

Additional elements

Side runs serve as an additional support for the system itself. They are supported either by building trusses or the gables of the house. If the structure is heavy, the girders are made in the form of a “construction lift” or rocker. Struts help unload the rafters in the center. They are installed under all "legs" at an angle of 45 ° or more. In this way, it is possible to arrange a gable roof up to 14 m. Braces (diagonal beams) strengthen the rafters and help the gables withstand strong wind loads. The support of their upper part is the corner of the pediment, the lower part is the central beam of the ceiling.

Mounting order

Rafters can be installed in two ways:

assemble a farm on the ground and raise it up; assemble farms directly at the installation site.

The choice of installation method, of course, is up to the contractor, however, in any case, when creating the same type of trusses, it is more convenient to use a template according to which the rafters will be cut and connected.

Making such a template is not difficult at all.

To do this, they take two boards, slightly longer than the rafters, lift them up and set them like a future building. Align them vertically so that the top of the ridge is installed in accordance with the drawing, the boards are connected with one nail. By lowering or raising the ends of the boards, they achieve the required angle of inclination and connect the boards with the help of a transverse bar and thus fix them in the desired position. The final version is adjusted to this template and connected.

Mauerlat fastening technology

Mounting is one of the important points when installing a roof. The rafters are attached to the Mauerlat in two ways.

Rigid fastening. The main principle of this technology is the exclusion of any impact on the connection - bends, turns, shifts. Such static can be achieved by fastening the rafters with the help of corners or support beams. You can also perform sawing on the rafters, use staples, drive in nails. Additionally, they are attached to the wall with wire or anchors.

Sliding (articulated). This fastening, which has 2 degrees of freedom, is especially recommended for wooden houses. The moving part in this design are the rafters. It is performed using a special gash, fixing the place of adhesion with two nails hammered at an angle, or a metal plate equipped with holes for nails and others.

Farms are first mounted at the beginning and at the end of the structure, after which a cord is pulled between them. The horizon should be perfectly level. If a skew is found, one of the farms can be slightly lowered. All other rafters are installed under this cord with a step specified in the project. After that, additional elements are mounted: retaining beams, braces, frames and crossbars.

As an example, watch the video: "Gable roofs: installation of the truss system."

A four-pitched roof, provided that it is properly erected, is distinguished not only by its presentable appearance, but also by its increased strength, which allows it to effectively withstand precipitation and strong winds. In this article, we will talk about what is the device of the hipped roof truss system, consider the varieties of such frames, and also describe a detailed work plan for their construction.

Comparative characteristics of frame types: tent and hip

The category of roof with four slopes includes 2 types of frame systems, which schematically look like square (hipped roof) and rectangular (hip roof) envelopes. In our country, the roof envelope is quite popular. The main feature of hipped roofs is the absence of gables. For the construction of the truss system of a hipped roof, in both cases, hanging and layered rafters are used. Their assembly methods are standard for roofs with any number of slopes.

Distinctive features of hipped roofs of various designs:

In the case of a hipped frame, the roof consists of four isosceles triangles that touch at the vertices at one point. In this case, the functions of the ridge are assigned to the central support beam in layered structures, or to the upper point of the hanging truss truss.
The hip-type roof assumes the presence of two triangular and two slopes in the form of a trapezoid. In this case, trapezoidal slopes are adjacent to the ridge beam with upper ribs, and triangular - with vertices. In this case, all four slopes are in contact with each other with lateral ribs.

Studying the plan of the truss system of a hipped roof, we can conclude that the choice of configuration of a hipped roof depends on the shape of the building. That is, square houses are covered with tent structures, and rectangular houses with hip roofs. In this case, you can use any roofing materials, both hard and soft.

When drawing up the drawings of the truss system of a hipped roof, the geometric shape should be clearly indicated, as well as the position of individual elements and projections of slopes with exact dimensions.

As a rule, hip and hip-type rafter systems are combined with traditional single-pitched, gable and sloping roofs within one object.

To support a four-pitched structure, you can use a Mauerlat, which is the upper trim on concrete or brick walls, as well as the upper crown of a log cabin. Layered technology is used in cases where it is possible to install an upper and lower support under each rafter leg.

Mauerlat must be fixed with reinforcement in order to withstand bursting forces in the event of rigid fixation of the rafter legs with wooden plates or metal corners.
If the upper part of the leg is fixed rigidly, and the lower part is hinged, the Mauerlat can be fixed in the usual way. In this case, with increased loads on the frame, the rafters will be able to move slightly.
The bursting load and pressure on the Mauerlat will be leveled when using rigid fasteners on the lower part of the rafters and hinged ones on the upper heels.

Please note that the method of laying the mauerlat and the entire truss system should be provided for at the design stage of the building. In the absence of internal load-bearing walls and the impossibility of placing supporting elements for the central part of the roof, the technology of hanging rafters is used. However, most often, an inclined type of a stable frame is still installed, having provided in advance for the presence of load-bearing structures.

During the construction of hip and hip frames, such specific nodes of the truss system of a hipped roof are used:

Diagonal legs from which the ridges of the slopes are made. In tent-type frames, such slanting legs combine the corners of the roof with its upper point. Hip frames involve joining the consoles of the ridge beam with the corners by means of diagonal rafters.
Sprockets (semi-legs) - elements mounted at an angle of 90 degrees to the cornices. Since they are joined with diagonal rafters and are parallel to each other, their length will differ. Roof slopes are created from such elements.

The same structural elements are used to create valleys, with the only difference being that the corners are made concave.

It is the installation of slanted rafters that is the most difficult. Moreover, these elements will have an increased load, since they serve as a supporting element for fastening in the upper part of the sprigs, that is, they perform the functions of a skate. Therefore, before starting work, it is necessary to calculate the truss system of a hipped roof.

In general, the process of erecting a roof with four slopes includes the following steps:

Laying Mauerlat on brick or concrete walls. In log houses, this element is the upper crown.
Installation of a central support beam under a hipped frame or assembly of supporting structures for a hip roof.
Installation of layered rafter legs for a particular design.
Fastening diagonal rafters that align the corners of the roof with the central top or ends of the ridge.
Marking and installation of sprockets.

If a hanging type of truss system is assumed, then the first step in creating a tented structure will be the placement of a central truss in the shape of a triangle. When creating a hip-type structure, several truss trusses are attached at the initial stage.

hip roof construction

Since in private construction mainly hip roofs with layered rafters are used, we will consider in more detail the installation process of a four-pitched truss system of this design. The support for the structures will be floors placed on the Mauerlat.

Fixing by cutting will be carried out only at the junction of the ridge with the rafters, so the Mauerlat can be installed on conventional mounts. In the building under consideration, the box of the house has dimensions of 8.4 × 10.8 m. The roof on the plan will exceed the dimensions of the house by 40-50 cm on each side - this is the width of the cornice overhang.

Plan for laying supports on the Mauerlat

Depending on the material used to build the walls of the building, the Mauerlat can be laid in various ways.

In the upper part of the walls of gas silicate or foam concrete blocks, it is necessary to pour a reinforced concrete belt in which to place anchors for the subsequent fixation of the Mauerlat.
When constructing brick walls in their upper part, a side of 1-2 bricks is made in such a way that a depression for a wooden frame is formed in the center of the wall. As the masonry progresses, wooden plugs are placed between the bricks, to which the mauerlat will be fixed with brackets.

For Mauerlat you will need a bar with a section of 100 × 150 or 150 × 150 mm. When planning the use of space under the roof, thicker beams should be used. The elements of the frame are joined with oblique cuts, followed by reinforcement with nails, capercaillie or self-tapping screws, and in the corners with staples.

Next, you need to place overlap elements on the Mauerlat. They are made from bars with a section of 100 × 200 mm. The central beam is laid first. If the length of the lumber is not enough, it is made from two pieces of timber. Moreover, the junction should fall on the supporting element, for example, a load-bearing wall.

In this case, the beams are laid in 60 cm increments. As a rule, the box is not ideal, so the spacing between the beams can be slightly adjusted to smooth out imperfections. The indent from the walls of the house to the extreme beams located on both sides should be 90 cm. It is required for the installation of extensions.

Extensions are attached to the end parts of the floor beams. For convenience, at first they are placed only in those places where the rafters will be installed later. They are attached to the surface of the Mauerlat with nails, and to the beams - with dowels, large-section nails, self-tapping screws, after which the fastening is reinforced with corners.

Assembling the ridge section of the hipped roof

The central segment of the hip-type roof is nothing more than a traditional gable design. Therefore, its assembly is carried out according to the technology for pitched roofs. Although such a design usually provides for the presence of a bed on which supports are placed under the ridge, in this example, the functions of such an element are assigned to the central floor beam.

The ridge section of the roof is performed as follows:

First, a support structure is assembled under the rafters, which will rest against the ridge beam with their upper heels. The ridge itself will be supported by three supporting pillars, of which the middle one is mounted directly on the central floor beam. In order to correctly install the two extreme pillars, transverse bars are placed under them on top of the ceiling, covering at least 5 beams in length. Struts provide additional structural stability. The supporting elements of the frame are made of timber with a section of 100 × 150 mm, and the struts are made of boards of 50 × 150 mm.
To ensure that all rafters are the same, a template is made for cutting them. To do this, a board of the required length is tried on at the installation site, the cuts are marked, after which all the rafters are cut along it.
The finished rafters are supported on the ridge beam by the cutting place, and the lower part is fixed on the take-out.

Usually, floor beams are placed perpendicular to the box so that the emphasis of the rafter legs in the central part of the roof falls on them. Since in this example the rafters are joined to the extension, additional supports must be installed. They are placed in such a way as to redistribute the load from the rafters and supports to the walls.

At the end, you need to install three rows of extensions on each side. After that, a cornice is attached to the floor beams and extensions strictly horizontally, facilitating further work with the roof.

Fastening the corner extensions of the truss system

In the corners behind the cornice board, it is necessary to install corner offsets.

They are attached like this:

From the corner to the place of the conditional intersection of the floor beam with the extreme support of the frame, a cord is pulled.
A bar is placed along its contour in the right place. On the bar, it is necessary to mark the places where it intersects the floor beam and the corner joint of the eaves. According to the markup, all excess is cut off.
With the help of corners, the finished element is attached to the ceiling and the Mauerlat.

The same actions are performed with all the remaining offsets.

Roof rafters - drawings

The diameter of the diagonal rafters coincides with the dimensions of ordinary elements. Since in our example the slope of the trapezoidal slopes and hips is different, one of the slanting legs is placed slightly higher than the other.

The process of creating and installing braids is as follows:

With the help of laces, we outline additional lines for marking the washed down, pulling it to the corners and the center of the slope from the top point of the ridge beam.
Determine the angle between the top of the corner stem and the lace. This will be the angle for the bottom cut (α). The upper gash (β) is calculated by the formula: β=90º-α.
We take a piece of board and cut one edge in it at an angle β. Having attached the workpiece to the place of joining the upper parts, we combine its edge with the lace. We mark the excess and saw off.
In another blank for the lower heel, we saw off a section at an angle α.
Using the templates obtained, the first diagonal rafter is cut out. If there is no whole board of the required length, the element is assembled from two pieces. They are spliced using an inch board, 1 m long, placing it on the outside of the rafters. The finished item can be installed.
Similarly, the second half of the diagonal rafters is made, not forgetting that it should be placed slightly lower than the first. The place of joining of the two halves of the sloping should not coincide with the segment of the splicing of the boards into one piece.
Docking boards is made with nails at a distance of 40-50 cm.
Next, along the lace on the rafter, you need to draw a line washed down so that it can be docked with an adjacent diagonal element.

The manufacture of the remaining 3 parts is carried out in a similar way. Under each of these rafters, in places where beams with corner offsets are joined, supports are installed. Additional supports near the ridge are required if the span exceeds 7.5 m.

Assembly and installation of hip rafter legs

On a stretched lace from the ridge to the center of the slope, we measure the lower angle γ and calculate the opposite angle δ=90º-γ. Just as with the diagonal parts, cut templates are made on the upper and lower heel of the element so that it fits snugly between the diagonal rafters. Having made the central rafter of the hip, it must be installed in the appropriate place.

Structural rigidity and reliable fastening of the shortest sprigs is ensured by installing short extensions between the eaves and corner extensions.

At the next stage, templates for sparrows are made:

A piece of board is sawn off at an angle δ and tried on at the junction with a diagonal leg.
Extra sections are distinguished, then they are sawed off. This template will be needed to create all the sprigs that will be installed on one side of the hip. For the other half, washed down on the blanks will need to be done from the opposite side.
The lower heel of the sprigs is cut according to a template sawn off at an angle γ. Such a blank is suitable for creating lower joints on all sprigs.

The manufacture of sprigs is carried out taking into account the estimated length of the elements and according to the manufactured templates. They will fill the plane of the hips and the main slopes. The installation of these parts is carried out in such a way that the joints of the braids with the sprigs from opposite sides do not converge in one place, that is, apart. Corners serve as fasteners for connecting the joists with diagonal rafters, and with protrusions and floor beams - jagged plates or corners - whichever is more convenient for you.

The construction of a roof with a hipped type of frame is carried out using the same technologies as with a hip one. The only difference is the absence of a ridge in hipped roofs. In this case, the installation of the hipped roof truss system begins with the joining of the diagonal rafters, and then the rafters. If hanging rafters are used, the central truss is installed first.

Thus, a detailed study of the features of the construction of hipped roofs will allow you to start creating a frame structure with skill.

When designing any residential building, architects pay special attention to the roof, as it performs not one, but several functions at once, depending on its design features. It must be said that not all future homeowners are satisfied with the usual gable roof, although it can be called the most reliable, since it has only two pitched planes and one joint between them. Many are attracted to more complex designs that add a special appeal and originality to the structure. Other, more practical homeowners prefer attic structures that can simultaneously serve as a roof and a second floor.

The basis of any roof is an individual truss system, which has its own design features. Making the choice of the desired roof frame will be much easier if you figure out in advance which ones types and schemes of truss systems used in building practice. After receiving such information, it will become more clear how complex such structures are in installation. This is especially important to know if the roof frame is supposed to be built independently.

The main functional tasks of truss systems

When arranging pitched roof structures, the truss system is a frame for covering and for holding materials of the "roofing pie". With proper installation of the frame structure, the necessary conditions will be created for the correct and non-insulated types of roofs that protect the walls and the interior of the house from various atmospheric influences.

The roof structure is also always the final architectural element of the exterior design of the building, supporting its stylistic direction with its appearance. Nevertheless, the design features of the truss systems must first of all meet the requirements of strength and reliability that the roof must meet, and only then - aesthetic criteria.

The frame of the truss system forms the configuration and angle of inclination of the roof. These parameters largely depend on the natural factors characteristic of a particular region, as well as on the desire and capabilities of the homeowner:

The amount of precipitation in different periods of the year.
Direction and average wind speed in the area where the building will be erected.
Plans for the use of the space under the roof - arranging residential or non-residential premises in it, or using it only as an air gap for thermal insulation of the premises below.
Variety of planned roofing material.
Financial capacity of the homeowner.

Atmospheric precipitation and the strength of wind currents give a very sensitive load on the structure of the roof. For example, in regions with heavy snowfalls, you should not choose a truss system with a small angle of inclination of the slopes, as snow masses will linger on their surface, which can lead to deformation of the frame or roofing or leaks.

If the area where the construction will be carried out is famous for its winds, then it is better to choose a structure with a slight slope of the slope so that the sharp gusts that occur do not rip off individual elements of the roof and roof.

The main elements of the roof structure

Details and nodes of truss systems

Depending on the chosen type of truss system, the structural elements used can vary significantly, however, there are details that are present in both simple and complex roof systems.

The main elements of the pitched roof truss system include:

Rafter legs forming roof slopes.
- a wooden bar fixed on the walls of the house and serving to fix the lower part of the rafter legs on it.

The ridge is the junction of the frames of two slopes. It is usually the highest horizontal roof line and serves as a support on which the rafters are fixed. The ridge can be formed by rafters fastened together at a certain angle or fixed on a ridge board (run).
Lathing - these are slats or beams mounted on rafters with a certain pitch and serving as the basis for the flooring of the selected roofing material.
Retaining elements, where you can take beds, girders, racks, struts, ties and other parts, serve to increase the rigidity of the rafter legs, support the ridge, link individual parts into a common structure.

In addition to the above structural details, other elements can be included in it, the functions of which are aimed at strengthening the system and optimal distribution of roof loads on the walls of the building.

The truss system is divided into several categories depending on the different features of its design.

attic space

Before proceeding to the consideration of different types of roofs, it is worthwhile to figure out what an attic space can be, since many owners successfully use it as utility and full-fledged living quarters.

The design of pitched roofs can be divided into non-attic and attic. The first option is called just that because the space under the roof has a small height and is used only as an air layer that insulates the building from above. Such systems usually include or have several slopes, but located at a very slight angle.

The attic structure, which has a sufficiently large ridge height, can be used in different ways, be insulated and not insulated. These options include attic or gable option. If a roof with a high ridge is chosen, then it is imperative to take into account wind loads in the region where the house is built.

Slope slope

To determine the optimal slope of the roof slopes of the future residential building, first of all, you need to look at the already built low-rise neighboring houses. If they have been standing for more than one year and steadfastly withstand wind loads, then their design can be safely taken as a basis. In the same case, when the owners set the goal of creating an exclusive original project, unlike the buildings standing nearby, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the design and operational features of various truss systems and make appropriate calculations.

It should be borne in mind that the change in the tangent and normal values of the wind force depends on how large the slope of the roof slopes is - the steeper the angle of inclination, the greater the importance of the normal forces and the smaller the tangents. If the roof is sloping, then the structure is more affected by the tangential wind load, since the lifting force increases on the leeward side and decreases on the windward side.

Winter snow load should also be taken into account when designing the roof. Usually this factor is considered in combination with the wind load, since the snow load on the windward side will be much lower than on the leeward slope. In addition, there are places on the slopes where snow will definitely collect, giving a big load on this area, so it should be strengthened with additional rafters.

Roof slopes can vary from 10 to 60 degrees and must be selected not only with regard to the consolidated external load, but also depending on the roofing that is planned to be used. This factor is taken into account because roofing materials differ in their mass, their fixing requires a different number of elements of the truss system, which means that the load on the walls of the house will also vary, and how large it will be, also depends on the angle of the roof slope. Equally important are the features of each coating in terms of resistance to moisture penetration - in any case, many roofing materials need one or another slope to ensure the free flow of storm water or melting snow. In addition, when choosing a roof slope, you need to think in advance how the process of cleaning and repair work on the roof will be carried out.

When planning this or that angle of the roof slopes, you need to know that the fewer joints between the sheets of the coating, and the tighter they are, the less you can make the slope of the slope, of course, if it is not supposed to arrange a residential or utility room in the attic space.

If a material consisting of small elements, for example, ceramic tiles, is used to cover the roof, then the slope of the slopes must be made steep enough so that water never lingers on the surface.

Given the weight of the roofing material, you need to know - the heavier the coating, the greater the angle of the slopes should be, since in this case the load will be correctly distributed to the rafter system and load-bearing walls.

The following materials can be used to cover the roof: either a profile sheet, galvanized steel, corrugated asbestos-concrete and bitumen-fiber sheets, cement and ceramic tiles, roofing felt, soft roofing and other roofing materials. The illustration below shows the allowable slope angles for various types of roofing.

Basic structures of truss systems

First of all, it is worth considering the basic types of truss systems regarding the location of the walls of the house, which are used in all roof structures. The basic options are divided into layered, hanging, and also combined, that is, including elements of both the first and second types of systems in their design.

fasteners for rafters

Layered system

In buildings where internal load-bearing walls are provided, a layered truss system is often installed. It is much easier to install than a hanging one, since the internal load-bearing walls provide reliable support for its elements, and in addition, fewer materials will be required for this design.

For rafters in this system, the defining reference point is the ridge board, on which they are fixed. The non-thrust type of the layered system can be equipped in three versions:

In the first version, the upper side of the rafters is fixed on a ridge support, called a sliding one, and their lower side is fixed by cutting to the Mauerlat. Additionally, the rafters in the lower part are fixed to the wall with wire or staples.

In the second case, the rafters in the upper part are cut at a certain angle and interconnected using special metal plates.

The lower edge of the rafter legs is attached to the Mauerlat with movable fasteners.

In the third version, the rafters are rigidly fastened in the upper part with bars or processed boards located horizontally, parallel to each other on both sides of the rafters connected at an angle, and a ridge run is pinched between them.

In the lower part, sliding fasteners are used to fix the rafters, just as in the previous case.

It is necessary to explain why sliding fasteners are often used to fix the rafters on the Mauerlat. The fact is that they are able to save the load-bearing walls from excessive stress, since the rafters are not rigidly fixed, and when the structure shrinks, they have the ability to move without deforming the overall structure of the roofing system.

This type of fastening is used only in layered systems, which also distinguishes them from the hanging version.

However, in some cases, a spacer system is used for layered rafters, in which the lower end of the rafters is rigidly fixed to the Mauerlat, and in order to remove the load from the walls, puffs and struts are built into the structure. This option is called complex, as it includes elements of a layered and hanging system.

There are several options for roofs, one of which is gable. The construction does not require a lot of talent, since this type of roof is the simplest. The housing element consists of the parts shown in the figure:

The design consists of the following parts:
Skate. The upper part that will connect the 2 slopes.
Rack. An installation that serves to redistribute weight from the top to the bottom of the roof. It must be made from quality materials.
Sill. Bar located horizontally. Connects the rack and load-bearing wall.

Struts. These boards are fixed at a slight angle. They serve to redistribute the weight from the rafters to the supporting elements below.

Rafter leg. These elements form a visible outline in the shape of a triangle. They serve to hold the roofing. The heavier it is, the more often it is necessary to lay the rafters.
Filly. Boards that extend the rafters. Necessary to create an overhang from a gable roof, according to building codes, which should be at least 0.5 m.

Difference between rafters
a gable roof and a drawing is quite realistic to do on your own. There are several ways to construct all elements. The difference is the truss system used for construction. There are the following types of rafters:

With strong winds in the construction area, the angle is made around 10-12o so that the roof is not torn off.
With significant winter precipitation, the slope is within 30-40o. snow will slide off easily. There are no difficulties in the calculations, but if the roof is made with a complex shape, this will make it difficult to calculate the required values.

Roof construction

Fixing rafters. If hanging ones are used, they must be assembled in advance, using fasteners to stiffen this part. First, the extreme elements are made, after the internal ones. With a layered system, a bed is first created, where the supports will be installed. If the length of the elements is insufficient, you can add it using the installation of filly.