Do-it-yourself sloping roof step by step. Sloping roof: the possibilities and device of an unusual design. Sloped roof shape

If you want to build a house with an attic, you need to consider the design of the roof. For this case, an ordinary gable roof will not suit you, since you will not be able to make the interior rooms spacious and with high ceilings. Making a sloping roof with your own hands is quite difficult, but quite realistic. The most popular and most profitable is broken gable roof. In the article we will consider the technology of its construction.

The content of the article on how to make a sloping roof with your own hands, drawings, video

Step 1 - Sloped Roof Project and Material Preparation

The design calculation of a sloping roof should be entrusted only to professional specialists. Entrust the design of a mansard sloping roof to people who are not only theoretically savvy, but also have experience with such roofs. If you decide to do the installation of a sloping roof with your own hands, starting from the drawings and ending with the laying of roofing materials, consider the finished drawings. At the end of the article, we will present several finished projects of broken roofs and drawings of specialists.

Types of broken roofs:

• top sloping;
• lower, steeper.

How to make a sloping roof with your own hands? To get started, prepare the materials and familiarize yourself with the construction of truss systems of other structures, for example, a shed roof or a four-slope roof. In order not to rot the entire truss system, all wooden roofing materials are treated with special compounds.

Step 2 - Waterproofing a sloping roof

Before installing the Mauerlat, it is imperative to carry out waterproofing work, especially at the installation sites. Waterproofing works are carried out using roofing felt, film or other material similar in structure. When laying the film, you need to make sure that it sags a little. It is much better if you play it safe and add several layers of this film (roofing material). So you provide double waterproofing, which is important when installing a sloping roof.

Step 3 - Installing the Mauerlat

To make a sloping roof with your own hands, you need to properly install the Mauerlat, because these are the supports on which the entire structure rests. The installation of the Mauerlat is done using block pouring with concrete. After that, it is necessary to connect the Mauerlat beam to the wall with studs.

To increase the strength of the Mauerlat, we make as few holes as possible. When calculating the distance between the studs, you need to make sure that they fall between the rafters. Then in the Mauerlat beam there will be fewer tie-ins located close to each other.

Holes are drilled according to the size of the studs, after which washers are placed under them and screwed with nuts. If you are just building a house, install the studs in the masonry in advance, and then drill holes in the Mauerlat beam.

Step 4 - Do-it-yourself sloping roof truss system

Frame (vertical system) of a sloping roof

The main stage in the construction of a sloping roof with your own hands is the installation of a truss system. The sloping roof frame is usually made of wood. Beams need to be fastened with cement mortar at the lower level of the structure. To do this, it is good to use heavy bars with a large cross section - at least 250 mm.

For a vertical system, light bars with a small section, no more than 50 mm, are more suitable. The truss system rests on load-bearing walls. You can watch the video and get acquainted with the technology of the sloping roof truss system in the article how to build a roof at home with your own hands.

Truss assembly

Having installed the vertical system, we proceed to the assembly of farms. It is very difficult to assemble a broken mansard roof with your own hands in the upper part of the system, so there is a reason to assemble ready-made trusses on the ground, and then lift them up and strengthen them. This will make your work easier. To do this, when installing a sloping roof, we make the necessary measurements, connect the bars, mark the cutouts for installation and arrange the necessary fasteners.

Having collected the first two farms, they need to be determined along the edges and fixed. At the top point, pull the level along the ridge. From this level you will install other farms. When all the trusses are delivered, they must be interconnected to give the system rigidity and stability. This can be done with the help of crossbars, they will later serve as the basis for the ceiling of the attic room.

Step 5 - Insulation and vapor barrier of a sloping roof

Why insulate the roof?

With this design, non-residential premises can also be used as utility rooms or to check the condition of the sloping roof truss system and ensure natural ventilation. Suppose you have an additional room - an attic. If you make attic roof thermal insulation, then at any time of the year you can use this room for living.

Warming a sloping roof is an important job. The comfort and coziness of both the attic space and the whole house depend on the quality of work.

Sloped roof vapor barrier

To protect the house from moisture, a vapor barrier is needed. If this is not done, moisture enters the house, moistens the insulation, which leads to the formation of mold and fungus on the walls.

Step 6 - Roof Sheathing

The installation of a sloping roof is completed by the device of the crate. For roofing, a well-executed roof batten is an essential element of the truss and support system.

Roof framing options:

• roof lathing for;
• roof lathing for corrugated board;
• roof lathing under slate and installation of slate.

In some cases, the crate is solid, consisting of boards laid closely, which are fixed to the rafters.

For any type of roof, instead of boards, you can use sheet material flooring. OSB sheets are moisture resistant, form an ideal monophonic flat surface, durable and reliable.

You can also use the more popular method:

• at first, transverse bars are laid on the rafters, which run parallel to the roof ridge;
• boards or bars are attached to them, directed from the ridge to the edge of the roof.

After installing the window openings and completing the lathing, you can start laying the roofing material of your choice.

Broken roofs - projects, drawings

Below are the projects and drawings of the sloping roof. Carefully consider the drawings and projects, they will help you do the installation of a sloping roof with your own hands quickly and efficiently.

The popularity of sloping roofs is due to the cost-effectiveness of construction and the ability to rationally use the attic space. They are used to organize insulated and non-insulated attics. The technology for the construction of roof structures with a variable angle of inclination of the slopes differs from the traditional two-slope scheme.

Therefore, those who want to acquire an attic floor and successfully prove themselves in the field of a roofer need to know how the broken roof truss system is arranged and how the dimensions of the materials for its construction are calculated.

The brightest and most expressive representative of the class of broken roofs is a pentagonal design with a clear difference in the angles of inclination of the slopes. Even without delving into the specifics of its construction, one can understand that it is made up of two tiers stacked on top of each other. In the lower solid tier there is an attic, which gave the second name to broken roofs. A less voluminous top tier, crowning the lower part, determines the shape of the structure in the region of the ridge.

Briefly about the specifics of the rafter structure

The truss frame for both parts of the mansard roof is built according to the rules dictated by the usual one. The lower part of the sloping roof frame is built by installing layered rafter legs. In the device of the upper part, both layered and hanging rafters can be used. The bottom of the layered rafters has the right to rely on the Mauerlat or on the floor beams. The support for the top is most often a wooden frame, which at the same time plays the role of a frame for one of the walls of the attic. In the device of the upper tier, they are mainly guided by the convenience of work for the performer.

By tradition, the angle of inclination of the slopes of the lower part of the sloping roof is much steeper than the upper one. It is they who create a break - a clear indicator of the use of broken technology in the construction of the roof. However, the steepness of the upper and lower parts of the slopes can be equal, which is why the broken structure will look like a regular gable. But they stand by the standard method for broken roofs, because the frame of the lower tier must provide the possibility of organizing the exploited space. Those. the truss system must have the necessary elements with a given load-bearing capacity for the construction of walls and ceilings of an insulated or cold attic.

Types of loads and their combination

We will not give sophisticated formulas according to which the rafter system of a sloping roof is calculated by designers of construction enterprises. Builders know them even without us. Those who decide to build one or two roofs on a suburban area do not need such fundamental information at all. There are plenty of programs on the Internet that perform complex mathematical operations in a couple of seconds to calculate the cross section of rafters, supports and beams. It is better to analyze what data is required to be entered into the program, as well as what types of loads on the floor, the rafters of the upper and lower tiers should be taken into account.

Download the program here -(only Excel is needed for work). Further we will give examples of working specifically with it.

Why limits are needed

Different types of loads will act on each element of the sloping roof truss system. The sum of the loads should not lead to deformations and damage requiring mandatory repairs. Bearing structures according to the rules are calculated taking into account two limit values, these are:

• Ultimate strength - a state, the excess of which leads to the destruction of the building structure, to the loss of endurance or stability.
• Ultimate deformation is a state, the excess of which leads to unacceptable deflections, as a result of which not only the geometry of the structure changes, but nodal joints are violated.

For both types of specified limit states, designers perform calculations. An independent roofer does not really need these subtleties. In the calculation programs available on the Internet with the formulas embedded in them, the limits are already taken into account. They are introduced into the calculation algorithm in the form of signal values ​​of the type:

• N tr. strength - the size of the element of the truss system, the reduction of which will lead to a state of loss of strength.
• N tr. deflection - the size of the element, the reduction of which will lead to a threatening deformation.

When referring to automatic computational assistance, such values ​​must be paid close attention. This is an extreme minimum indicating that the actual design values ​​should be higher.

The list of loads acting on the roof includes the weight of winter precipitation, wind force, own weight, weight of furniture and people operating the attic. Loads can act simultaneously, alternately or in any combination such as snow + furniture + people; snow + wind, etc. Calculations are carried out to the maximum in an effort to provide for the likelihood of exposure to the greatest load.

How to determine the weight of the snow cover

To determine the weight of the snow cover, special knowledge is not needed. It is carried out by finding out whether the construction site belongs to a specific "snow region". We found a region on the map with a number assigned to it, then looked at the plate how much snow would press on a horizontal surface.

For the rafters of the upper and lower tiers of a sloping roof, the snow weight indicators will be different. The slopes of a sloping roof in most cases are unequal in slope. Solid precipitation has more opportunity to linger and lie down on a close to gently sloping top than on the steep slopes of the lower part. It should be noted that on slopes with a steepness of up to 30º, the weight of snow is taken equal to the unit of the average statistical value adopted in the region based on long-term observations of the meteorological service. It is believed that on slopes with a steepness of 60º or more, snow does not linger at all, i.e. equals zero. The value of the snow weight in the interval between the indicated slopes is found by interpolation. For example, if the angle of inclination is 45º, then the tabular indicator should be multiplied by a factor of 0.5, for 50º by 0.33, etc.

How to find the wind load

Wind load is needed to calculate the stability of the truss system. To determine it, we again use a zoning map, but already compiled according to wind pressure values. This indicator is necessary for the rafter legs of both tiers of the roof, because the gusty wind can tear and blow away the flat part, and overturn the steep part. The information on the wind strength determined from the map is corrected by multiplying by a coefficient developed for different types of terrain.

In regions with high wind load, the frequency of attaching rafter legs to walls increases, i.e. they are fastened with wire twists more often than through one. For stability, the number of wind ties increases - struts, supports, boards or slats nailed to three or more rafters. Their weight must be taken into account when calculating the total weight of the roof structure.

Roof mass load

The weight of the roof is a prefabricated characteristic with individual parameters. In fact, this is the mass of a roofing cake of a specific insulated or cold structure with a certain type of coating and a solid or sparse crate specially arranged for the coating. It is calculated per meter of roofing area.

The average weights of the coatings can be found on the plate. It should be noted that when using relief roofing materials, the weight of the snow cover should be increased by 10%. For example, if corrugated board with a large wave is produced, it should be remembered that the snow cover in the recesses can accumulate and lie for a long time.

The weight of the crate depends on the type of coating. The device of a soft roof requires a continuous flooring from a board, sheets of moisture-resistant plywood or OSB boards. Profiled tin, slate, clay tiles are mounted on bars installed with a certain step. The weight of the crate will be increased by installing diagonal wind braces in regions with high wind load. The mass of insulation and the rafter system itself with struts, supports, girders and other elements is also calculated individually.

For preliminary calculations, there are approximate average indicators:

• the weight of the wooden crate is from 10 to 12 kg / m²;
• weight of layered rafter legs with a run from 5 to 10 kg / m²;
• the weight of the hanging legs of the truss truss is from 10 to 15 kg/m².

The readings calculated using the programs should not differ too much from the figures given. For insulated attics, the list of loads should be supplemented with the weight of the sheathing. In the case of using a heater with a thermal conductivity coefficient not much different from 0.04 W / m × ° C, its mass can be neglected.

We have shown where and how to find values ​​to be entered into settlement systems. All other information for the mathematical determination of the cross section of the rafters, beams, supports is entered according to the design data. If the calculation system warns that "the condition is not met" or the bearing capacity is not provided, the dimensions of the elements should be increased.

Construction of a broken truss system

Before proceeding with the installation of a truss system for a future sloping roof, it is necessary to make a project and make calculations of structural elements. We will assume that the design stage has been passed.

Consider one of the typical examples of the construction of an attic with two tiers of layered rafters erected over a brick box. We will fasten the rafter system to the Mauerlat - a wooden frame made of timber 150 × 200mm, laid flush with the inner perimeter of the walls. A row of bricks was laid along the outer edge of the box, masking the mauerlat and removing part of the spacer load. The upper plane of the Mauerlat should be 2-3 cm higher than the brick strapping.

Installation of floor beams

We begin the construction of the ceiling with the installation of extreme beams, the removal of which determines the width of the cornice overhangs. Further, along the cord stretched between the extreme beams, we install intermediate elements with a step equal to the distance between the rafter legs. For insulated roofs, it is recommended to make the step equal to the width of the thermal insulation slab, so that the insulation sits tightly in the space between the rafters intended for it. For non-insulated structures, the step is calculated so that a whole number of truss trusses with the same distances between them fit.

The size of the beam for the construction of the ceiling is 100 × 200mm. When laying the beams, we align their upper plane, if it is not possible to set it to a strictly horizon. Alignment is done by trimming the Mauerlat or lining wood chips under the beam. After attaching the beams to the Mauerlat, we attach a short beam to their end, so that they form a plane for the end cornice overhangs. The spacing between the short beams doesn't matter, maybe 1m or so.

Construction of the walls of the attic

We mark on the arranged ceiling the lines of the location of a number of supports for the rafter legs of the lower tier. Simultaneously with the supporting function, they play the role of a frame for the walls of the attic.

We act as follows:

• We install corner supports, for the manufacture of which we use a bar 100 × 150 mm long 10 cm more than the final height of the attic ceiling. We check the verticality of the supports with a plumb line, we will fix it only after we make sure that the installation is flawless. For stability, we fix their position with temporary braces. By analogy, we mount the supports in the middle of the gable walls.
• We connect the corner supports with a cord to indicate the installation location of the intermediate racks. For the manufacture of intermediate supports, material 50 × 150 mm with a height equal to the corner supports is suitable.
• On top of two rows of supports we lay runs made of boards 50 × 150mm. Temporary spacers will no longer be needed, the walls of the future attic built are stable even without them.
• We install a board on the runs with an edge, it will form the ceiling of the attic.
• On top of the ceiling of the attic under construction, we lay a board 25 × 150mm. It does not need to be installed along the axis of the building. It is better to lay in parallel, stepping back from the axis of 20-30cm.

The result of the efforts made is the finished frame of the attic and supports for installing the upper tier of rafter legs.

Installation of rafters of the lower tier

The rafters of the lower tier of a sloping roof are manufactured and installed using the standard layered method:

• We apply a board 25 × 150mm of the required length to the end of the structure being constructed and, in fact, mark the lines of the upper and lower washed down with a pencil. This is a template that can be used to make all the rafters of the lower tier, if there are no deviations in the geometry of the truss system.
• If there is any doubt about the impeccability of the previous work, we install only the extreme legs and pull the lace between them. According to the template on the remaining rafters, we only make the top washed down. We will mark the bottom line after the fact, combining the upper plane of the workpiece with the cord guide.
• We install rafter legs. We fasten them to the floor beams with brackets or metal corners, and at the top to the girders with two or three nails.

It happens that to cover the lower slope along the entire length, one board is not enough. In such situations, the rafter is mounted from two short boards sewn with a trim of material of a similar section with a length of 1 m or more. True, it is still advisable to order lumber of the required length so as not to weaken the structure with stitched sections.

Installing the rafter legs of the upper slopes

For the manufacture and installation of the upper rafters, you must first mark the central axis. To do this, a piece of inches should be nailed to the extreme ceiling board of the attic strictly vertically. One of the trimming edges must exactly match the central axis of the sloping roof truss system indicated on the diagram, further:

• We try on an inch to the end for the production of a template and mark the cut lines on it, the upper of which we draw straight along the axis indicated by the trim.
• We make a pair of rafter legs of the upper slopes according to the template. If we do not doubt the geometry of the constructed frame, we make several blanks at once. Otherwise, we proceed in the same way as with the lower brothers.
• We install the first pair of rafters, calling for assistance from two pairs of working hands. You can’t cope with the installation alone, because they don’t have an upper support. So that the newly erected truss truss does not fall, we support it with a strut.
• We mount the remaining roof trusses of the upper tier. We prop them up with struts after 3-4 pieces. The angle of inclination of the struts must be more than 45º. The direction of their inclination should be alternated.

Note that in order to prevent stretching and deflection of the attic ceiling boards, each upper truss truss must be equipped with a hanger from a board of approximately 25x150mm.

The photo selection will acquaint you with the specifics of the nodal connections of the broken-type roof truss system:

Along the line of the ridge and the lines of the fracture of the slopes, the crate is made continuous, regardless of the designed type and step of its installation. Two boards are nailed across the direction of the rafter legs with a gap of 2-3 mm between them. A similar continuous flooring is arranged in the valleys, if any, around the dormer windows and holes for driving the chimney pipe. In the case of using soft varieties of roofing, the crate is arranged continuous over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe slopes.

If the thickness of the insulation is equal to or greater than the width of the rafter, a counter-lattice is arranged in front of the batten, which is constructed by installing a remote bar. It is necessary to form a gap between the waterproofing and the roofing material. A remote bar is nailed from the outside of the system to the edge of the rafter. If the thickness of the thermal insulation boards allows you to leave the ventilation gap without remote tricks, there is no need to install a remote bar. It is also not needed in the construction of an insulated roof.

Upon completion of work on the installation of the truss system, cornices, gable walls, called tongs in wooden housing construction, are sheathed. Short overhangs adjacent to the gable walls are equipped, after which it is time to lay the roofing.

Video selection for independent builders

For those who wish to visualize the process of building a sloping roof, three videos with step-by-step work will help:

It is impossible to consider all options for the construction of roof structures for broken roofs within the framework of one article. Roof types, architectural parameters, regions differ. There are many nuances used in specific construction conditions. However, the examples given by us perfectly demonstrate the general technological principle. This information about the calculation rules and construction schemes should help both home craftsmen and owners who control the work of a hired team. Leave your questions, if any, in the comments.

A sloping roof not only transforms the appearance of the house, it is also necessary in order to rationally use the extra space. Such a roof got its name due to the design features: it has a large number of lines with breaks and a pentagonal projection. Under such a roof there can be a full-fledged floor. And from a financial point of view, such a construction will be much more profitable than the construction of an additional floor.

Requirements

In fact, the under-roof space is an attic that can be turned into a full-fledged living space. The construction and arrangement of a sloping roof is not an easy process. To do this, it is necessary to insulate and protect the entire structure from moisture. And subject to all the rules and norms of construction, an additional living room under the roof will reduce the heat loss of the house.

The main requirements that a sloping roof must satisfy are as follows:

• the ceiling height in the room should exceed 2.2 meters, otherwise it will be uncomfortable to be in a small compressed room;
• it is necessary to develop a ventilation system in order to protect the room from condensation;
• all roofing structural elements should be light in weight so as not to exert a large load on the floors and foundation of the frame house;
• in order to comply with fire safety rules, all wooden roof elements must be treated with flame retardants;

• roof structures must have excellent insulation;
• serious requirements are put forward to dormer-windows. They must have a rigid and reliable design so that when it rains, water does not enter the house. In addition, the design of skylights should be foreseen in advance so that washing glasses does not cause great difficulties;
• the roof structure must meet the engineering load calculations, so this task should be entrusted to professionals. All other work can be done by hand;
• the main differences in the design of a sloping roof are associated not only with the materials used, but also with geometric parameters.

Roof features

The sloping roof is not much different from the classic gable design. The only difference is that the slope is divided into two parts: upper and lower. This method of arranging the roof is suitable for both country cottages and country houses.

The sloping roof has its own characteristics, such as:

• the possibility of erecting a roof on an old building;
• allows you to build an additional floor without special financial and labor costs;
• rational use of space under the roof and an increase in the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house;
• even with the room dimensions of a private house, the attic floor with a sloping roof turns out to be roomy and spacious, since the new room will be slightly smaller than the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe structure itself;

• gives a more attractive appearance to the house;
• in some cases, it is possible to build a two-level attic;
• reduction of heat losses on the first floor, which reduces heating costs;
• the walls and ceiling on the attic floor can have a beveled shape, so you will have to make a lot of effort to decorate the interior;
• high cost of skylights.

The extra space can be used seasonally or throughout the year. In this case, each home owner chooses the most suitable option. Under the roof, a full-fledged living space with a high ceiling can be equipped and the premises can be used for various purposes.

• A complete living room. It can be a living room, a nursery, a bedroom or an office. It is necessary to carry out heating on the second floor if the room will be used throughout the year. And be sure to provide sound insulation, because during rainfall the sound of rain will be clearly heard through the roof. And also the space is additionally insulated from all sides and covered with reliable insulation.

• Kitchen-dining room. For this option, it will additionally be necessary to carry out all the necessary communications to the second floor, including electricity, heating, water supply and sewerage.

• Summer terrace or a recreation room is a great option for arranging a large house. On the second floor you can relax and unwind in silence. In this case, the main requirement for the design is that the roof must be reliably protected from wind and precipitation. The room can be with or without insulation.
• Wardrobe or business premises. This extra space can also be used to store various things.

Device: elements

All work on the construction of the roof must begin with the drafting and calculation. This work can be entrusted to professionals or done independently if you have at least minimal experience in the construction industry. To draw up a project, it is better to use special computer programs. The drawing should indicate all the necessary elements of the roof.

The design of a sloping roof consists of many parts. And the more complex and massive the geometry of the building, the more elements there should be.

The sloping roof device includes the following elements:

• vertical racks the lower end rests on the floor beams, and the upper end supports the lower rafters. They are also the framework for the interior walls on the additional floor;
• puffs- these are horizontal beams for hanging rafters and headstock. They connect hanging truss pairs with each other and relieve the load;
• struts- these are retaining diagonal beams necessary to reduce the load of the rafter legs;
• upper and lower rafters- these are stiffeners that perform the main function of the entire structure;
• Mauerlat- these are fastened wooden beams that are responsible for connecting the structure to the walls of the house;

• ridge run- this is the meeting point of a pair of upper rafters;
• money- this is a vertical fastening of hanging rafters and puffs, necessary in order to reduce the load on the elements and minimize deflection;
• contractions- these are horizontal struts necessary in order to reduce the load on the truss system, which is caused not only by its own weight, but also by precipitation, such as snow;
• crate- this is a frame for fastening roofing material and insulation. It is made in solid or lattice type;

• vapor barrier- this is the first layer for which a vapor barrier membrane is excellent. The vapor barrier film is laid on the roof structure with an overlap so that moisture does not get into the insulation;
• thermal insulation is a necessary element of the roof structure, since the attic space cools faster compared to the lower floors. As a heater, experts recommend using stone basalt slabs. They fit between the rafters. The insulation layer must be at least 20 cm;
• waterproofing it is laid on top of the rafters in one overlap layer, membrane material is excellent for this;
• roof placed over waterproofing. Installation features depend on the choice of material. As a rule, work begins from the lower tier;
• the final touches after the installation of the roof are the installation drainage and decorative trim.

Thus, the roof structure resembles a layer cake:

• roofing;
• waterproofing;
• counterlattice;
• crate;
• thermal insulation;
• initial crate;
• cornice;
• vapor barrier;
• truss system.

Rafter systems

A sloping roof allows you to expand the usable area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house without building an extension with minimal cost and labor. Additional space can be used for an open summer veranda or a winter garden. In addition, a small building improves the appearance of the house and protects the first floor from the cold.

The rafter system of a sloping roof differs from others in the presence of kinks on the slopes.

In the construction of a sloping roof, rather dimensional building systems are used. And wood is the best. Installation of the truss system is carried out at the stage of erecting the walls of the house or during operation. But at the same time, the entire system can be assembled without the use of large-lift equipment, adhering to only a modular technique.

Features of the sloping roof truss system are as follows:

• visually, the roof structure can be divided into two parts: upper and lower. The lower part is installed with the help of layered rafter legs. And the device of the upper rafters focuses primarily on convenience for the owner of the house. The angle of inclination of the lower and upper rafters should be 60–70 ° for the lower tier and 15–30 ° for the upper one;
• unlike the classic gable roof, this design has special stiffeners that act as walls in the attic;
• a headstock is mounted between the rafters and the puff, which is necessary to give additional rigidity to the puff and support;
• the scheme for installing two conjugated slopes at different angles depends on the size and shape of the building;

• the roof structure can be supplemented with bay windows - small ledges for windows. In this case, reinforcement of the truss system is required;
• since the rafters of a sloping roof are long, it is necessary to increase the reliability of the structure with additional elements - struts and puffs;
• a house with a sloping roof looks good in addition to a balcony or an extension in the form of a summer veranda, but in this case it is necessary to improve the rafter system with additional outriggers.

The construction of an attic floor with a sloping roof will cost much more than a classic gable design. And at the same time, you will need to delve into the laborious construction process.

Kinds

There are several options for broken roofs.

• Shed a sloping roof has only one inclined plane. And, despite the simple design, it is a non-standard option. Such a roof can be erected without the help of specialists with their own hands. But the design must have a good slope for the natural drainage of precipitation. Additional space under the roof in such a house can be used as a winter garden, recreation area, gym or a full-fledged living room.
• gable the sloping roof has two slopes directed in opposite directions. This design is considered the most durable and resistant to strong gusts of wind and precipitation. It allows you to get additional space of a large area. This roof design looks most advantageous on rectangular houses.

• Trekhskatnaya the sloping roof in appearance is more like a tower. This design gives the house an original and unique appeal. Since the roof device does not have an additional main wall, the entire structure is light in weight.
• Chetyrekhskatnaya the sloping roof has the most complex structure with broken profiles on all 4 sides of the house. Such a roof significantly expands the space under the roof and allows you to equip a spacious and comfortable floor. At the same time, the design has the lightest weight and does not load the floors and the foundation.
• hip the roof has additional structural elements that not only expand the space, but also increase the cost of construction.

Experts distinguish three types of structural features of a sloping roof, such as:

• the support of the lower rafters is installed on the Mauerlat. In this case, the floor beams of the attic space do not reach the walls of the lower floor;
• lower rafters extend beyond the outer wall lower floor. This design allows you to increase the space under the roof. And the greater the extension of the roof outside the structure of the house, the larger the attic room;
• are used only rafters. In this design, there are no hanging rafters, puffs are the support for the upper slope.

Project options

The design of the roof allows you to change the interior space of the attic. And before starting construction, it is necessary to study many successful projects of houses with a sloping roof.

In addition, the choice of the project will allow you to determine the size of the timber and the amount of building materials.

The interior space can be organized not only functionally, but also attractively.

• The space under the roof can be a continuation of the first or second floor. In this case, it is necessary to further strengthen the truss system and supporting structures.
• An attic with a sloping roof may have a separate entrance from the street. Such a project provides for a separate staircase on the side of the house.
• Internal walls can be left sloping or the roof slopes can be hidden with partitions. In the first case, it is necessary to think about how to use the peripheral zones functionally and stylishly.
• The same applies to the truss system on the ceiling - the supports can be hidden with drywall or left as a decorative element.

The sloping roof is great for buildings with complex architecture. One way to spice up a roof structure is to place slats at different levels. Thus, you can give the house an asymmetrical look.

Due to the partial displacement of the axis, it is possible to significantly expand the under-roof space and improve the geometry of the room. And you can also divide the structure into several segments with different angles of inclination. This technique looks especially advantageous when arranging outbuildings and to give a finished look to a house with a porch.

Material selection

Traditionally, it was believed that for the construction of the roof it is necessary to choose the same materials as for the house. But today, builders offer modern solutions.

• For the construction of the attic, coniferous trees are best suited. They are more durable and reliable, which allows them to withstand the load. The surface of the material should not have knots, cracks, chips and traces of damage.
• It is better to refuse metal and reinforced concrete elements in order to reduce the load on floors and foundations. The lower the blood weight, the more reliable the design.
• All building materials must have a suitable moisture level. For wood, the optimal level is 18-22%.
• In addition to wood, you will need metal fasteners to connect rafters, insulation and roofing materials.

For the construction of a sloping roof, the following materials should be used:

• timber with a section of 90x140 or 140x140 mm for Mauerlat;
• rafter beams;
• beams to reinforce the ceiling;
• boards for flooring;
• racks for the interior walls of the room;
• ridge for the roof and rack;

• unedged board for roofing for thermal insulation and lathing;
• rafters for slopes 40x100 mm;
• materials for waterproofing, vapor barrier and roof insulation;
• roofing materials;
• finishing materials for walls and ceilings;
• fasteners: metal brackets, corners, bolts, nails and self-tapping screws.

How to calculate?

In order not to encounter a shortage of building materials in the process of work, it is necessary to first carry out detailed calculations. To do this, you will need drawings of the house and roof, a calculator and a tape measure. To calculate the roofing material, based on the plan, the total area of ​​\u200b\u200beach slope is determined, and then all the data are summarized. The result obtained is divided by the area of ​​the roofing sheet and 10-15% is added for the reserve and force majeure situations.

When calculating, it is also necessary to take into account the presence of cornices with skates. By calculating the total roof area, you can determine not only the amount of building materials, but also calculate the load of the entire structure.

In order to determine the load on the load-bearing structures of a building, the following points must be considered:

• weight of roofing materials;
• approximate mass of snow;
• the mass of the elements of the crate;
• load of insulating materials on the rafters;
• roof dimensions;
• installation angles of slopes;

• the installation step of the elements of the truss system and roofing sheathing;
• additional loads: the weight of people, the load from double-glazed windows, ventilation and other additions.

After that, the bearing capacity is calculated using the formulas. You can also use special programs. In this case, it will be necessary to take into account the snow and wind loads characteristic of a particular region.

For beginners in construction, it is better to entrust this work to professionals. Since the choice and quantity of building materials depends on the calculation.

Wood protection

The tree is susceptible to many influences, therefore, for reliability, before installation, all building elements made of wood must be treated with protective agents. In the arsenal of modern manufacturers there are such compositions as:

• flame retardants - necessary to protect against fire;
• antiseptics;
• impregnation from decay.

It is wiser to purchase ready-made mixtures for processing. All protective preparations must be applied outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. For application, you can use a wide brush or sprayer. All protective equipment is applied in several layers. But the most reliable way to process wood is to completely immerse the material in the solution. In this case, you will need to prepare a bulk tank and a large amount of protective agent. This method of processing ensures high-quality penetration of protective agents into the wood.

Any preparations containing biodide are dangerous to human health. Therefore, when processing wood, it is necessary to wear a protective mask, goggles and gloves. After applying the protective impregnation, the surface must dry completely.

All joints of wooden elements after connection must also be treated with protective agents. And during the operation of the house, the main elements of the supporting structure must also be periodically processed.

Construction stages

After completing all the calculations and preparatory stages, you can proceed to construction. Despite the complexity of the design of a sloping roof, it can be built with your own hands. First you need to decide on the size and layout of the roof, and then follow the step-by-step instructions.

• The first stage of construction is the installation of a mauerlat, to which the ends of the rafters are subsequently attached. A wooden beam is laid around the entire perimeter of the walls.
• If the lower floor is not built of wood, then holes must be made in the walls for anchors at a distance of 2 meters and fasteners must be installed. Further, a waterproofing layer and a wooden beam with holes for fasteners are laid on the surface. Then, you can proceed to the installation of the Mauerlat, which is tightly attracted to the anchors.
• The next step is the installation of floor beams. They will serve as the ceiling for the first floor and support for the uprights on the second floor. First of all, the beams are mounted on both sides on the end sides of the building, then a string is stretched between them to indicate the density. It is necessary to strictly observe the horizontal level for a quality roof base. Then, intermediate beams are placed. The edges of the beams are smeared with mastic.

• The installation of racks is carried out according to the same principle. First, racks are mounted on two sides of the building, and then intermediate elements are installed. Between the racks it is necessary to leave a distance of no more than 2 meters. Temporary spacers can be used to fix the racks. The height of the racks should be 10 cm higher than the desired ceiling height.
• Then, runs and missing racks are installed between the intermediate racks. Thus, the attic receives the outlines of the frame of the internal walls.
• With the help of metal mounting corners, transverse beams are attached to the girders. From above, all puffs are fastened with a board - this is necessary to give the structure greater rigidity.
• After that, the rafters are installed. To do this, at a distance of about 1–1.2 meters, mounting points are marked on the Mauerlat. First of all, the side rafters are installed, and then the intermediate ones. If necessary, layered rafters can be supported with struts.

• After that, you can move on to the upper rafters. To begin with, two boards are installed and connected to each other from the side of the house. The fastening is fixed with puffs. If the length of the attic does not exceed 10 meters, struts must be used to make the structure more rigid. Otherwise, it is necessary to make a longitudinal connection with a ridge beam. Next, the remaining pairs of rafters are installed.
• Then, pendants are sewn on, which are necessary so that the puffs are securely fixed without temporary supports. After that, the pediment frame and facade components are installed: windows, doors, balcony.
• The final stage of construction is the sheathing of the fronts and the fastening of the crate. The step of the lathing is selected individually, based on the selected roofing material.

Registration

All design work is classified as secondary, but remains no less important. They include the arrangement of cornices, roof insulation, front sheathing and installation of pipes for drains.

Any roofing material is mounted only after insulating materials. The vapor barrier film is laid in the first layer, then the insulation, which must be used as safe non-combustible materials: pressed mineral wool, foam plastic, penoizol and other insulating materials. After that, waterproofing is laid.

After the installation of the frame and insulation of the sloping roof is completed, you can proceed to roofing work. This is an important and difficult stage, which will require the participation of at least three people.

Suitable materials for sloping roofing are as follows:

• slate;
• metal tile;
• ceramic tiles;
• wood;
• rolled bituminous materials;
• corrugated board;
• ondulin.

If you plan to use the attic as a living area, then you should not choose copper tiles and iron for the roof, since under the influence of direct sunlight the roof and the space under it will quickly heat up. Slate and metal tile panels are still popular materials for roofing. Modern manufacturers also offer a new ondulin material, which is resistant to temperature changes and direct sunlight.

Gutters are essential elements of a roof. They are used to ensure that water from the roof does not destroy the foundation and walls of the house. Plastic, galvanized steel and non-ferrous metals are suitable for drainage.

The main thing is that the selected material is resistant to corrosion and rust. And it is equally important that the drainage system has a low noise level.

Skylights are necessary not only for lighting, but also for natural ventilation. Windows are subject to special requirements. They must have an excellent level of waterproofing. It is also worth paying attention to the window opening mechanism, because during the operation of the glass it should be convenient to clean from dirt and stains. It is also possible to install large windows in the form of attic exits on inclined slopes. This design will be the most advantageous in terms of functionality and style.

Another original way of arranging windows on the pitched part is called the "cuckoo". In this case, the roof structure is complemented by a ledge with its own truss system, which makes it possible to install the window frame vertically and protect the glass from precipitation with a visor. Balconies should be placed on a vertical gable - in this way it is much easier to complete the work. But it is also possible to place a balcony on the pitched part of the roof, in which case it will be necessary to revise the roof structure and strengthen the load-bearing elements.

The finished construction of a sloping roof is no different from similar buildings and its construction technology is not very complicated. But in order for the construction to be completed correctly and efficiently, it is necessary to follow all the rules, norms and recommendations of the builders. And at the same time, you can not resort to the services of expensive specialists.

The construction of mansard roofs is an effective solution for the rational and elegant expansion of living space. The construction of a sloping roof is an economically profitable and reasonable enterprise today, allowing the developer to get precious living meters almost “for nothing”.

Advantages and disadvantages of a sloping roof

Before you build a sloping roof with your own hands, let's find out its main advantages and disadvantages.

Main advantages:

• the roof can be built on the infrastructure of an old residential building;
• increasing the area of ​​​​residence through the use of attic space;
• the building receives a complete and unique appearance;
• the attic can be built in one or two levels;
• reduction of heat losses through the roof of the structure, as a result - in winter, a decrease in energy consumption.

disadvantages:

• reduced wall height, which is caused by sloping ceilings;
• demanding and complex technologies for hydro and thermal insulation;
• the use of roof windows in the premises, which are significantly more expensive than conventional counterparts;
• the accumulation of snow in winter on skylights leads to a decrease in insolation in the room.

It follows from this that if a broken roof is made correctly, then many shortcomings can be avoided and its profitability becomes obvious.

Requirements for the construction of sloping roofs

The construction of a sloping roof is a technically complex process that must be carried out by professionals or people with sufficient skill and experience in this type of work. Do-it-yourself construction of a sloping roof is within the power of a person who already has some experience in roofing, but an experienced specialist should make an accurate calculation of a sloping roof. It will be impossible for a beginner to take into account all the subtleties and nuances.

Before you build a sloping roof, you need to know what requirements are placed on it.:

• the height of the attic space should be at least 2.2 m;
• ventilation must be effective from the eaves to the ridge; poor ventilation can lead to the accumulation of condensate in the under-roof space and possible leakage;
• roofing should have a low specific gravity and sufficient practicality;
• it is necessary to constructively provide for an increase in additional loads on the walls of the structure;
• special attention must be paid; there is no thermal cushion above it, therefore, the greatest heat loss occurs in it than in the lower floors of the room;
• fire safety must be ensured by the treatment of wooden structures with flame retardants and antiseptics.

Sloped roof rafter systems

The main difference between broken roofs is that only two types of rafters can be used in them. Either only layered rafters, which are installed on all slopes, or layered rafters are used on the lower slopes, and hanging on the upper ones.

Before you make a sloping roof, you need to determine the angles of inclination of the lower and upper slopes of the roof. The optimal angle of a sloping roof for the lower slopes is 60-70 °, and for the upper 15-30 °.

There are three main schemes:

Sloped roof installation

The sloping roof truss system is a modular design in which the rafters act as the lower roof slopes, and the upper roof slopes can be made of hanging or layered rafters.

Before you make a sloping roof with your own hands, it is necessary to treat the wooden elements of the truss truss with special solutions of fire retardants and antiseptics!

For the elements of the truss system, wood is selected from coniferous trees with a moisture content of 18-22%.

How to build a sloping roof, step by step instructions:

Insulation, hydro and vapor barrier of a sloping roof

After the frame is assembled, they begin to arrange the roofing pie. First, a vapor barrier material is attached. It is necessary to prevent the penetration of steam into the thermal insulation layer. Then there is the laying of thermal insulation. Basalt insulation is most often used as a material. Special requirements are imposed on the laying of thermal insulation. It may consist of several layers that are overlapped to prevent possible "bridges" of cold.

Treat the insulation gasket responsibly! Poorly executed thermal insulation can lead to thermal "breakdowns", which will negatively affect comfortable living in the attic room.

The density of the insulation must be at least 35 kg / m 3. Such a density is necessary for rigid connections and maintaining the geometric shape of the heat-insulating material so that it does not shrink and compact on steep slopes.

Do not use roll insulation with a density of less than 35 kg / m 3. Over time, such a heater deforms, creating empty cavities inside the roof, which will lead to its freezing!

A waterproof breathable membrane is laid on top of the insulation. It allows the passage of vapors from the insulation, while holding the water column.

An equally important point is the ventilation of the under-roof space from the roof overhang to the ridge. The resulting condensate, from differences in external and internal temperatures, must be removed by natural ventilation and drying. In complex roofs with many kinks and valleys, it is easy to make a mistake and make insufficient air. As a result, local accumulation of condensate in poorly ventilated places and the appearance of a leak are possible.

Thanks to its ergonomics and economy, the construction of sloping roofs and the ability to properly use the attic space is very famous. The organization of insulated and non-insulated attic spaces is used in this technology. This technology differs from the traditional one in that the roof structure here comes with a variable angle of inclination of the slopes, and in the usual one - a gable system. And therefore, those who wish to make such a roof with an attic floor need to understand how the sloping roof system is arranged and how the dimensions of the materials for its construction are determined.

One of the most famous representatives of the category of sloping roofs is a 5-coal construction with a visible difference in the slope angles of the slopes. Even if you do not know all the subtleties of its construction, it is possible to figure out that the structure is made up of two tiers installed on top of each other. The attic is located in the lower fundamental tier, which gave another name to broken roofs. Strengthening the lower part of the roof, a less extensive tier-top, gives shape to the construction in the area of ​​​​the top. But the use of "broken" technology cannot always be recognized by the appearance of the roof. The roof may look like a simple gable structure, but the angle of inclination of the slopes of the upper and lower levels can be equal. There are countless variations of broken roofs, but they are all built according to the same principle - by erecting two or more tiers.

The creation of a truss frame for two sections of the attic roof is carried out according to the rules emanating from the usual technology for the construction of pitched roofs. The bottom of the base of a sloping roof is constructed with the help of layered rafter stops "legs". In the upper part, it is possible to use both layered and hanging rafters. The bottom of the layered rafters has the right to be based on the Mauerlat “Mauerlat is an element of the roofing system of the building. It is a bar or log laid on top along the perimeter of the outer wall. or on floor beams.

The basis for the top in most cases is a wooden frame, along with this, which plays the role of a frame for one of the walls of the attic. The organization of the top of the roof is usually focused on the livability of the work for the figure.

The angle of inclination of the slopes of the lower tier of the roof, according to custom, is much steeper than the upper one. They are a clear example of the use of "broken" technology in the construction of the roof, in the form of a break. Nevertheless, the sheerness of the lower and upper tiers of the slopes may be the same, which is why the broken construction may seem like an ordinary gable roof. Due to the need for the frame of the lower tier to provide the possibility of organizing the area used, the roof is erected in a typical way for broken roofs. That is, the truss structure must have the necessary details with the established transmission capacity for the construction of walls and ceilings of an uninsulated or insulated attic.

The details of the lower and upper tiers are calculated separately, since the load on the rafter legs is uneven. Also, in a pentagonal sloping roof, it is certainly determined by the presence of two parts, slopes having a different angle of inclination and most often of different lengths.

It makes no sense to consider the difficult calculations that the designers of construction companies give, since each calculation is individual. Experts will do it for you. There are enough programs on the network that can solve complex mathematical operations for calculating the cross section of rafters, beams and supports in a few seconds. Let's analyze what types of loads on the rafters of the upper and lower tiers and the overlap should be known.

Calculations of the lower rafters are made for compression with bending, and more often, only for compression, since the roofs of such schemes are made, according to the standard, for steeper slopes on which snow does not hold and the main load is the wind and the weight of the upper triangle. And the wind, even of hurricane force, is unlikely to break the rafters, rather tear off the cover or throw off the entire roof. Anti-wind measures are already taking place here: the installation of wire twists and the interlacing of the roof to a single wall belt with threaded anchors.

The literal power from the weight of the snow cover, which is required to calculate the guiding ability of the truss structures in a particular construction site, must be determined in regional construction companies or established according to the maps of SP 20.13330.2011 "Loads and Impacts". The number of the snow region is formed according to the zoning map, which was compiled according to the calculated data on the snow cover on the territory of the country. Then, from the table below, we select the snow load suitable for this region.

Wind load is necessary to calculate the strength of the truss system. To describe it, we again use the zoning map, but already compiled by the magnitude of the wind pressure.

This coefficient is needed for the rafter legs of both tiers of the roof, since the gusty wind can rip off and carry out the steep part.

In regions with a high wind load, the frequency of strengthening the rafter legs to the walls increases, that is, they are fastened with wires more often than just through one. For survivability, the number of wind ties is added - slopes, emphasis, boards or slats, which are nailed to four or more rafters. Their weight must be taken into account when calculating the total weight of the roofing.

The mass of the roof is a complex characteristic with individual characteristics. Essentially, this is the weight of a roofing hook of a certain insulated or non-insulated device with a distinct appearance of the coating and a solid or sparse frame specially arranged for the coating. It is calculated per 1 meter of roofing area.

The average weights of the coatings can be found in the table on the Internet. Also on the network you can find many photos and drawings of a broken line. It must be taken into account that when using protruding roofing materials, the mass of snow cover should be increased by 10 percent. For example, if it is installed with a large wave, then you need to keep in mind that the snow cover in the channels can accumulate and lie for days.

The mass of the crate is the most significant component of the roofing structure. The weight of the frame is related to the type of coating. The structure of the soft roof needs a continuous flooring of boards, layers of moisture-resistant plywood or OSB sheets. Profiles made of tin, slate, clay tiles are installed on beams mounted with the necessary step. The mass of the “base” frame will be added due to the installation of diagonal wind connections in places with the highest wind load. The weight of the insulation is also calculated separately.

Each part of the roof can be under different types of loads. The entire set of loads should not be subjected to deformation and malfunction, which can lead to mandatory repair. The calculation of load-bearing structures according to the standard is done taking into account two limit values, this

• Maximum strength is a state, if exceeded, it leads to a breakdown of the building structure, to loss of stability.
• Maximum deformation is a state, if exceeded, it leads to an unacceptable sag, as a result of which the geometry of the structure changes and the nodal connection breaks.

Among the loads that act on the roof are: winter precipitation, wind, its own mass, the weight of people, furniture that use the attic. The influence of loads can be simultaneous, sequential and in combination, sort of like furniture + man + wind; snow + man and so on.

Thanks to the calculations, the maximum probability of the influence of the load of the limiting value is provided.

Before you start building a truss system for a sloping roof, you need to calculate the details of the system and create a project. Let's imagine that this stage is done.

Let's look at one of the standard examples of building an attic with two tiers of layered rafters fastened over a brick box. We will fix the rafter structure to the Mauerlat, that is, to a wooden frame made of a 150x200mm beam, placing it on the same level with the inner perimeter of the walls. A row of bricks is placed along the outer edge of the box, which mask the maerlat and remove part of the spacer load. The upper part of the Mauerlat must be 2-3 centimeters higher than the brick fortification.

The construction of the structure begins with the installation of the outermost bars, the removal of which determines the width of the eaves eaves. Further along the tightening between the extreme bars we place intermediate elements with a step equal to the length between the rafter legs. For insulated truss systems, it is recommended to build a step equal to the width of the heat insulator plate so that the heat insulator sits tightly in the required place between the rafters. For non-insulated buildings, the step is measured so that a whole number of roof trusses fit with a uniform gap between them.

The size of the bar for the construction of the ceiling is 100x200mm. When fitting the beams, we adjust their upper plane, if it is not possible to put it strictly horizontally. We make the room through the underlays of the maerlat or the lining of the wood chips under the beam. After strengthening the bars to the maerlat, we install a short bar to their end, so that they create a plane for the front cornice overhangs. The distance between the short bars is not important, even if it is 1m or so.

We make marks on the constructed overlap of the line for placing a number of supports for the rafter legs of the lower tier. Simultaneously with the supporting function, they act as a frame for the walls of the attic.

We act in this way:

• We use a timber 100x150mm, which is 10 cm longer than the final height of the attic ceiling; with its help we mount corner supports. We coordinate the verticality of the supports with the help of a plumb line, we will strengthen it only after we make sure that the installation is ideal. For complete stability, we strengthen their position with temporary props.

In the likeness, we install stops in the middle of the end walls.

• We connect the corner stops with a cord to determine the place of installation of intermediate supports. To create intermediate supports, a 50x150mm material with a height equal to the corner supports will come off.
• Above two levels of supports, we add beams made of boards 50x150mm. There is no longer any need for intermediate stops; the walls of the future attic built are strong even without them.
• To form the ceiling, you need to install the board with an edge on the beams.
• We are building a 25x150mm board over the attic under construction. There is no need to mount it along the axis of the structure. The best solution would be to lay it in parallel, retreating from the axis of 20-30 centimeters.

The rafters of the lower level of the roof of the "broken" technology are produced and installed in the usual layered way:

We install a 25x150mm board of the required length to the end of the structure being erected and draw the lines of the upper and lower washed down with a technical pencil. Provided that there are no flaws in the geometry of the rafter structure, this sample can be used to produce all the rafters of the lower row.

If there are deviations in work, we mount only the extreme legs and stretch the lace between them. According to the model on other rafters, we leave only the top washed down. With lacing, combining the upper part of the workpiece, the bottom line must be marked after the fact.

We put rafter legs. We strengthen them to the floor beams with brackets or iron corners, and from above to the beams with nails, a few pieces.

It sometimes happens that only one board is not enough to cover the lower sloping surface along the entire length. In these cases, the rafter is installed from two short boards, reinforced with a piece of material of a similar section 1 meter long or more. But, it is most desirable to order boards of the required length in order to weaken the structure with fastened sections.

To make and install the upper rafters, first you need to mark the central axis. In order to do this, you need to attach an inch piece to the outermost ceiling board of the attic, always vertically. The cutting edge must exactly match the sloping roof rafter structure marked on the diagram, after:

We make a measurement to the edge of the inch to create a sample and make a mark on it for a line of cuts, the upper part of which we draw straight along the marked piece of the axis.

We produce several rafter legs for the upper slopes according to the model. If there is no doubt about the correctness of the constructed frame, we make a couple of forages at once. Otherwise, we proceed in the same way as with the lower pairs.

We mount the first pair of rafters, calling someone to help. One with the installation cannot be overpowered, since they do not have top support. So that only the created fortified truss system does not fall apart, support it with a slope.

We attach the remaining roof trusses of the upper part of the structure. It is necessary to substitute them with struts after 3-4 pieces. The slope angle must be greater than 45 degrees.

You need to alternately follow the path of their slope.

It doesn’t matter at all the designed type and installation step of the frame, anyway, along the line of the “ridge” and the line of the fracture of the slopes, the crate is made solid. Contrary to the direction of the rafter legs, two boards are “shooting” with a gap of 2-3 mm between them. Precisely the most continuous construction is arranged in the valleys, if any, around the attic windows and holes for the chimney. If a soft version of the roofing is used, the frame is installed solid over the entire site of the slope. If the thickness of the insulation is equal to or greater than the width of the rafters, a counter-frame is installed in front of the frame, which is built in by mounting a remote beam. It is needed to form a gap between the waterproofing and the coated material. There is no need for a distance bar if the thickness of the heat-insulating plates makes it possible to leave a ventilation gap without remote tricks. Also, there is no need for it if you build an uninsulated roof.