- one of the largest and well-developed subjects of the Russian Federation. Over the long history of its existence, the republic has formed as an important geopolitical center of Russia between the areas of European and Asian cultures.
This was facilitated by a favorable economic and geographical position on the eastern borders of the European subcontinent, the proximity of the industrial Central Region and the Urals. Being at the crossroads of the largest transport systems in Russia, the region is connected with the raw material bases of Siberia, the agricultural regions of the Volga Federal District.
Modern Tatarstan is a large region with a complex diversified industry and developed agriculture. The Republic has a high educational and scientific potential.
Geographical position
Tatarstan is located in the center of the Russian Federation on the East European Plain, at the confluence of two major rivers - the Volga and the Kama. The extreme northern point is located near the village of Verkhniy Sardek, Baltasinsky district - 56o40.5′ N, the southern one is near the village of Khansverkino, Bavlinsky district - 53o58′ N, the western one is near the village of Tatarskaya Bezdna, Drozhzhanovsky district - 47o16′ E .d., eastern - near the village of Tynlamas, Aktanysh district - 54o17′ E. From west to east, the republic stretches for 450 km, and from south to north - for 285 km.
It borders in the north with the Kirov region, in the northeast - with the Republic of Udmurtia, in the east - with the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the southeast - with the Orenburg region, in the south - with the Samara region, in the southwest - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the west - with the Chuvash Republic, in the north-west - with the Mari Republic.
The total area of Tatarstan is 67,836 km2, or 0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation, and about 7% of the territory of the Volga Federal District.
Kazan is the capital of the republic, located 797 km east of Moscow.
Geological structure and minerals
The platform is based on a crystalline foundation from ancient Archean-Proterozoic rocks. From above, it is overlain by a thick cover of sedimentary rocks of marine and continental origin, 1500–2000 m thick.
Devonian rocks lie on the surface of the basement, below - terrigenous (sandstones, silts, mudstones), above - carbonate (limestones, dolomites with interlayers of gypsum and anhydrite). The thickness of the Devonian deposits is up to 700 m.
The territory of the republic is located in the east of the largest tectonic structure - the Russian platform, within the Volga-Ural anteclise. The main tectonic elements are the Tatar arch with the northern (Kukmorsky) and southern (Almetevsky) ledges, the Melekesskaya depression and the southern part of the Kazan-Kazhimsky trough. The western part of the territory belongs to the eastern slope of the Tokmovsky arch.
The predominant surface area of the republic is composed of Upper Permian deposits.
Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) predominate with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites.
Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme south-west of the republic.
Rocks of the Carboniferous system (Carboniferous) lie above. Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) predominate with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites. The thickness of the sequence is from 600 to 1000 m. The Permian deposits are represented by the lower and upper sections. The Lower Permian rocks are represented by dolomites, limestones with interlayers of gypsum, anhydrites and marls. The greatest thickness of these deposits is in the east of the republic (up to 300 m), where they come out to the surface in some places.
The predominant surface area of the republic is composed of Upper Permian deposits. They almost everywhere come to the surface in the river valleys, are opened by ravines. In the west of the republic, in the lower part, carbonate rocks of marine origin predominate - dolomites and limestones with gypsum interbeds.
Above lie continental formations - red-colored clays, sandstones and marls that make up the watershed surfaces. The thickness of the deposits reaches 280-350 m.
In the east, in the lower part, sandy-argillaceous rocks with interlayers of limestones and marls predominate, clayey-sandy deposits lie above, which are replaced by sandy, silty, clayey continental formations occurring on the highest watersheds with thin interlayers of marls, limestones and dolomites (photo). The total thickness of the deposits reaches 200-300 m.
Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme south-west of the republic. The formations of the Jurassic system are represented by clays, siltstones, marls with interlayers of sandstones, oil shales and phosphorite pebbles. The thickness reaches 70-80 m. Cretaceous deposits are gray, dark gray clays, sandstones with thin interlayers of phosphorites, marls, limestones, with a total thickness of up to 120-160 m.
Cenozoic deposits are represented by deposits of the Neogene and Quaternary system, which were formed in continental conditions. Neogene formations are confined to the valleys of large and medium-sized rivers. These are deposits composed of dark gray silty-argillaceous rocks with interlayers and lenses of sands and pebbles with a total thickness of 200-300 m.
The youngest Quaternary deposits everywhere cover the entire territory of the republic. In the valleys of the Volga and Kama, the thickness of alluvial deposits of the terrace complex reaches 70-120 m, their composition is predominantly sandy with interlayers of pebbles, clays, loams and sandy loams.
Slope deposits reach a thickness of 15-20 m at the bottom of the slopes, decreasing up the slope. On the watersheds, the thickness of the deposits is 1.5-2.0 m. The composition is predominantly loamy, sandy loamy with crushed stone.
Minerals
The most valuable are deposits of combustible and non-metallic minerals - oil, gas, bitumen, hard and brown coal, oil shale, peat, building stone, sand and gravel materials. Oil and associated gas are produced mainly in the Trans-Kama and Eastern Fore-Kama regions of the republic. The main deposits are confined to the lower stage of the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, mostly small in terms of reserves. Large deposits include only Romashkinskoye, Novo-Elkhovskoye and Bavlinskoye. The oil is heavy, sour. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - a valuable chemical raw material.
Hard and brown coals have been explored in the Eastern Trans-Kama region of the republic, they lie at considerable depths - from 900 to 1200 m, which makes their extraction unprofitable.
Significant reserves of bitumen and bituminous rocks are confined to the Permian deposits - reserve sources for obtaining hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as deposits of gypsum, limestone, dolomite.
Among the minerals of the Mesozoic, the most important are oil shale, phosphorites, and zeolite-containing rocks. They are found in the southwestern regions of the republic in the Volga region. Small reserves and low quality limit the extraction of these types of minerals.
Deposits of bentonite clays, loams, sands, sand and gravel materials, building stone (rubble stone and crushed stone), and peat are confined to the Cenozoic deposits. They are widely distributed throughout the territory of the republic, they are sources of construction and mining raw materials.
Relief
The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is a plain with uplands and lowlands, which were formed over a geologically long time. The average height of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is 150–160 m, 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The highest heights are in the southeastern part of the republic within the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland. The highest point is 381 m. The minimum heights are confined to the left bank of the Volga and Kama rivers, the lowest mark is 53 m (the water line of the Kuibyshev reservoir).
The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is divided into three parts by the Volga and Kama valleys - in the west, on the right bank of the Volga, the Pre-Volga region is distinguished, in the north, on the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama - Predkamye, in the south, southeast, on the left bank of the Kama - Zakamye.
The western part of the republic is the Volga Upland, the northern and eastern borders of which are washed by the Volga waters. The average height of the Pre-Volga region is 140 m, the maximum is 276 m (the upper reaches of the Bezdna River, the right tributary of the Sura, the Drozhzhanovsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan). The banks of the Volga are everywhere steep, indented by valleys of small rivers and ravines.
In the Predkamye, in the north-west of the republic, the southern end includes the southern end of the Vyatsky Uval upland. The highest heights here reach 235 m in the upper reaches of the Ilet and Shoshma rivers, the average height is 125 m. - 120 m, the average height of interfluve spaces is 140-160 m.
In the southeast of the republic, in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, the highest territory is observed - the Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya Upland with an average height of 175 m. Two high-altitude steps are well pronounced: 220-240 m and 300-320 m.
The low plains are formed by large rivers, the valleys of which were laid along tectonic faults and troughs. The largest area is occupied by the Zavolzhskaya lowland. It stretches along the left bank of the Volga in the form of a complex of terraces in a narrow strip to the confluence with the Kama, and then, expanding, forms the low-lying Western Trans-Kama region with leveled spaces 80-100 and 120-160 m high.
The Kama-Belskaya lowland corresponds to the valleys of the Kama and Belaya, Ika rivers with prevailing heights of 100-120 m.
The valleys of large and medium-sized rivers have a pronounced asymmetry of slopes, due to the displacement of the channels of these rivers to the right under the influence of the Coriolis force. Steep and high banks are composed of bedrock. On the gentler left slopes, there is a complex of river floodplain terraces.
Large landforms are complicated by river valleys of small rivers and streams, ravines, and beams. The asymmetry of the slopes of the valleys of small rivers is associated with uneven heating of slopes of different exposures in a cold periglacial climate. The slopes facing south and west are steeper.
The features of the relief make it possible to develop agriculture in all regions of the republic. However, human activity, as a result of which forests were reduced, which converted surface runoff into underground, and large areas of land were plowed up, contributed to the development of ravine and soil erosion.
Karst processes are widespread in Permian carbonate rocks, landslides on the slopes of river valleys composed of clays, and other small erosive landforms.
Climate
The climate of the republic is temperate continental. Summers are warm, winters are moderately cold. The duration of sunshine averages 1900 hours, the sunniest period is from April to August. The total solar radiation per year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.
The climate is formed under the influence of the west-east transfer of air masses. Air masses from the Atlantic soften the climate, form cloudy weather with precipitation. Air from Siberia and the Arctic brings a significant cooling during the cold period.
The warmest month of the year is July with average temperatures of 18-20 °C, the coldest is January (-13, -14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44, -48 °C (in Kazan -46.8 °C in 1942). The absolute maximum temperature is +40 °C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C. The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 °C.
The average amount of precipitation is from 460 to 520 mm. During the warm period of the year (above 0 °C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum - in February (21-27 mm). Some years are dry. The growing season is about 170 days.
Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of the snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm. The maximum depth of soil freezing is 110-165 cm.
Climatic resources of individual regions of the republic are different. The Pre-Kama and Eastern Trans-Kama regions are relatively cold, but better moistened parts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Western Zakamye is a relatively warm region, but droughts are often observed. The Pre-Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan has the best combination of climatic indicators. The climatic conditions of the republic are moderately favorable for agriculture.
Surface and ground water
The territory of the republic has an extensive river network, which belongs to the Volga-Kama basin. The total length of all rivers is about 22 thousand km, and their number is more than 3.5 thousand. The largest rivers are the Volga, Kama, Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.
They are transit, their sources are in other regions of the Russian Federation. Transit inflow of river waters is about 230 km3/year, and surface waters of local formation - 8-10 km3/year. The main part of the river network is made up of small rivers and streams. The total area of the water surface is 4.5 thousand km2, or 6.5% of the entire territory of the republic.
The rivers of the republic have a mixed supply with a predominance of snow, which provides 60-80% of the annual flow. In second place is underground, in third - rain food.
The nature of nutrition determines the water regime of rivers. On all rivers, the spring flood is clearly distinguished by a sharp increase in water levels. The earliest (March 28-29) flood begins on the rivers of the south-west of the republic, ends in early May. The average duration is 30-60 days.
After the spring flood comes the summer low water, with low water levels, some rivers and streams dry up. At this time, the river is fed exclusively by groundwater. After intense and prolonged rains, the summer low water is interrupted by floods, on average 2-3 times.
In autumn, a slight rise in water is observed on the rivers, which is largely due to a decrease in evaporation from the surface of the basin. With the onset of cold weather, the rivers begin to freeze, ice formation forms. The thickness of the ice reaches 50-80 cm. During the winter, a steady low water is observed on the rivers, the lowest water levels and discharges are observed, food is supplied from groundwater.
The Volga is the largest river in the European part of Russia and the largest river in Europe. The total length of the Volga is 3530 km, the basin area is 1360 thousand km2. It originates on the Valdai Upland at an altitude of 228 m, from a spring in the village of Volgo-Verkhovye, Tver Region, and, flowing throughout Central Russia, flows into the Caspian Sea. In the republic, the Volga flows in its western part for 186 km. The right bank is high, forming picturesque cliffs and ledges. The left bank is gently sloping, occupied by floodplain terraces. The width near the city of Kazan is 3-6 km, in the area of Kamskoye Ustye - up to 35 km. The main tributaries within the republic are the Kama and the Sviyaga.
The Kama is the leftmost tributary of the Volga. The length is 1805 km, the basin area is 507 thousand km2. The sources are located in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland (in the northeast of Udmurtia). It enters the republic with its lower course (360 km), crossing it from the northeast to the southwest. It flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley. The average water discharge at the mouth is 3500 m3/s.
Large tributaries of the Kama - Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.
Belaya - the left tributary of the Kama, flows from the South Ural Mountains. The total length of the river is 1430 km, on the territory of the republic - 50 km. The river bed is winding, the valley is wide. The average water consumption is 950 m3/s.
The Vyatka is the right tributary of the Kama, flows from north to south, the length is 1314 km (60 km in the republic), the basin area is 129 thousand km2. The current is slow, the channel is winding, a well-developed valley with a steep right bank, the left bank is gentle. There are a lot of riffles on the river. The average water consumption is 890 m3/s.
Ik is a large left tributary of the Kama, flowing downstream after the Belaya River, flows from south to north. Of the 598 km of its length, 483 km are located in Tatarstan, forming a natural border with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The average water consumption is 45.5 m3/s.
The right tributary of the Volga, the Sviyaga, flows through the pre-Volga region of the republic. Starts in the Ulyanovsk region. Length - 375 km (206 km - in the republic), basin area - 16700 km2. It flows from south to north parallel to the Volga. The river bed is winding, the width at low water is 20-30 m. The average water flow is 34 m3/s.
The basins of the Ileti, Kazanka, Mesha, as well as the right tributaries of the Lower Kama (Shumbut, Bersut) and the Lower Vyatka (Shoshma, Burets) are located in the Western Pre-Kama region. The largest is the Mesha River (271 km, average discharge 17.4 m3/s).
In the Eastern Pre-Kama region there are two middle rivers - Izh and Toima with sources in Udmurtia. In the Western Trans-Kama region, the largest rivers are the Bolshoi Cheremshan and Aktai, and in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, Stepnoy Zai and Sheshma.
The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs that provide the republic with water resources for various purposes. The Kuibyshev reservoir was created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, it provides seasonal regulation of the flow of the Middle Volga, navigation, water supply and irrigation. The Nizhnekamsk reservoir was created in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydroelectric complex. The Zainsky hydroelectric complex was established in 1963, it serves for the technical support of the state district power station. The Karabash reservoir was created in 1957 and serves to supply water to oil fields and industrial enterprises.
On the territory of the republic there are more than 8 thousand lakes, more than 7 thousand swamps. The most swampy is the northern part of the Eastern Trans-Kama region - the Kama-Belskaya lowland.
On the territory of the republic there are 731 hydraulic structures, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.
The bowels of the republic are rich in groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh. Groundwater resources fully meet the needs of the population. There are 1.45 m3/day of fresh underground water per inhabitant.
A large number of springs - about 4 thousand. Many of them are equipped, they are places of pilgrimage ("holy keys").
The total reserves of mineral underground waters are 3.3 thousand m3/day.
Soils
The soils are very diverse - from soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozems prevail.
There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:
Severny (Pre-Kama) - the most common are light gray forest (29%) and sod-podzolic (21%), located mainly on the watershed plateaus and upper parts of the slopes. 18.3% percent is occupied by gray and dark gray forest soils. Soddy soils are found on uplands and hills. 22.5% is occupied by eroded soils, floodplain - 6-7%, marsh - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Mamadyshsky), soil erosion is strong, which affects up to 40% of the territory.
Western (Pre-Volga region) - forest-steppe soils (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%) prevail in the northern part. A significant area is occupied by podzolized and leached chernozems. High areas of the region are occupied by soddy-podzolic and light gray soils (12%). Floodplain soils occupy 6.5%, marsh soils - 1.2%. In the south-west of the region, chernozems are common (leached soils predominate).
Southeastern (Zakamie) - to the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary chernozems predominate, the right bank of the Small Cheremshan is occupied by dark gray soils. Gray forest and chernozem soils predominate to the east of Sheshma, and leached chernozems dominate in the northern part of the region.
The main part of the territory of the republic is represented by agricultural land. Chernozems are the most fertile. They occupy 40% of arable land. Water and wind erosion, intensive agriculture contribute to the decrease in land fertility.
Flora and fauna
The territory of the republic in the north of the Kama region enters the taiga zone. Most of the Cis-Kama region, the Volga region, the northern part of the Trans-Kama region is located in the zone of deciduous forests, the south of the Cis-Volga region and most of the Trans-Kama region are in the forest-steppe zone.
Only about 17% of the republic's territory is covered with forests. The forests are dominated by deciduous species (oak, linden, birch and aspen), coniferous species are represented mainly by pine and spruce.
The taiga zone is represented by two subzones: the southern taiga zone, with a predominance of coniferous tree species in the forests, and the subtaiga zone, with mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests. Spruce and fir are typical for the forest north of the Volga region, to the south they are replaced by broad-leaved species, especially oak and linden, which is included in the second tier along with elm and Norway maple. Hazel, warty euonymus and other shrubs grow in the undergrowth. Where there are few of them, lush oak forbs develop; there are also mossy places where green mosses are combined with fern thickets.
To the south, natural forests become smaller, the number of broad-leaved species in them increases, linden and oak predominate. Pine forests with oak and linden are found on light sandy loam deposits and sands.
In the southern forest-steppe, starting on the left bank of the Volga south of the Kama River, and on the right bank south of the outskirts of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the amount of heat increases. Here, drier soddy meadow steppes are more common, with a predominance of feather grass, thin-legged, and fescue.
Tatarstan is located on the border of two zoogeographic zones - forests and steppes. There is a wide variety of species - more than 400 vertebrates and more than 270 birds.
In addition to the wolf, fox, common hedgehog, common for the European part of Russia, elks are found here (in the north), occasionally there are bears, lynxes, pine martens and ermines. Siberian species – Siberian weasel and chipmunk – penetrate here from the northeast. Of the common forest rodents, there are hare, squirrel living in tall pine and mixed forests, and dormouse, usually living in oak forests with dense undergrowth. Among mammals there are also waterfowl, such as desman, otter, mink, muskrat.
In the forest-steppe, in addition to the steppe, there are also numerous species of forest animals living in oak forests and pine forests. The steppe fauna of the Middle Volga region is represented by the jerboa, marmot, mole voles, hare, steppe polecat and others.
Many migratory birds nest in the republic and live here temporarily. As among animals, among birds there is also a mutual penetration of the forest and the steppe. The three-toed woodpecker, black grouse, capercaillie, eagle owl, eared owl, tawny owl and hazel grouse are adjacent to the black swift, partridge - gray and white, bustard and lark - field and forest. Inhabitants of reservoirs are numerous: lake gull, Volgar, or steamboat gull, river tern, as well as swans, geese, ducks, dives and mergansers. Feathered predators - peregrine falcon, hawk, upland buzzard, tuvik, griffon vulture, black vulture, steppe eagle, golden eagle, kite, marsh harrier and others - a total of 28 species.
Specially protected natural areas
Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) have been created in the republic to preserve natural complexes. According to the state cadastre of protected areas in the republic, their total number is 163, including the largest of them - the Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, as well as 25 state nature reserves and 135 natural monuments with a total area of 137.8 thousand ha, or 2% of the total area of the republic.
To preserve the diversity of flora and fauna on the territory of the republic, the Volga-Kama Reserve was founded in 1960. It is located in the Western Predkamye, includes two isolated areas: Raifsky (in the Zelenodolsk region, 25 km northwest of Kazan) and Saralovsky (in the Laishevsky region, on the left bank of the Volga, 60 km south of Kazan). Its area is 8 thousand hectares (more than 7 thousand hectares are covered with forests, 58 hectares are occupied by meadows, 62 hectares are reservoirs).
The relief of the Raifa area is mostly flat. The beautiful Raifa Lake, into which the Sumka River flows, has been preserved. The relief of the Saralovsky area is characterized by significant fluctuations in absolute heights (from 50 m to 140 m).
The flora of the reserve consists of more than 800 species. Of particular interest is the dendrological garden located in the Raifa forestry. It contains plants from almost all continents. The reserve also protects 55 species of mammals, 195 species of birds and 30 species of fish (the coastal shallow waters are rich spawning grounds).
The vegetation on the Raifa site is bicentennial mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests (with a predominance of pine), characteristic of the central zone of the European part of Russia, there are also oak, linden, spruce, birch, and aspen. The southern boundary of spruce and fir distribution in the European part of Russia passes along the Raifsky site. About 570 species of vascular plants have been registered in the Raifa area, rare species include single-leaved pulp, tuberous calypso, sedges: chaff, tangled, two-seeded.
More than 90% of the Saralovsky section is covered with forest; mainly pine and linden. The most interesting are pine woodlands on sandy hills, where Siberian bluebell, sleep-grass, Marshall's wormwood, Polissya fescue, sandy astragalus, spiked speedwell penetrate. Of the rare species, there are feathery feather grass, squat sedge. Many species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The fauna of the reserve is very rich. There are 21 species of rodents: flying squirrel, common squirrel, river beaver, garden and forest dormouse, red-backed vole, yellow-throated mouse, European hare and white hare. Six species of insectivores have been registered: common hedgehog, mole, shrew. Occasionally there are a wolf, a bear, a lynx, an ermine, a roe deer, a reddish ground squirrel, a hamster; fox and elk, badger, raccoon dog, weasel, American mink, pine marten are common.
Birds are numerous: black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, quail, turtledove, wood pigeon, rock dove, corncrake, gray heron, woodcock, snipe; less often capercaillie, gray crane. Of the owls, the Tawny Owl, the boreal and passerine owls live, of the predatory ones - the golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, black kite.
The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park was established in 1991 to preserve and restore the unique natural complex of the richest floristically and typologically forested areas and floodplain meadow communities of the Republic of Tatarstan and use them for scientific, recreational, educational and cultural purposes.
The park is located in the north-east of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Eastern Pre-Kama and Eastern Trans-Kama regions, in the valley of the Kama River and its tributaries Toima, Kriushi, Tanaika, Shilninka. Administratively, the territory of the park is located within two administrative districts - Tukaevsky and Yelabuga. The area of the national park is 26.6 thousand hectares.
Of the local climatic factors, it is worth noting the structural features of the relief and the presence on the territory of a large water basin - the Nizhnekamsk reservoir. The surface of the territory is slightly wavy, dissected by valleys of small rivers and streams, a network of ravines and ravines. The position of the park on the border of three natural subzones (broad-leaved-spruce and broad-leaved forests, meadow steppes) determined the diversity of natural landscape complexes and flora of the park.
The flora of the national park is represented by more than 650 species of higher vascular plants, the basis of which are forest (boreal, upland, nemoral) species growing in forested and forested ecotopes; as well as plants of upland and floodplain meadows, which are confined to watersheds and the valley of the Kama River, to the valleys of small rivers.
Also, about 100 species of lichens, more than 50 species of mosses, more than 100 species of macromycetes grow in the park.
Feather grass growing in the park, red pollenhead are listed in the Red Book of Russia; 86 species of plants present in the flora of the national park are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The fauna of the park as a whole is typical for the east of the middle zone of the European part of Russia. Mammals are represented by 42 species. Among them are the typical inhabitants of the forest: elk, roe deer, wild boar, lynx, badger, pine marten, squirrel, weasel; and inhabitants of reservoirs and their coastal part: beaver, muskrat, otter, raccoon dog. The water bat, brown ear bat, forest bat, forest mouse and chipmunk living in the national park are rare species and are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan. The avifauna is quite diverse (more than 190 species, including 136 nesting species). Most of the species are forest, open space and wetland species.
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State structure and population
Tatarstan is a republic within the Russian Federation. The head of state and the highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan is the President. He heads the system of executive bodies of state power in the republic and manages the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan at the proposal of the President.
Republic of Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan is a subject of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russia - a republic. It is part of the Volga Federal District. It was formed on the basis of the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of May 27, 1920 as an autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.
The capital is the city of Kazan. It borders on the Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Orenburg regions, Bashkortostan, Mari El, the Udmurt Republic, Chuvashia.
Tatarstan is located in the center of the Russian Federation on the East European Plain, at the confluence of two major rivers - the Volga and the Kama. Kazan is located 797 km east of Moscow. The length of the territory of the Republic is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east.
The territory of the republic is a plain in the forest and forest-steppe zone with small hills on the right bank of the Volga and the south-east of the republic. 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level.
More than 16% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of mainly deciduous trees (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine and spruce. The local fauna is represented by 430 species of vertebrates and hundreds of species of various invertebrates.
Minerals
The main resource of the subsoil of the republic is oil. The republic has 800 million tons of recoverable oil; the estimated reserves are over 1 billion tons.
In Tatarstan, 127 fields have been explored, including more than 3,000 oil deposits. Here is the second largest deposit in Russia and one of the largest in the world - Romashkinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region of Tatarstan. Among the large deposits, Novoelkhovskoye and Sausbashskoye, as well as the middle Bavlinskoye deposit, stand out. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - about 40 m^(3) per 1 ton of oil. Several minor deposits of natural gas and gas condensate are known.
108 coal deposits have been discovered on the territory of Tatarstan. At the same time, only coal deposits associated with the South Tatar, Melekessky and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. The depth of coal occurrence is from 900 to 1400 m.
Other minerals
In the bowels of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, building sand, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, gypsum, sand and gravel mixture, peat, as well as promising reserves of oil bitumen, brown and hard coal, oil shale, zeolites, copper, bauxite . The most important are zeolite-containing rocks (about half of the non-metallic reserves of the republic), carbonate rocks (about 20%), clay rocks (also about 30%), sand and gravel mixture (7.7%), sands (5.4%), gypsum (1.7%). 0.1% is occupied by phosphorites, iron oxide pigments and bituminous rocks
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the most important mineral resource regions of the Russian Federation.
108 coal deposits have been discovered on the territory of Tatarstan. At the same time, only coal deposits confined to the South Tatar, Melekessky and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. Depth of coal occurrence - from 900 to 1400 m
127 oil fields have been discovered in Tatarstan, uniting more than 3,000 oil deposits. One of the largest fields in Russia is located here - Romashkinskoye in the south of the republic, and a large Novoelkhovskoye oil field near the city of Almetyevsk. Also large deposits are Bavlinskoye, Pervomayskoye, Bondyuzhskoye, Yelabuga, Sobachinskoye. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Several minor deposits of natural gas and gas condensate are known.
As before, the leading mineral resource for the republic is oil, on the basis of which powerful oil-producing and petrochemical complexes have been created and are functioning, as well as modern oil-refining production is being formed. In terms of oil production, the republic steadily ranks second among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, second only to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The state of industrial oil reserves in the republic can be characterized as prosperous. The availability of oil reserves of industrial categories at the current level of production is about 30 years.
bitumen
The Republic of Tatarstan has the largest natural bitumen resource potential in Russia. The prospects for their development are increasing due to the possibility of obtaining energy carriers from them, alternative to fuel oil and natural gas. Today, the most important task of developing the bitumen potential is to attract investment in the development of these deposits and the introduction of new effective methods to increase the extraction of bitumen. The reserves and predicted resources of hard coal available in the republic represent a distant reserve for the development of the fuel and energy complex. To prepare the raw material base of coal, it is necessary to carry out geological exploration and pilot work to improve the technologies for underground mining of coal deposits.
Reserves of eighteen types of solid non-metallic minerals have been explored on the territory of the republic. On their basis, production is organized and the needs of the economy of the republic are fully or partially met in building and silicate sand, enriched sand and gravel mixture, building gypsum, ceramic bricks, expanded clay gravel, bent powder for drilling fluids and foundry production, building lime, building crushed stone, limestone and phosphate flour. In recent years, raw material bases of molding sands, mineral paints and zeolite-containing marls have been created.
Pilot production of natural bitumen is carried out only at the Mordovo-Karmalskoye field (Leninogorsk region). Production is carried out by in situ combustion using a thermogas generator. Over 15 years, about 200 thousand tons of bitumen were produced, which were used mainly for the manufacture of asphalt and the production of anti-corrosion varnish at the Shugurovsky oil-bitumen plant.
Oil
The raw material base of the oil industry of the republic is connected with the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, located in its eastern part.
All developed oil fields are concentrated on the South Tatar arch, the southeastern slope of the North Tatar arch and the eastern side of the Melekes depression. The main oil and gas complexes are located in the lower parts of the sedimentary cover (depths from 0.6 to 2 km) in the stratigraphic range from the Middle Devonian to the Middle Carboniferous. Productive oil deposits are confined to the Eifelian-Lower Frasnian terrigenous, Upper Frasnian-Tournaisian carbonate, Visean terrigenous, Oka-Bashkirian carbonate, Vereya and Kashira-Gzhel terrigenous-carbonate oil and gas complexes.
The initial total resources (NSR) of oil as of January 1, 2006 amounted to 4.66 billion tons. In the structure of the NSR, cumulative production is 63%, residual commercial reserves of categories A + B + C1 - 19%, preliminary estimated reserves of category C2 - 3%, prospective resources of category C3 - 3%, forecast resources of category D - 12%. More than 85% of the oil extracted by the NSR is concentrated in the South Tatar arch, mainly in its arch (63.5%), and on the western slope (22.9%). The Melekesskaya depression and the North Tatar arch account for 7.4% and 5.6% of the recoverable NSR of oil, respectively.
The degree of exploration of the NSR is 95.65%. The degree of depletion of the initial recoverable oil reserves is 80.4%.
The current total resources (TCP) of oil as of 01.01.2006 amounted to 1.7 billion tons, of which 51.7% accounted for residual industrial reserves of categories A + B + C1, preliminary estimated reserves of category C2 - 7.3 %, prospective resources of category C3 - 8% and forecast resources of category D - 33%. The main amount (71.5%) of TCP oil is confined to the South Tatar arch.
In the structure of remaining recoverable oil reserves of categories A + B + C1, active reserves account for 32.1%, hard-to-recover reserves - 67.9% (Fig. 2.1.3).
The degree of depletion of active reserves is estimated at 89.7%, hard-to-recover reserves - 44.7%. In terms of oil quality, the developed fields are predominantly sour and high-sour (99.9% of residual recoverable reserves) and high-viscosity (67% of residual recoverable reserves), and in terms of density - medium and heavy (68% of residual recoverable reserves).
As of January 1, 2006, the state balance sheet included 150 oil fields, of which 78 are on the balance sheet of OAO V Tatneft.
In terms of the amount of residual recoverable reserves, most of the fields are small (with reserves up to 3 million tons), the Bavlinskoye field is medium (with reserves of 3-30 million tons), the Novo-Elkhovskoye field is large (with reserves of 30-300 million tons), the Romashkinskoye field - to unique (with reserves of more than 300 million tons) objects. The last two fields account for more than 50% of industrial grade oil reserves and 58% of its production.
As of January 1, 2006, the stock of uplifts prepared for deep drilling includes 234 objects with total recoverable oil resources of C3 category in the amount of 136.7 million tons.
The degree of exploration of the bowels of the republic is 85.7%. Unexplored oil resources (33% of the total TCP) are located within poorly explored areas, where there is a possibility of discovering small deposits and deposits with a complex structure of traps and a strong variability in reservoir properties.
More than 99% of recoverable category reserves. А+В+С1 on explored oil fields are in the distributed fund. The leading subsoil user in the republic is OAO TatneftV, which owns 77.5% of the remaining recoverable oil reserves of categories A+B+C1. 22.5% of the explored remaining recoverable oil reserves are concentrated in the licensed areas of NOC.
Oil production in the republic, as well as in the entire Volga-Ural oil and gas province, is at the stage of natural decline.
However, over the past ten years, there has been a steady trend of its increase from 25.6 to 30.7 million tons. The level of oil production has been maintained within the range of 28-30 million tons over the past five years. Stabilization and growth in production were achieved through the use of in the oil fields of effective technologies for the development of exploited fields using intra-loop waterflooding, putting hard-to-recover reserves into active development, the widespread introduction of hydrodynamic methods for increasing oil recovery, as well as the prompt inclusion of new fields in development.
Solid non-metallic minerals
On the territory of the republic, 1100 deposits and manifestations of solid non-metallic minerals have been identified and explored, the vast majority of which are common. As of 01.01.2006, the republican balance accounted for more than 250 deposits of 18 types of non-metallic mineral raw materials, of which 60% are involved in exploitation (Table 2.1.3).
Deposits of solid non-metallic minerals on the territory of the republic are unevenly distributed, which is largely due to the location of enterprises in the building materials industry that consume mineral resources.
Building lime is produced at the Kazan Plant of Silicate Wall Materials and the Naberezhnye Chelny Plant of Building Materials. Gypsum stone is processed at the Arakcha gypsum plant from raw materials supplied from the Kamsko-Ustyinsky gypsum mine.
Phosphate and lime fertilizers are produced by OAO Holding Company TatagrokhimservisV. He is developing the Syundyukovskoye phosphorite deposit, on the basis of which an enterprise for the production of phosphate meliorant is organized with a design capacity of 30 thousand tons / year. The extraction of carbonate rocks for the production of limestone flour is carried out in 25 districts of the republic (Matyushinsky, Krasnovidovsky and other quarries).
Almost 80% of gravel and sand and gravel mixtures, a significant part of gypsum stone, bentonite clay and bento powder, over 95% of wall materials, crushed stone, building and molding sand, porous aggregates, building and technological lime are sold on the domestic market of mineral raw materials.
Gypsum stone (80% of production), gravel and enriched sand and gravel mixture (up to 20%), bentopowder and bentonite clays are exported in significant volumes outside the republic. In the structure of imports, cement (up to 45%), phosphate and potash fertilizers (28%), wall materials, high-strength crushed stone and window glass occupy a leading position.
Oil The main resource is oil. Oil brings great benefits to mankind. With its help, we get light, heat, it sets in motion cars, tractors, planes and ships. Industrial alcohol, paraffin, fuel, lubricating oils, industrial fat, resins, asphalt and other products are obtained from petroleum. Industrial alcohol, paraffin, fuel, lubricating oils, industrial fat, resins, asphalt and other products are obtained from petroleum. What is oil? This word comes from the Latin language and means "stone oil". No taxi or motorcycle will run without it, The rocket will not rise Guess what it is?
127 oil fields have been discovered in Tatarstan. On the territory of Tatarstan, there is the second largest field in Russia and one of the largest in the world Romashkinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region of Tatarstan. Among the large deposits, Novo-Elkhovskoye, Bavlinskoye, Pervomayskoye deposits stand out. Together with oil, associated gas is produced about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Together with oil, associated gas is produced about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil.
Natural gas Natural gas is a mixture of gases formed in the bowels of the earth. It belongs to minerals. Under standard conditions, natural gas exists only in the gaseous state. The gas before getting into the houses has no smell. In the kitchen, my mother has an excellent assistant, He blooms with a blue flower from matches.
Clay Clay is a common mineral that is made up of very small rock particles. Clay is found everywhere on the surface of the earth, often at the bottom of lakes and rivers. Clay is a common mineral, consisting of very small particles of rocks. Clay is found everywhere on the surface of the earth, often at the bottom of lakes and rivers. In its raw form, clay is very plastic and elastic. As it dries, it hardens and becomes very durable. When clay is heated to very high temperatures, the clay will never become soft and plastic. In its raw form, clay is very plastic and elastic. As it dries, it hardens and becomes very durable. When clay is heated to very high temperatures, the clay will never become soft and plastic. Clay is used to make dishes, bricks and other products. Clay is used to make dishes, bricks and other products. If you meet on the road, Your feet will get stuck heavily. And to make a bowl or a vase - You will need it right away
Coal Coal is a sedimentary rock, which is a product of deep decomposition of plant remains. Most coal deposits were formed during the Carboniferous period, about millions of years ago. The use of coal is varied. Coal is a sedimentary rock, which is a product of deep decomposition of plant remains. Most coal deposits were formed during the Carboniferous period, about millions of years ago. The use of coal is varied. It is black, shiny, a real helper to people. It brings warmth to houses, Light from it in houses, Helps to melt steel, Make paints and enamels.
It is used as a household, energy fuel, raw material for the metallurgical industry, as well as for the extraction of rare and trace elements from it. Very promising is the combustion of coal with the formation of liquid fuel. For the production of 1 ton of oil, 2-3 tons of coal are consumed. The most diverse application in almost all sectors of the national economy of coal presupposes its further extraction and processing. It is used as a household, energy fuel, raw material for the metallurgical industry, as well as for the extraction of rare and trace elements from it. Very promising is the combustion of coal with the formation of liquid fuel. For the production of 1 ton of oil, 2-3 tons of coal are consumed. The most diverse application in almost all sectors of the national economy of coal presupposes its further extraction and processing.
Dolomite Dolomite is a natural mineral that has been used in construction for a long time. It resembles limestone, but dolomite is less brittle and more durable stone. Dolomite is a natural mineral that has been used in construction for a long time. It resembles limestone, but dolomite is less brittle and more durable stone. Traditionally, dolomite is presented as a white or yellowish crystalline compound. Dolomites can be found in close proximity to limestones and clays, but the prerequisite for the formation of this stone is the presence of salt water. Traditionally, dolomite is presented as a white or yellowish crystalline compound. Dolomites can be found in close proximity to limestones and clays, but the prerequisite for the formation of this stone is the presence of salt water.
Salt can be supplied by seas, lakes with high salt content or thermal mineral springs. The main dolomite deposits were found in the Urals, the Volga region, the Balkan countries, the Caucasus and the USA. The white-stone cities of Ancient Russia were built from dolomite, and temples built from this unique mineral still adorn cities with centuries of history. Salt can be supplied by seas, lakes with high salt content or thermal mineral springs. The main dolomite deposits were found in the Urals, the Volga region, the Balkan countries, the Caucasus and the USA. The white-stone cities of Ancient Russia were built from dolomite, and temples built from this unique mineral still adorn cities with centuries of history.
Sand Sand consists of small particles, is a product of the destruction of solid rocks under the action of the sun, water, wind. According to the types of occurrence in nature, sands can be mountain, river, sea and dune. Sand is used in construction. For the manufacture of mortars and concretes, sand is needed. Sand is also used to make glass. Sand consists of small particles, is a product of the destruction of hard rocks under the action of the sun, water, wind. According to the types of occurrence in nature, sands can be mountain, river, sea and dune. Sand is used in construction. For the manufacture of mortars and concretes, sand is needed. Sand is also used to make glass. The kids really need him, He is on the paths in the yard, He is at the construction site and on the beach, And even melted in glass.
Peat Peat is a valuable fossil fuel formed in a bog from decayed plant residues. Peat is lighter than water, usually dark brown in color. 1 mm of peat is formed per year. Peat is a valuable combustible mineral formed in a swamp from rotted plant residues. Peat is lighter than water, usually dark brown in color. 1 mm of peat is formed per year. Plants grew in the swamp ... And now it is fuel and fertilizer.
Limestone Limestone is a fairly durable stone of white or gray color. It was formed from the remains of dead animals and plants. Limestone is used in the construction of buildings and roads. Lime is obtained from it, which is used for the preparation of mortars. Chalk is obtained from limestone, which is used to write on the board. Limestone is a fairly durable stone of white or gray color. It was formed from the remains of dead animals and plants. Limestone is used in the construction of buildings and roads. Lime is obtained from it, which is used for the preparation of mortars. Chalk is obtained from limestone, which is used to write on the board. Roads are covered with it, Streets in villages, And it is also found in cement. He himself is a fertilizer.
The Republic of Tatarstan is quite rich in fuel and mineral raw materials. The main wealth of the region is, of course, oil. In addition, the minerals of Tatarstan are also coal, copper, oil shale, peat, bauxites, limestone and others. This article will focus on the largest and most important deposits of this raw material.
Minerals of the Republic of Tatarstan
The republic is located in the central part of European Russia. It borders on eight subjects of the Russian Federation. In terms of area, it is small, but in terms of population, the region ranks 8th in the country. Tatarstan is a multicultural republic. More than 100 different nationalities coexist peacefully here, and the state language is Russian and Tatar.
Kama coal basin
This basin has huge reserves of brown and gas coal, but its extraction is still unprofitable. This is due to very difficult mining and geological conditions. In general, experts estimate coal reserves here at ten billion tons!
According to geologists, the coal of the Kama basin is quite suitable for the production of synthetic fuel and generator gas. The depth of the formations is from 1000 to 1200 meters on average. Therefore, in order to organize full-scale production, it is necessary to carry out complex and expensive geological exploration work.
Due to the complexity of the development of coal deposits in the Kama basin, scientists propose the so-called method of underground coal gasification. In their opinion, this is the only rational way to develop these deposits. In addition, some small deposits of brown coal in the basin can be used as fertilizer for agriculture.
Romashkinskoye field
This is one of the largest which is located in the southern part of the republic. Experts estimate the total here at five billion tons. At the same time, 2.2 billion of them have already been seized. About 15 million tons of oil are produced annually from it (and this is almost 50% of the total oil production of the republic).
The development of the Romashkinskoye deposit (by the way, it got its name from the local village of Romashkino) began in the late 1940s. In 1948, a team of oilmen and geologists uncovered a powerful layer of Devonian age at this place. The open field in Tatarstan, based on its reserves, was immediately called the "Second Baku".
Finally...
Thus, the main minerals of Tatarstan are oil, coal, oil shale, copper, peat, limestones and dolomites. However, oil has been and remains the main wealth and resource of the republic today.
