Plum diseases - how to cure a fruit tree and avoid crop loss? Plum diseases Rusty leaves on the plum what to do

Caterpillars on the drain cause a lot of problems. They damage the ripening fruits and suck the nutritious juices from the leaves. The ubiquitous plum leafworm prevails over other insect species. You can learn about how to deal with caterpillars on the drain from the proposed material, which describes the signs of the pest and how to influence it.

Mesh leaf roller Adoxophyes orana F. R. (syn. A. reticulana Hb.. Cacoecia reticulana Hb.) - a butterfly with a wingspan of 22 in females and 15 mm in males. The color of the front wings is yellow to light brown, with wavy intermittent transverse lines. The hindwings are light grey, slightly darker at the base.

The adult caterpillar is 18-22 mm long, dark green, with a small brown head and a greenish-brown thoracic shield. The pupa is greenish-brown, with a dark back, 2 rows of scutes on the back, and 8 hooks at the end of the abdomen. Eggs in heaps of 60-90 pieces are covered with a yellow shield. Female fertility up to 180 eggs. Caterpillars of the third age hibernate in cracks in the bark, at the base of the buds, under dry leaves attached to a branch with a cobweb. In spring, the caterpillars damage the buds, and then the rosettes of leaves and flowers, pulling them together with a cobweb. At the end of the flowering of the apple tree, the caterpillars finish feeding and pupate in rolled leaves. After 10-15 days, butterflies come out, are nocturnal, fly for 20-30 days, and after fertilization, the females lay eggs. Hatching caterpillars feed for 30-35 days, damaging the fruits and leaves, pupate in July and the second generation appears after 12-14 days. The net leaf roller is ubiquitous, damaging all pome and stone fruit crops, as well as raspberries, roses, and birch.

Control measures. Before dealing with the leaflet on the plum, fruit trees are sprayed before flowering, in the phase of bud separation, and immediately after flowering ends with Fufanon or Kemifos preparations.

Flat mesh leaf roller Acleris rhom bana Den. et Schiff. (syn. Peronea contami-nana Hb., Acalla contaminana Hubn.) -butterfly with a wingspan of 16-18 mm, brownish-red. Caterpillars 14 mm long, yellowish green, with a brown head and two brown spots on the occiput. Butterflies hibernate in cracks in the bark and under fallen leaves. In spring, they lay their eggs at the base of the buds. Hatching caterpillars feed first on buds, and then on young leaves, skeletonizing and gnawing leaf tissues. Two generations of the pest develop. The leaf roller damages many fruit trees and berry bushes, mainly from the Rosaceae family. In some years, with a large number, it causes great harm to gardens.

Control measures. Spraying gardens at bud break and immediately after flowering with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos).

Look at these plum pests and the fight against them in the photo, which shows signs of an insect and methods of destruction:

Pollinated aphid: processing plums from pests in spring

Aphid pollinated plum Hyaloplerus ahypdinis F. (syn. H. pruni Geoff g.) - a small sucking pest 2-3 mm long, pale green in color, covered with a bluish-white fluff of wax-like secretions. Eggs overwinter at the base of the kidneys, so it is advisable to treat the plum from pests in the spring, when the larvae hatch. They feed on the juice of blossoming buds, and later on young leaves and growing shoots. It develops up to 10 generations of the pest, the aphid causes the greatest harm in June-July, when the number increases and all shoots with leaves are covered with aphids. The leaves do not curl, but remain small, underdeveloped, covered with larval skins, soot fungi and gradually dry out. On the branches there are many ants that feed on the sweet secretions of aphids and for this they staunchly protect the colonies from predatory insects. With a large number of aphids, undigested aphid juice drips from the trees, everything is covered with a black film of mycelium with spores, the trees lose their decorative effect, and the fruits lose commercial quality.

Plum control and treatment measures from pests consist in preventive spraying of trees in the spring, during bud break or immediately after flowering, with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos). With a large number of pests in the summer, treatments are carried out with the same preparations, and Actellik, Fitoverm, Kinmiks, Inta-Vir are also used, taking into account the waiting times for preparations.

See how these plum pests look in the photo showing their characteristic features:

Rose leaf cicada: how to treat plum from pests after flowering

Rose leafhopper Typhlocyba rosae L. (syn. Edwardsiana rosae L.) - a small sucking insect of pale yellow or yellowish color, 3-3.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide. Leafhoppers jump well, have two pairs of wings, which fold like a roof when at rest. The larvae are white, yellowish, with three pairs of legs and a pointed abdomen.

Before you process the plum from pests, you need to find out that eggs hibernate on branches at the base of the buds, mobile larvae hatch in the spring and suck the juice from the underside of young leaves. Feeding and development of larvae lasts two months - May and June. In early July, the larvae develop wing rudiments, and they turn into nymphs, and ten days later they become adult leafhoppers.

Before you process the plum after flowering from pests, you need to understand that with a large number of pests, numerous whitish-yellow dots and spots of necrosis appear on the damaged leaves, the leaves become marbled, and white larval skins remain on the underside of the leaf blades. This requires the destruction of plant residues. The cicada damages many fruit trees, berry and ornamental shrubs, especially from the Rosaceae family.

Control measures the same as against plum pollinated aphids.

False shield: how to spray a plum after flowering from pests

False shield acacia Parthenolecanium corni Bouche. - a small sucking insect with pronounced sexual dimorphism. The female is convex, round-oval, red-brown in color with dark transverse stripes. Its length is 3-6.5 mm, width 2-5 mm.

Leads a motionless lifestyle, attached to the bark of branches. The male has a thin body 1.4-1.6 mm long, covered with a white coating. Wandering larvae are oval, with three pairs of legs and antennae, first pale yellow, then red-brown. Older larvae overwinter, in spring they move to young shoots, stick, become convex, legs and antennae atrophy.

Females feed for 30-35 days and triple in size. The male larvae turn first into nymphs and then into small mosquitoes.

Before spraying the plum after flowering from pests, you need to know that the flight of males occurs in June. After fertilization, the surface of the female's back is compacted, a false shield is formed, under which she lays eggs, 1500-2800 pieces each. A month later, larvae hatch, which spread, stick to the leaves and petioles, and in September return to the branches, where they overwinter.

With a large number of pests, branches and entire bushes gradually dry out. False shield is polyphagous, occurs everywhere and is very harmful in orchards, especially berry bushes.

Control measures. Pruning and burning of dried branches. Spraying trees and shrubs immediately after flowering with one of the preparations: fitoverm, fufanon, kemifos, kinmiks, actellik, Inta-Vir. With a large number of stray larvae, spraying is repeated at the end of August - September, taking into account the waiting time for each preparation.

Black sawfly: protecting plums from pests

Sawfly plum black Hoplocampa minuta Christ. (syn. H. fulvicornis Kl.) - a black, shiny insect 4-5 mm long, with yellow legs and two pairs of transparent membranous wings. The larva is greenish-white, with a brown head, and has twenty legs. The larvae overwinter in a dense cocoon in the soil at a depth of up to 10 cm; in the spring they pupate there. A few days before plum blossoms, adult insects emerge, and at the end of flowering, females lay their eggs with an ovipositor, one at a time in an incision in the calyx of a bud or flower. The fertility of the female is 20-30 eggs. During the formation of the ovaries, larvae hatch, bite into the fruit, damaging the pulp, and then the seed of the fruit. Damaged fruits fall off. Feeding and development of the larva lasts 21-28 days, during which time it damages 4-6 fruits and then goes into the soil, where it hibernates. With a large number of sawflies can damage up to 95% of the fruit and almost completely destroy the crop.

Plum control and protection measures from pests include spraying trees 5-6 days before flowering with fufanon or kemifos. Immediately after the end of flowering, spraying should be repeated with the same preparations.

Spraying plums from other pests

Moth plum single color Tischeria gaunacella Dup . - a small butterfly with narrow long wings. The caterpillar is green with a dark brown head, feeds on the parenchyma of the leaf, making a mine. Mines on the upper side of the leaf at the edge, large, spotted, folded. The edge of the sheet is bent up, and sometimes completely covers the mine. The caterpillar pupates in a wide white cocoon in the middle of the mine. During the year, two generations of the pest develop, the first harms in June, the second in September-October.

Control measures. Preventive spraying of fruit trees before flowering and immediately after flowering with Fufanon or Kemifos preparations.

Moth-baby upper thorny Stigmelk I plagicolella Stt. - a very small butterfly with a wingspan of up to 5 mm. The wings are thin, narrow, lanceolate, framed by a fringe of long shiny hairs. Head covered with dense hairs, first segment of antennae widened. The caterpillar is pale amber-yellow, shiny, with a reddish-brown head, feeding on the leaf parenchyma, making a mine on the upper side of the leaf. The mine is initially serpentine, begins with a thin, slightly sinuous course with a black line of excrement, and then immediately expands into a large spot, where the excrement is located in the middle. Harms in June-September.

Control measures. Preventive spraying of trees immediately after flowering with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Kinmiks, Spark, Inta-Vir.

Fruit moth Lithocolletis blancardella F. - a small butterfly with a wingspan of 8-10 mm. The wings are narrow, with a delicate fringe, the pattern of the front wings is complex and multi-colored. Caterpillars are small, yellow-green in color, live and feed inside the parenchyma, forming mines. Mines are oval, in the form of a brown film, located on the underside of the sheet, there can be 10 or more of them on one sheet. The tissues damaged by the caterpillar dry out, the leaf is deformed and falls off prematurely. The pest causes great harm to fruit trees, forest species and berry bushes, especially in hot and dry summers, when its numbers increase significantly.

Control measures. Spraying gardens immediately after flowering with Fufanon or its analogues (Kemifos, Karbofos).

Moth bicolor Cidaria bicolorata Hufn. - a night butterfly with a wingspan of 20-25 mm. The forewings are white, with a small brown spot at the base, and a very large brown spot at the anterior margin; along the anterior margin of the fore and hind wings there is a brownish or grayish border. Caterpillars have only two pairs of ventral legs, and therefore they move, bending twice, as if measuring the surface with a span, which is why they got their name. The two-colored moth flies in July-August, the caterpillars damage deciduous trees and shrubs, it occurs singly.

Control measures. Preventive spraying of trees before flowering and immediately after it with Fufanon, Kemifos, Kinmiks, Aktellik, Spark, Inta-Vir preparations also reduces the number of moths in the garden.

Scoop-gamma Autographa gamma L. - a butterfly with a wingspan of 40-48 mm. The forewings are grayish-brown with a silvery-white spot in the form of a Greek letter Y. The hindwings are gray-yellow with a wide brown stripe along the outer edge. Caterpillars up to 40 mm long, have three pairs of ventral legs, brownish-green head. The color of the body is greenish-yellow or green, white sinuous lines run along the back, and pale yellow wide stripes run along the sides, there are small spikes with hairs sitting on high warts. The pupa is dark brown, 15-20 mm long, located inside an oval translucent cobweb cocoon. It develops mainly two generations of the pest. The flight of butterflies of the first generation falls on June - early July, the second generation - in August-September. Younger caterpillars skeletonize leaves, older caterpillars eat leaves from the edges or eat through holes, damage buds and petals. When moving, the caterpillars bend loop-like. Caterpillars feed for 16-24 days, after which they pupate in a cobweb cocoon on the leaves and shoots of plants on which they fed before.

The pupal stage lasts 7-13 days, after which a new generation of butterflies fly out. The development cycle of one generation is 26-44 days. Caterpillars of the latest generation pupate in the soil, where the pupa hibernates. The gamma cutworm is a polyphagous pest and feeds on more than 90 plant species of various families, eating young leaves and shoots with buds.

Control measures. Collection and destruction of single caterpillars. With a large number, spraying is carried out with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Kinmiks, Aktellik, Spark, Inta-Vir, taking into account the waiting times for the preparations.

Birch marshmallow, or birch tail Zephyrus betulae L. (syn. Thecla betulae L.) , - a small broad-winged butterfly of brown color with a wingspan of 30-33 mm. Body length 14-15 mm. The female has one large orange spot on the front wings, the male has a barely noticeable grayish-yellowish spot with a black border. On the hind wings, there are two protrusions of yellow-red color. The underside is brownish-yellow with a brownish transverse stripe bounded behind by a white border. The caterpillar is green, thick, narrowed at the edges, 16-18 mm long, 6-7 mm thick, with a brownish small head. On the back there is a longitudinal double yellow stripe, on the sides there are transverse yellowish-white lines. The flight of butterflies is observed in July-August, the caterpillars feed in May-June. Damages all stone fruit crops, especially plum and blackthorn, sometimes found on bird cherry, birch, mountain ash and hazel. It is distributed everywhere, but in small quantities and does not cause much harm.

Control measures. Preventive spraying of fruit trees before flowering and immediately after it with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Kinmiks, Iskra, Inta-Vir also reduces the number of birch marshmallow caterpillars.

Corner with-white Polygonia c-album L . - a butterfly with a wingspan of 50-52 mm. The upper side of the wings is yellow-brown with dark brown spots and a brown border; the lower one is dark, gray-brown, on the hind wings with a white pattern in the form of the letter c. The wings are deeply serrated. The caterpillar is large, with large spikes. The first half of the caterpillar's body is red-yellow, the back is white, with red stripes on the sides. The pupa is reddish-gray, with golden and silver spots, hanging upside down on branches, plank walls and fences. The flight of butterflies is observed from March to October, the caterpillars feed in June - July, roughly eating the leaves of plants. More common on currants, gooseberries, hops, elms.

Control measures. Spraying plants before flowering and immediately after flowering with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Kinmiks, Aktellik, Spark, Inta-Vir. With a large number of pests, spraying is repeated in the summer, taking into account the waiting time for preparations, or immediately after picking the berries.

Redtail, or garden woolly paw Dasychira pudibunda L ., - a large butterfly of yellowish-gray or grayish color, with a wingspan of 35-60 mm.

Females are larger than males, on the front yellowish-gray wings with brown pollination there are 2-3 wavy transverse dark stripes, the hind wings are grayish with a blurred dark transverse stripe and a dark spot on the anterior margin. The coloration of males is ashy or dark gray. Caterpillars 35-50 mm long, covered with dense hairs, lemon yellow, sometimes pink, gray or dark brown in color, there are four brushes of the same color on the back. At the end of the body, a tail of pink-red or crimson color is formed from long hairs. Black velvety stripes are visible between the tassels on the back. Pupa 12-15 mm long, dark brown with reddish hairs. The eggs are light gray with a bluish tinge. Pupae hibernate in cobweb cocoons between fallen leaves fastened with cobwebs, on branches and under lagging bark.

In May-June, butterflies fly out, at dusk and at night they feed on nectar. After fertilization, females lay eggs in clusters (from 10 to 100) on tree branches. Caterpillars soon hatch, covered with long hairs, thanks to which they are carried by the wind to neighboring trees and shrubs. Caterpillars feed from June to September and damage all hardwoods and shrubs; they are constantly found on fruit and berry and ornamental plants.

Control measures. Collection and burning of fallen leaves in early spring, collection and destruction of single caterpillars. With a large number, spraying is carried out with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Aktellik, Kinmiks, Spark, Inta-Vir.

corrosive tree Zeuzera pyrina L . - a large night butterfly with a wingspan of up to 70 mm. The abdomen of the female is thick, with an ovipositor at the end. Smaller male, with feathery antennae. There are 6 round dark green spots on the back. The eggs are small, yellow, oblong in shape. The caterpillar is 60 mm long and 7 mm wide, pale yellow, with a black head and black dots along the body. The wings are white, with numerous oval blue-green spots. Butterflies fly from July to September, laying eggs on branches and boles of trees near the buds or in cracks in the bark. Each female lays up to 1000 eggs. Hatching caterpillars bite into the bark and feed on wood for two years, turning large winding passages in the trunks. Then the caterpillars pupate and after the departure of the butterflies, empty pupae remain in the bark of the trees. Butterflies cause great harm to hardwoods, shrubs, and especially apple orchards, causing mass death of trees.

Control measures. Spraying trees and shrubs with a large number of flying butterflies with one of the preparations: fufanon, kemifos, decis, actellik, kinmiks, spark, Inta-Vir. Caterpillars are baited in passages with a 1% solution of Fufanon or its analogues. The drug solution is injected into the hole made by the caterpillar, wets the caterpillar and kills it.

We propose to consider this plum disease and its treatment in detail, since it is very common.

The causative agent of black nodularity is a fungus Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. Young and older shoots thicken, spindle-shaped soft greenish swellings appear, which gradually harden and crack. The developing mycelium gives them a velvety black color. The growths increase, which causes deformation of the affected branches, and the development of the mycelium leads to the death of the wood and the drying of the branches. The infection persists in the wood of affected branches. The disease is often found on apricots.

Look at the typical signs of this plum disease in the photo, where they are illustrated:

Control measures. Timely pruning and burning of branches with black knots, disinfection of cuts with 1% copper sulphate and smearing with oil paint. Preventive spraying of trees in spring at bud break with Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The causative agent of this plum tree disease is a fungus Phellinus igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quel. Plum trunk disease called false tinder fungus causes white core rot of wood. Distributed on the trunks of plums, cherries, sweet cherries, pears, on deciduous forest trees. A typical sign of plum bark disease is streaks and black lines in the tissues of the affected wood. Fruiting bodies are perennial, hoof-shaped, cushion-shaped, occasionally nodular, prostrate.

The surface is greyish-black or black-brown, with concentric grooves and usually deep fissures. Edge obtuse, rarely pointed. The fabric is woody, very hard, dark brown or rusty brown. The hymenophore is rusty-brown, sometimes with a grayish bloom, usually located at a right angle to the trunk.

Look at the characteristic signs of plum disease in the photo, which shows the differences between healthy and damaged bark and wood:

Effective protection of plums from diseases caused by other tinder fungi must be timely.

Look at these plum diseases and the fight against them in the photo, which shows both signs of damage and agrotechnical measures for treatment:

Trutovik red plum.

The causative agent is a fungus Phellinus tuberculosus (Baumg.) Niem. (syn. Ph. poraaceus (Pers.) Maire). Plum red tinder fungus causes rot of the core of trunks and branches, sometimes sapwood (in cherries) is also affected. In the affected tissue, there is a strong yellowing with brown stripes along the edges, the rot spreads up and down the trunk, often the roots are affected. Infection occurs through frost holes, cuts and mechanical damage. All stone fruits, bird cherry, hawthorn, sometimes apple and pear are affected.

Fruit bodies are small, in the form of thick woody caps or hoof-shaped, with a prostrate base, nodular or terrace-like fused. The surface is initially velvety, later glabrous, smooth or fissured, sometimes indistinctly furrowed, with a dull, barren reddish margin, brownish-gray to black or yellowish-brown. The fabric is brownish-rusty. The hymenophore is reddish, becoming brownish-tobacco in color with a grayish bloom with age.

The fungus is flat.

The causative agent is a fungus Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch.) G. F. Atk. (syn. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) Pat.). The flat tinder fungus causes white or yellowish-white rot of the wood, as a result of which the trees break easily. It affects weakened, drying hardwoods, plums, cherries, pears, apple trees, etc. Infection occurs on the roots, at the base of the bole, from where the mycelium spreads upward along the core. Fruiting bodies in the form of lateral, usually single flat caps, often very large, 20-50 cm wide. There is a thin hard crust. The fabric is cork-felt, dark brown, often with white efflorescence. Hymenophore white at first, later brownish.

The causative agent is a fungus Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. The sulphurous yellow tinder fungus causes brown core rot, which spreads quickly through the wood. The affected tissue cracks and fills with whitish films of mycelium. The tinder fungus is found on cherries, less often on cherries, pears, hardwoods. Fruit bodies are large (up to 40 cm), in the form of thick fan-shaped or spatulate wavy caps located in the bed. The surface is bare, light orange or orange-pink, turning pale when dry. The fabric is white or creamy soft, watery-fleshy, hardens when dried, brittle. The hymenophore is lemon yellow or gray in color.

Control measures. Cutting and burning of fruiting bodies, disinfection of all saw cuts, cuts, frost holes, mechanical damage with 1% copper sulphate, smearing with oil paint on natural drying oil. Timely removal and burning of dried trees along with their roots. Preventive annual spring spraying of gardens before leafing out with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The description of this plum disease must begin with the fact that its causative agent is a fungus Ovularia circumscissa Sorok . The spots on the leaves are large, concentric, oval or rounded, merging, brown in color and without bordering. Over time, a gray coating of sporulation of the fungus develops on the surface of the necrotic tissue, the affected tissues crack and fall out. Leaves turn brown and fall prematurely. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.

Having studied the proposed description of the plum disease with photographs, you can begin to study the methods of treating ovular spotting:

Control measures. Collection and composting of fallen affected leaves. Preventive spraying of trees in the spring before flowering and immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). With the mass spread of spotting, repeated sprayings are carried out in the summer, taking into account the waiting time for preparations, and after harvesting the fruits.

Black plum leaves.

The causative agent of plum leaf disease is a saprotrophic fungus Fumago vagans Pers. The disease manifests itself in early summer, when the young leaves and petioles of the plum are covered with a sooty coating in the form of an easily washable black film. The fungus develops on the sweet secretions of aphids, which are always abundant at the beginning of summer. The formation of a dense film has a bad effect on the growth and development of young leaves and shoots, as the efficiency of the photosynthesis process decreases. And this leads to a decrease in productivity and decorativeness of trees.

Control measures. Preventive spraying before flowering or immediately after it against a complex of pests, including aphids, with one of the preparations: Fufanon, Kemifos, Fitoverm, Aktellik, Spark, Inta-Vir. Soot deposits are washed off with water and trees are sprayed with 1% -1 Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes. It is very effective in this case to use a tank mixture of drugs: Fufanon (10 ml) + HOM (or Abiga-Peak) (40 g / 10 l | water). Spraying is carried out before flowering, immediately after flowering and, if necessary, after picking berries. This treatment is effective against a complex of pests and diseases on all berry, fruit and ornamental plants in the garden.

Plum rust.

The causative agent is a heterogeneous fungus Riscinia prunispinosae Pers. syn. Tranzchelia prunispinosae /Pers./Diet./. The ecidial stage develops on the ranunculus anemone, uredinio- and teliosporation - on stone fruit leaves.

Rust affects plums and sloes, and to a lesser extent apricots, almonds and peaches. The fungus overwinters on fallen diseased leaves, infects anemone in spring, and in summer spores infect plum or apricot leaves.

Small yellowish spots form on the leaves, on the underside of which brown convex sporulation pads develop. Affected leaves dry out prematurely and fall off. The infection persists in the affected plant debris and in anemone rhizomes.

Control measures. Collection and removal of plant residues and weeds, especially anemones. Preventive spraying of trees immediately after flowering with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Milky sheen can be non-infectious and infectious. The first is caused by adverse environmental factors, primarily the freezing of fruit trees. The leaves of most of the crown acquire a gray color with a metallic sheen, become rigid, the wood of the branches does not change. Affected leaves fall prematurely, which weakens the trees and reduces their winter hardiness.

Infectious milky sheen causes fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Fr . , which is a secondary infection when trees freeze in winter. Stem rot develops, affecting first individual branches, and gradually the whole tree. The affected wood on the cross section has brown spots of various sizes, and the leaves acquire a silvery tint due to the formation of air cavities under the skin.

In mid-June, the affected leaves are deformed, covered with brown spots and, starting from the tip, dry out. On dying branches, leathery fruiting bodies are formed in the form of thin plates 2-3 cm wide, and the trees gradually dry out. The infection persists in the affected wood. Milky sheen affects all fruit trees and many hardwoods.

Control measures. Compliance with all the requirements of agricultural technology for growing fruit crops, pruning dry branches, removing dried trees. Disinfection of all saw cuts and mechanical damage with 1% copper sulphate, smearing with oil paint. Annual preventive spraying of gardens before flowering and immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The causative agent of this disease of plum fruits is a fungus Cladosporium car pophilum (Thume) Oud . Affects plum, apricot, peach.

This plum disease and its treatment with a photo are presented further on the page: all signs and methods of struggle are considered.

The disease manifests itself on fruits, less often on leaves and shoots.

At the time when the fruits reach half their size, small, greenish-olive fuzzy spots appear on the skin. Scab spots increase, become darker and velvety and acquire clear boundaries. With a strong development of the scab, the spots merge, and a crust forms on the surface of the fruit, which often cracks. In some years, there is a strong shedding of fruits. By the end of summer, the leaves and young shoots are re-infected, on which the appearance of blurry pale green spots is noticeable, usually on the underside of the leaf. The infection persists in the bark of the affected shoots, in the affected fallen leaves and fruits.

Control measures. Preventive spraying in the spring, before the leaves bloom and immediately after flowering, with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). With a strong manifestation of the disease, after harvesting the fruits, spraying is carried out with one of the preparations: soon, rayok, chorus. Timely collection and burning of fallen affected leaves and fruits.

Penicillium rot.

The causative agent is a fungus Penicillium glaucum Lk. (syn. P. expansum (Lk.) Thom.). The disease develops on mechanically damaged or overripe, cracked fruits of plums, apples and many other fruit and vegetable crops. Affected tissues turn brown, rot, covered with a dense greenish coating of sporulation of the fungus. The fruits become unfit for human consumption.

Penicillium rot often manifests itself during long-term storage of harvested fruits, when they are massively re-infected and rot. The infection persists in the soil on plant debris.

Control measures. Removal of plant residues, collection of carrion. Preventive spraying of gardens in the spring before flowering or immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Material prepared:

President of the Association of Gardeners of Russia (APPYAPM), Doctor of Agricultural Sciences

Danilova T.A.
Specialist of APSYAP

Using material Barbara Błaszczyńska doradca sadowniczy

plum diseases

Plum, like other fruit crops, is affected by many types of diseases - fungal, bacterial and viral. In plum orchards, trees are exposed to infection during the growing season, which can lead not only to large crop losses, but also to the death of the orchard.

Moniliosis, gray fruit rot(Monilia fructigena Pers.). Fungal disease. The causative agent of the disease overwinters on mummified fruits and infected branches. In the spring (during flowering), plants become infected with spores carried by the wind and insects. The disease spreads especially strongly in years with prolonged flowering and high humidity. A small brown spot appears on the surface of the fetus, which grows over its entire surface within 10 days. Then pads (spores of the fungus) form on the fruits. The pulp of plum fruits becomes loose and tasteless. Wounds appear on the skin of the fruit, from which rotting begins. Infection can occur through close contact with a sick fetus. A high degree of damage leads to significant crop losses.

Rice. 1. Moniliosis: affected fruits, shoots and flowers

Sharka (pox) plums(PPV virus). Chlorotic spots of various sizes appear on plum leaves. They can be rounded, in the form of rings and stripes. If the disease progresses, then the leaves acquire a bright marble color with yellow-green areas. Dark green spots in the form of stripes and rings appear on the fruits in July. The fruits become ugly and fall off. Some fruits are mummified. Often the leaves dry out prematurely and fall off. Then the branches begin to dry out, and later the whole tree. Most often, the disease is spread by aphids. But the virus can still be transmitted through budding and vaccination. With a high degree of spread of the disease, you can lose not only the crop, but the entire garden.

For the purpose of prevention, you need to destroy aphids in the garden. To date, there are no effective methods to combat sharka.

Rice. 2. Sharka plum.

milky shine(Chondrostereum purpureum Pers.). Frost-damaged leaves develop air voids. Leaf blades become silvery-whitish. Gradually, the tissue of the leaves dies, they dry out. The wood of trunks and branches becomes dark.

Rice. 3. Milky shine

Cytosporosis (Leucostoma cincta, L. Persoonii). Signs of this disease are wilting of leaves, drying out of young shoots, branches and even entire trees.

Infection usually occurs during the dormant period of trees - in early spring and autumn. The causative agent of the disease easily penetrates into the tissue of the tree through mechanical damage to the bark, cracks. Large, rapidly growing ulcers form on the bark. The bark darkens, turns red-brown and dies. When trying to separate the bark from the wood, it urinates rather than peels off. On the surface of the dead bark, a papillary mass is formed in the form of small swellings (dark pycnidia of the fungus), which in wet weather appears as red and yellowish mucus.

Rice. 4. Cytosporosis

plum pockets, Taphrin plum (Taphrina pruni) is a fungus that infects fruits that grow, but do not form a stone. The surface of damaged immature plums is covered with a white powdery-wax coating with sporangia of the fungus. Marsupial disease is detected immediately after plum blossom. The development of the disease is promoted by high humidity. Affected fruits have no value - they remain empty, puffy, inedible. The surface of damaged fruits is covered with a powdery-white wax coating. The fungus overwinters as spores on bud scales and as mycelium on shoots.

Rice. 5. Plum pockets

Bacterial burn, cancer(Pseudomonas syringae pv. Morsprunorum).

Trunks, skeletal branches, young shoots, buds, leaves and flowers are damaged. The bark in damaged areas darkens, exfoliates, shallow wounds form. Damaged buds and leaves turn black, dry out and remain on the tree. Trees are mainly affected in spring and autumn. Wet and rainy weather is especially conducive to the spread of the disease, which often leads to the death of trees.

Rice. 6. Bacterial burn

Clusterosporiasis, perforated spotting (Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderch.). Pale brown round spots with a diameter of up to 6 mm appear on the leaves, framed by a reddish border. Within 1-2 weeks, the spots crumble, holes form in the leaf blades. With a strong defeat, the plum leaves begin to dry out and fall off. Depressed growing purple spots appear on the affected fruits. As they grow, they become brown and take on a convex shape. Gum flows out of swollen spots. The pulp in the places of formation of spots dries up to the bone. The intensity of the leaf blade assimilation process decreases.

Rice. 7. Klyasterosporiosis on the plum

Polystigmosis or red spotting(Polystigma rubrum Pers.) Leaves suffer the most, swellings appear on them, which have a fairly bright orange color. Spots form both on the underside of the sheet and on the top. The disease is especially pronounced in years with heavy spring rains - in July, the leaves are heavily stained. The disease can cause massive early leaf fall. Affected trees weaken, their winter hardiness decreases, flowers and ovaries may fall off. However, polystigmosis cannot be called too dangerous a disease.

Rice. 8. Plum polystigmosis

Gommosis (gum disease). A disease that occurs most often in tree crops. It is characterized by the release of an amber or brown, thick and sticky liquid on the aerial parts - mainly on the trunk, branches, fruits, less often - on the leaves.

The causes of the phenomenon are varied - wounds, frost holes, unfavorable growing conditions, damage by insects, damage by microorganisms. Resin is exuded in places where branches are cut and where the bark has suffered from sunburn or frost cracks. As a rule, the affected branches dry up. Gommosis can cause excess nitrogen and moisture in the soil. Gum treatment is dangerous in the cold and damp season, especially if the plants are weakened by pests, severe pruning or other diseases. Bark impregnated with gum is a favorable environment for the development of colonies of bacteria that cause cancer of the trunk, branches and branches.

To avoid the appearance of gum, do not allow mechanical damage to the tree. Wounds that appear should be immediately cleaned and disinfected with a 1% solution of copper sulfate and covered with petralatum. If the branches are severely affected, they should be removed.

Table 1.
Protecting plants from diseases

Table 2.
Plum disease control methods

+ - low, ++ - medium, +++ - high

Plum is one of the most early-growing and high-yielding among stone fruit crops. It can be successfully grown in regions that are characterized by severe weather in winter. In terms of winter hardiness, it is second only to cherries. Depending on the variety and growing area, the yield of plums can be very high - more than 200 kg of fruit per tree. But for this you need to observe high agricultural technology.

PLUM FRUIT AND LEAF EATERS

Many factors affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but one of the main ones is the physiological state of plants, their resistance to pests and diseases. It is also important how trees are additionally protected from attacks by harmful organisms. Every year, significant damage to the plum culture is caused by the black plum sawfly, eurythoma, or plum pachyderm - pests from the order of Hymenoptera, as well as plum and eastern codling moths from the order of Lepidoptera. It is possible to limit the number of phytophages by controlling their vital activity during critical periods of development for them. To do this, you need to know how pests reproduce. are born, grow and eat. and when they are most vulnerable.

with sucking mouthparts (mites, aphids) and leaf-eating phytophages (moths, leafworms, moths, silkworms, hawthorn, goldtail, American white butterfly, or ABB). Rosana develops in one generation during the growing season. variegated golden and fight-ryshnikova leaflet. Two or three generations per vegetation give crooked currant, crooked willow, net, omnivorous and other types of leafworms. Among the moths, the plum is harmed by the winter moth, the fruit moth. fluffy, lunate and other species of this family.

Pests of the second group include codling moths - plum, oriental (in addition, it also damages shoots), sawflies, and plum pachyderm. goose and May beetles (adult insects supplement their “menu” with leaves). The most common phytophage from the second group is the black plum sawfly. In plum plantations, massively populated by the sawfly, up to 95% of the ovary is shed. Under the infected trees in the trunk circles lies a large number of fallen fruits with black exit holes on each. They were made by the larvae, leaving for cocooning in the soil after the completion of their development cycle.

The plum codling moth and the plum pachyderm, multiplying uncontrollably in plum plantations, take the “honorable” second place after the sawfly in terms of harmfulness. If the development of the larval stage of the pachypod takes place in the stone, then the larvae of the plum codling moth feed on the pulp of the fruit. During this period, they make their way around the stone to the stalk, while gnawing through the vascular system in the tissues of the plant and disrupting the circulation of nutrients. Fruits damaged by the pachyderm and codling moth turn purple prematurely and fall off.

The range of the eastern codling moth has been formed, the species is massively distributed in all areas of peach and plum cultivation. In the fight against the eastern codling moth. in addition to spraying with chemicals, mechanical methods are effective - if you cut and burn damaged, withered shoots of all fruit crops (especially peach) on the site in time, this will limit the number of the pest.

Scale insects and false scale insects are included in the third group of phytophages. They suck the juices from the leaves and bark of the branches, which leads to the drying and death of young trees. As a result of the toxic effect of the saliva of the California scale insect, longitudinal and transverse cracks appear on the trunk and branches. Feeding, the acacia false shield emits a large amount of honeydew, on which soot fungi then develop, polluting the leaves and branches.

The California scale insect and the American white butterfly are quarantine pests - if they appear in fruit plantations, protective measures must be taken regardless of the number of individuals.

WHEN TO START SPRAYING THE PLUM OR EVERYONE COUNTS!

In order to carry out all the necessary protective spraying on time, it is necessary to rely on the indicators of the economic harmfulness of pests (Table 1). The number of pests is determined visually by shaking them off the trees, as well as by installing and periodically cleaning pheromone traps. Before each spraying, which is carried out during the growing season, the degree of damage to the trees by harmful organisms is first examined and it is decided whether it is advisable now to treat the plants with chemical preparations.

The number of fruit sawfly is determined in the white bud phenophase, until the air temperature does not exceed 10 ° C. To do this, in the mornings, when adult insects are inactive, they shake the branches of trees and count the fallen individuals. A more effective method of controlling the development of this pest is white sticky traps. If the number of adults in the trap exceeds the threshold (Table 1), then processing is necessary. After plum treatments with Aktara 25% c. g. or Confidor Maxi (table 2). which is carried out against sawfly adults before plum blossom, re-treatment (against larvae after flowering) is no longer needed, since these preparations have a long duration of action (21 days).

It is sometimes difficult for owners of summer cottages and household plots to decide on the appropriateness of treatments against plum codling moth - they simply do not have enough data for this. Firstly, in order to predict the number of pests in the current season, you need to know how many insects were in the previous one. Secondly, the number of codling moth butterflies during the growing season is determined using pheromone traps. They allow you to control the population density of the species and signal the need for protective measures if the quantitative composition of butterflies exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (EWL).

If pheromone traps are not freely available, you can rely on the first indicator - the degree of harmfulness of the species in the previous year. If 2% of the crop was damaged, then in the current year treatments against the codling moth are necessary. For spraying to be effective. It is important to correctly set the processing time. The basis for their determination are the phenophases of fruit trees, meteorological indicators and direct observations of pests.

The period of spraying against plum codling moth is determined by the sum of effective temperatures of 200 °C (threshold 10 °C), at which caterpillars of the first generation begin to hatch. Against this pest, in addition to Matcha, Lufox and biological products (Table 2], pyrethroids are also effective - Decis Profi, Karate Zeon, Arrivo, Fastak, approved for sale to the public. There is a limiting factor when using them - the air temperature should not rise above values ​​of 20 ° C. At higher temperatures, ultraviolet rays destroy the active substance of the preparations and their effectiveness decreases.Insecticides from the group of pyrethroids should be used during the hatching period of codling moth caterpillars, in the morning or evening.

According to the experiments of scientists from the Institute of Horticulture, drugs of a new group - insect growth and development regulators (Match. Lufoks) are very effective against Lepidoptera, and their action does not depend on weather conditions. The duration of the toxic effect of Matcha and other insecticides of this group is 28-35 days after their application. The match is effective against codling moth caterpillars, leafworms, moths, mites. The effect of the drug is manifested in the inhibition of chitin synthesis in caterpillars during the transition from one age to another; as a result, the treated individuals cannot complete this process and die.

The spectrum of action of the drug is expanded due to the ovicidal effect - when females lay eggs on a previously treated surface of leaves or tree bark, caterpillars do not hatch from them. Match, 5% a.e. and Lufox 105 EC, k.e. should be used on varieties of plums of different ripening periods at the end of May - the first decade of June, during the peak of the summer of butterflies, mass oviposition and hatching of caterpillars. Plum plants of varieties of medium and late ripening are sprayed a second time (with one of the above insecticides) 28-35 days after the first treatment. Late plum varieties against plum codling moth are sprayed three times during the growing season.

Among the diseases that affect plums, clasterosporiasis (perforated spotting), fruit rot, red spotting (polystigmosis), cytosporosis, rust, gommosis (gum disease), plum pockets, sharka or pox plums (viral disease) are common. In all regions of plum cultivation, clasterosporium “dominates”. Polystigmosis affects trees mainly in the southern regions. The remaining causative agents of plum diseases are found everywhere, to one degree or another.

To obtain stable and high-quality fruits, scientists recommend an integrated protection system (ISZ) for plums, developed at the Institute of Horticulture. It is aimed at combating both pests and diseases, and takes into account the peculiarities of their development and distribution. According to the ISS, highly effective preparations are used to protect the garden.

ECO-METHODS OF PLUM PEST CONTROL

For connoisseurs of organic products, there is a simple method for protecting fruits using microbiological insecticides. Bitoxibacillin (BTB), lepidocid, gaupsin are effective against plum codling moth and other species of lepidoptera. The production of these environmentally safe and highly effective preparations is seriously carried out at the Odessa Engineering and Technology Institute "Biotekhnika", at the Institute of Plant Protection (Kyiv), as well as at some regional plant protection stations. The preparations are available in liquid form, with a consumption rate of 100 ml per 10 liters of water. Against each generation, two treatments are carried out, with an interval of 8-10 days.

If possible, it is necessary to abandon the use of chemicals against plum codling moth or reduce their number and consumption rate (the so-called economically feasible reduction), since insecticides used in the summer destroy beneficial insects that can keep populations of mites, aphids, mining moths on pre-threshold level.

Goldentail

To reduce the consumption of chemical insecticides, herbal preparations with insecticidal properties are used. Against aphids, the codling moth is effective hot pepper. (1 kg of fresh or 0.5 kg of dry pods is poured into 10 liters of water, kept for two days, boiled for 1 hour, cooled and insisted for two hours). The prepared broth is stored in a dark place in well-corked containers. Before flowering use 0.2

l of concentrate, after flowering - 0.1 l per 10 l of water. A decoction of wormwood is also used as an insecticide. To do this, during the flowering period, the leaves and upper parts of the plant are collected, then half a bucket of fresh or 700-800 g of dried mass is poured into 10 liters of water, insisted for a day, boiled for 30 minutes, cooled and 10 liters of water are added.

ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR PLUM PEST CONTROL

When carrying out protective measures on fruit-bearing plums or other crops, it is advisable to use pesticides and mineral fertilizers together. Tank mixtures of insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers are simultaneously effective against insects, pathogens, have a wide range of protective effects, prevent the emergence of resistant populations of harmful organisms, and create favorable conditions for plant development.

Combined compounds of insectofungicides with mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska, urea or ammonium nitrate) are highly effective. When using mineral fertilizers with a consumption rate of 30-50 g per 10 liters of water, the technological quality of the working solution improves - suspensions and emulsions are more stable, better wet the leaf surface and “stick” well, holding onto it. By adding fertilizer to the working solution, you can reduce the consumption rate of insecticides by 20-30%.

In addition to protective measures, it is important to maintain agricultural technology at a high level. Fruit tree care includes watering and fertilizing. Plants need an additional portion of moisture in the summer, in the heat, in late autumn they also need water-charging watering. Top dressing with fertilizers (root and non-root) improves the physiological state of trees and increases their resistance to adverse environmental conditions.

In addition to biological, chemical, mechanical and agrotechnical methods of protection, immunological also occupies an important place in the IHS. By cultivating plum cultivars that are resistant or tolerant to one or more pests, the number of protective sprays can be reduced while still producing good yields of quality fruit.

Plum pachyderm massively damages the fruits of the varieties Vengerka azhanskaya, Stakhanovka, Vengerka Kozievskaya, Katerina, Velyka son, Pombrion, Perdrigon swarthy, less green Renklod, Vengerka opishnyanskaya. Victoria, weakly - Peach, Early, Edinburgh, Hungarian Italian, Prince, Anna Shpet.

Plum cultivars Renklod Kievsky, Ugorka Azhanskaya, Anna Shpet are relatively resistant to clasterosporiasis.

The most vulnerable to sharka plum varieties are Hungarian ordinary, Empres, Hungarian Italian, Greenklod collective farm. Chachanskaya Rodna, Hungarian Wangenheim are relatively stable. Kirke, Valor, Oneida, Airlie Blue, Herman, Renklod Ulena, Anna Shpet, Hungarian Azhanskaya. Tolerant varieties Rutgersteter, Renklod Altana. Renklod Kyiv, Opal, Stanley, Sanctus gubertus, Chachanskaya naiboliya, Chachanskaya lepotika, Chachanskaya early, Ganita, Top, Voloshka, Oda, Titmouse.