What is a typical project for? Standard projects Design of standard buildings

Everyone knows that before creating something (a film, a music track, a disc box, and even a paper clip), a fairly clear plan is needed, which indicates all the main characteristics of the object, its features and much more.

The situation is similar with the house. Prior to the start of construction, the most detailed plan for future work is drawn up. Where will the bath be located?

How many meters do you need to take for the hall? Where will the sewer go? It is to answer these and many other questions that a work plan is needed. The details of the future home, however, depend not only on the wishes of the future homeowner, but also on external factors.

So, the choice of materials will be influenced by the characteristics of the climate, and the foundation will be influenced by the approximate mass of the structure and the type of soil.

Standard project - a set of ready-made drawings with explanatory inscriptions, notes and estimates

Most often, the first album with drawings corresponds to the architectural plan of the building, the second contains information about communications, and the third contains additional details and an estimate.

Not only is a standard project necessary for future construction, it is also extremely convenient. It only takes a few minutes to delve into the drawings, and you can find any information you need. In addition, typical projects, as a rule, are created according to the same plan, so they are easy to compare with each other.

If a typical project was created without taking into account accurate information about the features of the construction site, then the drawings will have to be redone or changed. For example, in some areas there is still no sewerage or central heating, and, therefore, they need to be excluded from the second album. Due to changes in the location of communications, changes in the interior are also possible. In addition, the redevelopment that has begun may affect the remaining communications. True, typical projects always provide for an inconspicuous piping system, so removing it from the drawings will not be a problem for the entire document.

It is necessary to select and modify a typical project in such a way that further costs for its improvement are minimal. Why spend money on building a house when in a year and a half you will have to change the roofs or finish building something? Take your time with the choice of the project and adjust the project with the help of a professional designer.

It is worth noting that at the moment the number of country houses is growing in the country, so the range of standard projects is quite large. Blueprints are increasingly optimized for use in the construction of the most advanced materials. So, the number of standard projects for frame houses with external plaster and insulation is quite large.

Experts advise choosing two-story buildings

Firstly, their price is not much different from one-story houses. Secondly, communications work more reliably in two-story buildings. Thirdly, a two-story house, equal in living area to a one-story building, occupies less land on the site. However, no matter what type of building you choose, you need to take care of two exits: central and additional.

The next step in the evaluation of a typical project is the layout of the rooms

Here you need to take into account several factors such as the number of people living in the house, cardinal points and wind direction. Bedroom windows should not be located to the west, and for other living rooms it is best to choose south or east. In turn, windows that “look” to the northwest or north are ideal for a kitchen or restroom, since the restrooms should be warm. If your toilet is located on the street, then there is no particular difference in location. To save money, almost all rooms of your country house should be illuminated by the sun. Exceptions are some internal corridors and closets.

The next stage of the analysis of a typical project - the roof

Many simply do not notice this subtlety, but the shape of the roof depends on the shadow that will fall on your site. The best option would be to darken the path around the house. So you free up more territory for useful plants, trees, or even a small garden for family holidays.

If the site has an oblong (narrow) shape, then the most practical option would be to build a house 2-3 meters from the side fence. In the case of a wide property, the side wall of the house must necessarily coincide with the middle of the entire plot.

See what a "TYPICAL PROJECT" is in other dictionaries:

The project, which can be applied to a vast number of objects, has been used for implementation by many performers in different conditions. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA M ... Economic dictionary

standard project- - [L.G. Sumenko. English Russian Dictionary of Information Technologies. M .: GP TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general EN standard project ...

standard project- tipinis projektas statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. standard design vok. Standardausführung, f; Standardentwurf, m rus. typical project, m pranc. projet type, m … Automatikos terminų žodynas

standard project- a project that can be applied to a vast number of objects, used for implementation by many performers in different conditions ... Dictionary of economic terms

Sample project- these are mainly houses made of reinforced concrete structures produced by local house-building factories (DSK). Typical, in this case, suggests that houses built from the products of a particular DSC differ from each other, except ... ... Housing Encyclopedia

Cinema "Pervomaisky" A typical project of cinemas is a project according to which cinemas were built ... Wikipedia

A project intended for the construction of similar structures. 11a f. such projects primarily provide for mass construction objects, such as: artificial structures (pipes, bridges, overpasses), passage. buildings, stations... Technical railway dictionary

standard project- The project of an enterprise, building, structure and their complexes, intended for multiple use, by linking to specific construction conditions [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] Topics ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

- (see STANDARD PROJECT) … Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

The model national law on the development of tolerance is a document prepared by a group of experts of the European Council for Tolerance and Reconciliation (ECTR) and legally regulating legal relations in such an area as tolerance in ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Prevention is a priority of clinical mammology , Kaprin Andrey Dmitrievich , Rozhkova NI , The book presents the latest achievements of scientific and practical medicine in the field of prevention of breast diseases. The modern system of screening diseases is described in detail ... Category: Obstetrics and Gynecology Publisher: Special Medical Book Publishing,
Istanbul, Becker Frank Stefan, Bergmann Jurgen, Ferner Manfred, "West is West, East is East...". Not true. What do you say when you find yourself in Istanbul, the former capital of an undoubtedly Asian country, but at the same time - the cultural capital of Europe in 2010? Among… Category: Guides Series: Guide. Nelles Pocket Publisher:

From September 1, 2016, Federal Law No. 368-FZ of July 3, 2016, changes are made to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

The federal law provides for the allocation of project documentation for reuse, cost-effective design documentation for reuse, and modified project documentation among the design documentation for capital construction projects.

Thus, design documentation for reuse is recognized as design documentation for a capital construction facility that has received a positive conclusion from the examination of design documentation and can be used in the preparation of design documentation for the construction of a capital construction facility similar in purpose and design capacity. The federal law provides that the criteria for the economic efficiency of design documentation for reuse are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Modified project documentation is recognized as project documentation, in which, after receiving a positive conclusion from the examination of project documentation, changes have been made that do not affect the design and other safety characteristics of the capital construction object.

It is not required to conduct an examination of the modified design documentation, as well as sections of the design documentation prepared using reuse design documentation that have not been modified.

Application of standard design documentation

Over the past years, the concept of "standard design documentation" has undergone changes. Many questions arise when using standard design documentation in modern design.

The company "PRO-INFO" has accumulated a lot of experience answering the questions of users of the "Techexpert" systems about the status of standard project documentation, the procedure for its application in the design, the use of Indexes and Lists of project documentation, and their compliance with modern legislation.

Frequently asked Questions

1. What is standard project documentation, does such a concept currently exist?

Before the entry into force of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (until 01.01.2005), the concept of "standard project documentation", as well as the procedure for its development and use, were described in various regulatory documents.

Until 2002, the composition and procedure for the development of standard design documentation was established in SN 227-82 "Instructions for standard design". Since 01/01/2002, SNiP 11-03-2001 "Standard design documentation" has been in force, replacing SN 227-82.

According to SNiP 11-03-2001, standard design documentation was defined as space-planning solutions developed on the basis of unification and typing and included in the Federal Documentation Fund in Construction sets of documents for the creation of buildings and structures, structures, products and assemblies for multiple use in construction, containing text and graphic materials.

Typical design documentation, depending on the purpose, was divided into the following types:

standard building structures, products and assemblies (standard series) - for multiple use in design and construction, as well as in mass (batch) production and use at construction industry enterprises and construction sites;
standard projects - for the construction of buildings and structures, binding to a specific construction site or for the development of individual projects;
standard materials for design - for methodological support for the design of specific construction projects, binding standard projects.

The decision to assign the status of "standard" to the developed design documentation was made by the federal agency for architecture and urban planning.

The approved standard design documentation was to be included in the Standard Design Documentation Fund. The authority to maintain the TPD Fund was assigned to the CITP (then JSC "CPP", later - "CITP named after Ordzhonikidze"). The structure of the TPD Fund repeats the structure of the Construction Catalogue, approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated August 30, 2000 N 84. Standard series and standard materials for design were included in the SK-3 construction catalog, standard projects - in the SK-2 construction catalog.

After the entry into force of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated 07/09/2007 N 62 "On approval of the criteria for classifying project documentation as standard project documentation, as well as modified standard project documentation that does not affect the design and other characteristics of reliability and safety" was adopted. capital construction projects. The order gave a different definition of standard design documentation: "The re-applied design documentation of a capital construction object in the following sections (including all drawings, diagrams, etc.): architectural solutions; structural and space-planning solutions, with the exception of decisions on foundations; information on engineering equipment, on networks of engineering and technical support, a list of engineering and technical measures, the content of technological solutions, with the exception of decisions on external engineering networks (hereinafter referred to as standard design documentation), as well as the applicable standard design documentation of a capital construction object, which has been amended , which do not affect the characteristics of structures, elements of structural systems of a capital construction object, affecting the reliability of their work and the ability to maintain the operational qualities of a capital construction object during the service life of such an object (hereinafter referred to as the modified standard design ny documentation that does not affect the design and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of capital construction projects) is developed in accordance with Article 48 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the features established by this Regulation. Thus, only design documentation for the object as a whole, and not individual units, structures, began to be referred to as standard. Order N 62 was canceled by order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation N 27 of 01/31/2011.

Since the beginning of 2011, the concept of "standard design documentation" has also changed several times. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.03.2007 N 145, standard design documentation or design documentation for reuse was considered design documentation for seven years from the date of receipt of the initial positive conclusion of the state examination until the date of filing an application for a state examination of the results of engineering surveys, "zero cycle and networks of engineering and technical support.

In 2011, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2011 N 791 "On the Formation of a Register of Standard Design Documentation and Amendments to Certain Decrees of the Russian Federation" was adopted, according to which project documentation is classified as standard design documentation, which received a positive conclusion from the state examination of project documentation and reused.

Federal Law No. 337-FZ of November 28, 2011, introduced a change to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, as a result of which standard design documentation began to include design documentation for capital construction projects that received a positive conclusion from the state examination or non-state examination and is reused (part 3 of Article 49 of the Town Planning Code). Code of the Russian Federation).

This concept of standard project documentation remains to this day.

2. Can the "old" standard project documentation be considered as relevant? Is it legal to apply the concept of "active" / "inactive" to standard design documentation?

Currently, the status of standard design documentation is confirmed by the inclusion in the register of standard design documentation. The responsibility for maintaining the register was assigned to the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (later - to the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation).

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2011 N 791 introduced the concept of "registry of standard design documentation". This is a list of project documentation for capital construction projects being compiled by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation that has received a positive conclusion from the state expertise and is recommended for reuse.

In the same Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2011 N 791, it is determined that "information on design documentation for residential and administrative buildings, social, cultural and domestic facilities (cultural, educational, health facilities, sports buildings and structures, etc.), during the preparation, which were used modern economical resource- and energy-saving, architectural and planning, constructive, engineering, technological and organizational solutions and which is recommended for mass re-use when creating capital construction objects due to or with the involvement of funds from the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and (or) local budgets.

Based on the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of March 29, 2013 N 106 "Information on project documentation is included in the Register, provided that the capital construction object for which the project documentation is prepared, being similar in purpose, type and technical and economic indicators to other capital construction objects, information on standard design documentation in respect of which are submitted for consideration to the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation or which are included in the Register, has the best ratio of the cost of construction of a capital construction facility to the estimated life, usable area to the total area of a capital construction facility, resource consumption per unit of capacity, necessary for the operation of the capital construction object, and with equal indicators - in its preparation, previously not used architectural and planning, structural, engineering, technological and (or) organizational innovative solutions".

The register of standard project documentation is located on the official website of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation in the "Documents" section. You can download it in Techexpert "TPD" systems under the banner "Register of TPD Minstroy".

The "old" standard design documentation cannot currently be considered as "active" or "inactive", since the date of entry into force of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, all of it has automatically become a reference.

3. Is it possible to use the "old" standard project documentation in modern conditions when designing objects? Are there any peculiarities of passing the examination of projects when using the TPD? In what form should it be submitted for examination if it is part of a new project (structures, components)?

At present, standard design documentation as such, that is, developed on the basis of unification, typification and for mass use, does not exist. There is an author's project documentation, the use of which is possible by third-party organizations if it has received a positive assessment of state or non-state expertise and upon conclusion of an agreement with the copyright holder.

In connection with changes in the regulatory framework (entry into force of technical regulations, transition to technical regulation within the framework of the Customs Union), it must be remembered that the "old" standard project documentation can be used to the extent that it meets the requirements of the current technical regulations. Otherwise, subsequently the body of state construction supervision will be entitled to bring to administrative responsibility for deviations from the requirements of technical regulations. For example, when building for public needs, it must be taken into account that any materials and equipment that will be used in this building must meet the requirements of energy efficiency class "A". This is how the provisions of Article 13 of the Technical Regulation "On the Safety of Buildings and Structures" (Federal Law No. 384-FZ of December 30, 2009) are implemented. In the development of Article 6 of this technical regulation, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06.21.2010 N 1047-r "On approval of the list of standards, the application of which on a mandatory basis ensures the fulfillment of the requirements of the technical regulation" On the safety of buildings and structures" was adopted. From 07.01.2015 to replace the list , approved by Decree N 1047-r, the list approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2014 N 1521. From 01.10.2015, this list is valid with changes approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2015 N 1033.

In accordance with clause 15 of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.03.2007 N 145, when using standard project documentation, it is mandatory to submit a document confirming the right to use it (for example, a license agreement), as well as a document confirming the compliance with climatic and other conditions in which the standard project documentation planned for re-use, the conditions under which it was developed for the original use. To apply standard design documentation, it is also necessary to submit foundations, engineering networks and engineering surveys for state expertise. This is necessary to link project documentation to a specific construction site.

Please note that at the moment the main requirements for the design of project documentation are regulated by GOST R 21.1101. GOST R 21.1101-2009 was mandatory by virtue of the order of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1047-r dated 06/21/2010. From 07/01/2015, instead of the list N 1047-r, the list N 1521 dated 12/26/2015 is valid.

GOST R 21.1101-2009 was replaced on 01.01.2014 by GOST R 21.1101-2013, however, GOST R 21.1101-2013 was not included in the list N 1521, thus losing its obligation.

Nevertheless, GOST R 21.1101-2013 is included in the List of documents in the field of standardization, as a result of which, on a voluntary basis, compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures", approved by order of Rosstandart dated March 30, 2015 N 365 (in edition of the Order of Rosstandart dated December 25, 2015 N 1650). Thus, the execution of project documentation should be carried out in accordance with GOST R 21.1101-2013.

When using individual "standard products", for example cable ladders of the NLK series, it must be remembered that these products do not belong to the category of "standard design documentation" in the modern sense. These components, products, parts can be used in project documentation if they comply with current standards, but, in addition to referring to a specific series, it would be correct to present a sheet from the corresponding album as part of the project documentation. If such a sheet is not issued in accordance with GOST R 21.1101, then it should be issued in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 21.1101-2013.

Design documentation included in the author's catalogs (such as JSC "ROSEP", JSC "Russian Railways", etc.) can be used as a recommendation. At the same time, it must be remembered: if departmental requirements are softer than the norms of federal legislation, then federal norms must be used, if it is tougher, departmental norms can be preferred. Departmental standards will be mandatory, which are specified in the design contract within the framework of Article 432 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation or within the framework of the standards and rules of the SRO (Article 55.5 of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation), if their requirements do not contradict the norms of federal legislation. For example, the "Recommendations for the implementation of construction control on federal highways" (ODM 218.7.001-2009) contains more stringent requirements for executive documentation than RD-11-02-2006 "Requirements for the composition and procedure for maintaining executive documentation during construction , reconstruction, overhaul of capital construction facilities and the requirements for certificates of survey of work, structures, sections of engineering and technical support networks ", approved by order of Rostekhnadzor dated December 26, 2006 N 1128.

In connection with the foregoing, when using standard project documentation, one must understand not only whether it has the status of "standard", but also how much this project fits into the current legislation. In this case, the fundamental documents are the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, technical regulations, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2014 N 1521 (as amended of September 29, 2015 N 1033), Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 N 87 "On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content."

4. Is it possible to use in the design of standard design documentation contained in electronic databases, such as, for example, the system "Techexpert. TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and components"?

OAO CITP named after Ordzhonikidze (formerly OAO TsPP) has been maintaining the Federal Fund for Standard Design Documentation (TPD) for several decades, which includes 7.5 thousand standard projects and 4.1 thousand issues of documentation of standard building structures, assemblies and parts, and publishes Indexes and Lists of standard project documentation of the all-Russian construction catalog. Today there are: List SK-1, Index SK-3, Lists SK-2 (P-2.04-2006, P2.02-2003, P-2.08-2006, P2.01-2002), List SK-3 and List SK-11.

All these publications, especially Index SK-3, are unique. They are created on the basis of information provided by the developers of standard design documentation. This information formed the basis of the base for the Techexpert: TPD product line, including Techexpert: TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and assemblies.

The use of standard design documentation included in the Techexpert: TPD product line is not only acceptable, but in some cases inevitable due to the lack of analogues in modern design. The old standard design documentation was created by the efforts of entire institutes and design organizations, its quality has been tested by time.

Thus, the product line "Techexpert: TPD" can be used in modern design, its use is allowed by the examination, but it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the current regulatory documents listed above. For example, the examination allows to attach to the set of design documentation a printout of any drawing of standard design documentation from the Techexpert: TPD product databases, provided that the drawing is drawn up in accordance with GOST R 21.1101-2013.

5. If there were changes in the standard series and standard designs, are such changes reflected in the TPD included in the "Techexpert: TPD" program?

All changes in the TPD, registered in OJSC "CITP named after Ordzhonikidze" (formerly OJSC "CPP"), were published in the Information Bulletin, which was prepared and issued by OJSC "CITP". It was a streamlined, centralized process.

As a rule, the developer of standard design documentation himself provided this information for publication. Currently JSC "CITP" continues to issue a monthly information bulletin. Our company keeps track of all changes related to project documentation, primarily on the basis of information published in the newsletter.

6. What "Project documentation catalogs" are contained in the "Techexpert: TPD" system and what information do they contain?

The "Techexpert: TPD" system contains SK-2, SK-3, SK-11 as part of the information product "Techexpert: TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and units" and others. The system also contains the materials of the "Catalogues of design documentation for reuse" compiled by OAO "TsITP named after Ordzhonikidze". They are included in the form of catalog sheets/data sheets.

The product "Techexpert: TPD. Buildings, structures, structures and components" contains catalogs on the following topics:

low-rise residential houses of cottage type;
low-rise residential buildings of urban type, 2-5-storey;
multi-storey brick residential buildings over 5 floors;
large-panel and block residential buildings over 5 floors;
residential buildings over 5 floors with a mixed frame with various types of enclosing structures;
monolithic residential buildings over 5 floors;
mobile buildings for various purposes;
general education schools;
public buildings and structures;
industrial buildings and structures of industrial enterprises;
unified solutions for temporary buildings and structures.

For each of the projects, brief information and main technical and economic indicators are provided, as well as graphic materials of building solutions (facades, plans, sections, etc.) for the selection of project documentation for use in design and construction.

The "Techexpert: TPD" system, in fact, is a comprehensive catalog of design documentation, since it includes information not only from all existing catalogs and registers of standard design documentation, but also information about old and new design documentation, which was not included in any of the existing directories. Information about modern design documentation and the design documentation itself are included on the basis of agreements with copyright holders.

7. What changes in the field of standard design are currently taking place and are expected in the future?

Order of the Ministry of Construction dated March 13, 2015 N 170 / pr approved the Plan for the formation of a standard design system in the field of construction. In accordance with this Plan, in 2015, the basis for a new standard design system should be created, in particular, changes should be made to the Town Planning Code, Federal Law No. 44-FZ of 05.04.2013, Government Decree No. 03/05/2007 N 145 and 09/27/2011 N 791, order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation of 11/16/2010 N 497, order of the Ministry of Construction of 11/17/2014 N 719 / pr and other regulatory documents relating to standard design documentation.

When applying the design documentation included in the register, one should be guided by the "Guidelines for the use of standard design documentation, information about which is included in the register of standard design documentation", approved by order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2015 N 682/pr/.

Planned:

approval of a regulatory legal act of the Government of the Russian Federation, which determines the mandatory use of standard design documentation in the construction of facilities using federal budget funds and state non-budgetary funds;
development of the Code of Rules "Typical Design Documentation", which establishes the procedure for the development, approval, examination, approval, publication, distribution and application of standard design documentation.

8. What modern technologies in the field of design are mastered?

Order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2014 N 926 / pr (as amended on March 4, 2015) approved the Plan for the phased introduction of information modeling technologies in the field of industrial and civil construction (BIM technologies), which provides for the possibility of conducting an examination of project documentation prepared taking into account such technologies . The plan provides for the launch in 2015 of pilot standard projects using 3D design.

As part of the plan for the implementation of information modeling technologies for buildings in the field of industrial and civil construction, approved by order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia N 151 / pr dated March 4, 2015, the Research Center "Construction" subordinate to the Ministry of Construction of Russia completed the development of the first editions of national standards for information modeling of construction objects. The standards have been developed in accordance with the 2015 National Standards Development Program and are based on the relevant ISO BIM standards.

The following draft national standards are presented: information modeling of buildings and structures: main provisions (Project GOST R ISO 12911), requirements for the organization of work and software (Project GOST R ISO 10845-1), requirements for operational documentation of objects of completed construction (Project GOST R (new)), requirements for the exchange of information at all stages of the life cycle (Draft GOST R ISO 29481-1); construction work data organization model: design information management structure (Draft GOST R ISO 22263), information classification structure (Draft GOST R ISO 12006-2), object-oriented information structure (Draft GOST R ISO 12006-3); guidelines for knowledge libraries and object libraries (Draft GOST R ISO 16354). All of the above drafts of national standards for information modeling are posted on our portal "Reform of technical regulation".

This consultation is provided free of charge to the user of the professional help system "Techexpert: Stroyexpert" as part of the service standard.

This material is a response to a private request and may no longer be relevant due to changes in legislation.

Typical design of IS involves the creation of a system from ready-made standard elements. The fundamental requirement for the application of standard design methods is the ability to decompose the designed IS into many constituent components (subsystems, task complexes, program modules, etc.). To implement the selected components, standard design solutions available on the market are selected, which are adjusted to the characteristics of a particular enterprise.

A typical design solution (TPR) is a replicable (suitable for multiple use) design solution.

The accepted classification of TPR is based on the level of system decomposition. The following classes of TPR are distinguished:

elemental TPR - standard solutions for a task or for a separate type of task support (information, software, technical, mathematical, organizational);

subsystem TPR - separate subsystems, developed taking into account functional completeness and minimization of external information links, act as elements of typing;

object TPR - typical industry projects that include a complete set of functional and supporting IS subsystems.

Each standard solution assumes the presence, in addition to the actual functional elements (software or hardware), documentation with a detailed description of the TPR and configuration procedures in accordance with the requirements of the system being developed. Two approaches are used to implement generic design: parametric-oriented and model-based design.

Parametric-oriented design includes the following steps: determining the criteria for evaluating the suitability of application software packages (APP) for solving the tasks, analyzing and evaluating available PAP according to the formulated criteria, selecting and purchasing the most suitable package, setting the parameters (improvement) of the purchased PAP.

Model-based design consists in adapting the composition and characteristics of a typical IC in accordance with the model of the automation object.

The design technology in this case should provide unified tools for working both with a model of a typical IS and with a model of a particular enterprise.

.2. Blocked three-story houses (settlement of families by floors)

Blocked residential building called a building of an apartment type, consisting of two or more apartments, each of which has direct access to the apartment plot. Blocked low-rise buildings consist of several isolated block apartments adjoining each other. The number of blocks that make up the house depends on various factors (the nature of the site, the terrain, the degree of fire resistance of the house, etc.) and may include from 2 to 1 apartments or more.

A block is an indivisible space-planning element, consisting of a different set of apartments, as a rule, from single-family blocks of block apartments (Fig. .1).

In the structure of the blockhouses, some of the principles inherent in the architecture of a single-family house are preserved. Each apartment has a front and economic entrance, as well as its own land. The main entrance in front of the facade is arranged with flower beds, and behind the house there is a garden, vegetable garden, and outbuildings.

Blocking of the house can be carried out from a wide variety of combinations of block apartments. On fig. examples of blocking apartments are presented. The simplest and most common way is to connect block apartments with side walls and form a simple rectangular house.

In such a house, all apartments have a two-way orientation and through ventilation. The same simple construction of the house and an even greater building density gives a two-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of block apartments in the house, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of the apartments, which receive a one-sided orientation and are deprived of through ventilation.

Therefore, two-row blocking is used, as a rule, in four-apartment buildings, in which apartments receive two-way orientation and corner ventilation. Such a block is called a cross block.

To improve the isolation of individual blocks or orientation conditions, blocking is used with blocks shifted relative to each other or L-shaped with patios.

The same simple construction of the house and an even greater building density gives a two-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of block apartments in the house, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of the apartments, which receive a one-sided orientation and are deprived of through ventilation.

Blocked houses are most often built as one- and two-story houses (Fig. .20, .21), and recently, to increase the density of urban development, three- and four-story houses with a more complex spatial structure are used (Fig. .22).

Layout of the apartment plots of manor and block houses.

Apartments in manor (individual) and block houses are closely connected with the land, which plays a significant role in the household and economic structure.

The role of the site and the nature of its use in different settlements is not the same.

In the suburbs and urban-type settlements, it can be used for gardening and recreation.

In the villages, in addition to agriculture, the site is also used for raising livestock and poultry.

houses can be attributed to the incomplete isolation of the apartment plots from one another.

For rural settlements, the norms provide for a plot of 1,200,100 m2 for an individual manor house, 6,00 m2 for a block building, and 1,200-100 m2 for a two-apartment house.

In some cases, to increase the building density, three-story mixed-type block houses are used, in which two floors are occupied by cottage-type apartments with adjacent plots, and apartments with premises on the same level are located on the upper or lower floor - most often small one-two-room apartments connected by a corridor or a gallery (depending on the climate) with stairs located at the ends of the house.

Special types of blocked houses. In foreign practice, with limited sizes of plots, three-story blocked houses are used, on the first floor of which there is a garage, a front room, a pantry and other utility rooms (laundry, workshop), and living rooms - on the second and third floors.

To increase the building density, three-story block houses are also used, where on the first two floors there are cottage-type apartments with apartment plots, and on the third floor - small apartments overlooking a corridor or gallery, with stairs at the ends of the house.

Sometimes on the first floor there are one-story apartments, occupying the width of two blocks, with an adjacent plot and an entrance from one side of the house; the second and third floors are occupied by cottage-type apartments with separate entrances from the apartment plots located on the other side of the house.

Ticket 2.3. General education schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, schools of fine arts.

SCHOOL BUILDINGS.

Classification of schools Depending on the purpose, there are: - general education schools and boarding schools; - specialized schools and boarding schools for in-depth training of children; - health-improving and sanatorium-forest schools; - special schools for children with physical and mental retardation.

General education institutions include: - primary, basic, secondary general education schools; - secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects; - gymnasium and lyceum.

According to the level of education, general education schools are divided into three levels of education: - Stage I of education includes students in grades 1-4; - II stage of education includes students of 5-9 grades; - III stage of education includes students of 10-11 grades.

According to sanitary standards, the capacity of newly built urban schools should not exceed 1000 people at present, rural ungraded schools for the I stage of education - 80 people, I and II levels of education - 250 people, II and III levels - 500 people. School sites Comprehensive schools are located in a microdistrict with a maximum accessibility radius of 500 m from housing. It is desirable to locate a school site adjacent to green areas. The area of the school site depends on the capacity of the school and the nature of its space-planning scheme. The school site is intended for educational and auxiliary activities in the open air, recreation for children during breaks, various sports and mass work, general school fees, for classes with children in schools with an extended day. The length of the pedestrian path from home to school is 500 m. The capacity of schools is determined at the rate of 180 places per 1000 inhabitants.

Functional zones of school sites: - physical culture and recreation, - educational and experimental, - recreation area, - economic zone.

There are certain requirements for the location of the sports zone:

Sports grounds for ball games and throwing must be at least 25 m away from the windows of the building and have a perimeter fence at least 2.5-3 m high; - other sites - not less than 10 m. The sites should be designed in such a way that they provide access and the possibility of a ring bypass for fire engines.

Space planning solution.

School buildings should be no more than 3 floors. When placing educational institutions in previously built 4-5-storey buildings, the fourth and fifth floors must be allocated for rarely visited students and classrooms. The height of the floors of school premises is 3.3 m, the height of sports and assembly halls is 6-7 m. The degree of fire resistance of school buildings should not be lower than II.

Each class should not exceed 25 people. All school premises are divided into two main groups:

1. Educational premises: - classrooms for grades 1-4 (I stage of education); - classrooms and laboratories with laboratory assistants for grades 5-11 (II and III levels of education); - premises for labor training and vocational guidance. 2. General school premises: - assembly and sports halls; - catering department; - workshops; - administrative and utility rooms; - library, etc.

Educational sections for grades 1-4 are designed as separate ones, allocated in a separate block, impassable for students of other age groups. The composition of the premises: - classrooms - a workshop for labor training, - a universal room for extended day groups, - recreation and - sanitary blocks.

Educational sections for grades 5-11 are formed on the basis of classrooms and laboratories. Educational premises include: - a working area (placement of study tables for students), - a teacher's working area, - additional space for placing educational visual aids, technical teaching aids (TUT), - an area for individual studies of students and possible vigorous activity.

In institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects, gymnasiums and lyceums, a lecture audience should be provided. Its dimensions are set based on the capacity of the age parallel of students in it, consisting of no more than 3 classes, at the rate of 1 m2 per place. Recreation in modern educational institutions should be designed as a hall type.

School buildings, depending on the nature of the mutual arrangement of the main groups of premises, are conditionally divided into three types: linear, perimeter, block / main compositional options for school buildings: a - linear; b - perimeter; in - block

Linear the composition can be expressed in several versions - H-shaped, cruciform, etc. It is quite compact, simple in design. P perimeter the composition is characterized by the placement of groups of rooms around an open courtyard, which is intended for relaxation during breaks and various school rituals. Such a composition is quite compact even with a large capacity of the school. . block the composition is the most flexible, it can be presented in many variants. With this composition, the school building is divided into functional blocks interconnected by transitions or adjoining blocks without transitions.

The composition of school buildings can also be represented by the following types: - Pavilion the type of school building ensures maximum differentiation of students, taking into account age, allows you to separate blocks according to functional characteristics. -Centrally block type underlies the standard projects most common in domestic practice. - Perimeter type is formed around a closed courtyard space. - Type with a developed center used for large schools, allows the most rational organization of extracurricular activities. - Compact type with large interior space. -Concentrated ultra-compact with a flexible layout provides significant space efficiency and overcomes the rigidity of the cellular structure of traditional schools. Rice. 5-3.

specialized schools

An example of specialized schools is children's art schools. There are four departments in such schools: - preparatory; - musical; - choreographic; - department of fine arts. The preparatory department should function separately from the rest of the premises of the children's art school. Includes the following rooms: - music class, - drawing and modeling class, - pantry, - storage room for musical instruments and art fund, - universal hall, - showers, - sanitary blocks.

The music department should be planned in such a way that equivalent rooms, depending on functional, acoustic, soundproofing and structural requirements, are grouped into separate sections and differentiated vertically and horizontally from other rooms.

The choreographic department includes: - a hall for classes in rhythm and dance, - halls for classes in classical, folk stage, modern dances, - a class of theoretical disciplines, - a costume workshop, - dressing rooms, - showers, - sanitary facilities. The department of fine arts includes: - workshops of drawing, painting, composition, sculpture.

When designing special boarding schools for children with disabilities of physical and mental development, it is necessary to provide a quick connection with medical institutions and at the same time try to locate the buildings in a quiet green area. When designing special schools, specific cycles of treatment, education, and everyday life are necessarily taken into account. So, for example, in special schools for children with a violation of the musculoskeletal system, it is required to design ramps; the parameters of the classrooms vary depending on the specific requirements. The height of the building in this case should not exceed 2 floors. Rice.

Types of educational complexes

A polyfunctional educational complex is a complex of public buildings in which an educational institution is equally and interconnectedly included simultaneously with another institution (for example, educational and cultural, educational and medical, educational and industrial, educational and scientific complexes, etc.).

Under the training is meant the whole set of premises associated with theoretical education - classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, lecture rooms, library. The term practice includes all premises and facilities intended for vocational training and practical training. Under this concept should fall: in the field of culture - concert halls and auditoriums of conservatories, educational theaters; in medicine - clinics; in pedagogy - kindergartens, schools and other basic educational institutions, the function of serving students is carried out in the premises of large educational complexes - in buildings for food, household and medical services, culture and recreation for students. Dormitories also belong to this group. A monofunctional sectoral educational complex - a complex of buildings and structures formed by educational institutions on the basis of the unity of the learning function - unites educational institutions of different levels of education and advanced training, but in one industry. Depending on the affiliation of the cooperating institutions, they should be subdivided into educational complexes of departments and educational complexes of large enterprises and production associations.

Determining the area and volume of the building.

DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME AND AREA OF THE BUILDING

The area of the premises of residential and public buildings is determined by the size of the individual surfaces of the walls and partitions that enclose the premises. The area of niches with a height of at least 2 m is included in the area of the room in which they are located. The total area of premises of residential buildings is defined as the sum of the areas of living rooms, excluding built-in wardrobes. The useful area is determined taking into account the built-in wardrobes.

The areas occupied by protruding structural elements or heating stoves are not included in the area of the premises.

The working area of public buildings is defined as the sum of the areas of the main, service and auxiliary purposes (with the exception of staircases, corridors, vestibules and passages, as well as technical premises intended for the placement of energy and sanitary equipment). Staircases, corridors, etc. included in the usable area of public buildings.

The volume of residential and public buildings. The volume of the basement or semi-basement is determined by multiplying the area of the horizontal sections of the building at the level of the first floor (above the basement) by the height measured from the level of the finished floor of the basement or semi-basement to the level of the finished floor of the first floor.

The volume of the above-ground part of the building with an attic floor is calculated by multiplying the area of the horizontal section of the building along the outer contour at the level of the first floor (above the basement) by the full height of the building, measured from the level of the finished floor of the first floor to the top of the backfill of the attic floor.

The volume of the above-ground part of the building in the presence of floors of different sizes is calculated as the sum of the volumes of its parts. The volume of the attic floor is determined by multiplying the area of the horizontal section of the attic along the outer contour of the walls at the level of the attic floor to the top of the backfill of the attic floor. With a curvilinear outline of the attic, its average height is taken.

The area of industrial buildings. The useful (total) area of industrial buildings of industrial enterprises should be considered as the sum of the areas located on all floors, working, utility, storage and auxiliary premises, measured within the internal finished surfaces of the outer walls, minus the areas occupied by stairwells, through shafts, internal walls, supports and partitions.

The working area of industrial buildings is defined as the sum of the areas located on the floors of industrial buildings, as well as on the mezzanines, service areas, whatnots, galleries, overpasses, in the basement floors and other premises intended for the manufacture of products, including the area intended for the placement of semi-finished products .

Ancillary space is defined as the sum of the areas of premises intended for intra-factory transport, for the installation and maintenance of sanitary and power equipment, including the area occupied by boiler rooms with auxiliary boiler rooms, pumping water and sewerage. Utility rooms also include ventilation chambers, transformer substations, open and closed switchgears, corridors, vestibules, passages and technical rooms, for example, the area of technical floors designed to accommodate engineering devices and communications.

Warehouse area is defined as the sum of areas intended for the storage of raw materials, various materials and products necessary for the production and repair of equipment, communications, as well as for the storage of finished products.

Ticket 3.2. Functional basics of apartment design.

Living rooms are the main part of the apartment. They have different purposes and are divided into common (living room) and bedrooms.

There should be free space in the recreation area. If the seating area will be used for sleeping, then it is necessary to provide a cabinet for bedding near the sofa, which will also serve as a night table. The sleep zone is buried in the room. Dining area This area is recommended to be located closer to the kitchen, best of all near one of the walls, there should be free access to the dining table so that it can be easily served. In order to have a correct idea of the area occupied by one dining area, it is necessary to show in the plan a dining table with fully extended chairs and take into account all possible options for its position. In addition to the dining table and chairs in the dining area, there should be cabinets and shelves for dishes, a serving table. In the presence of a well-equipped kitchen, dishes can be in it. Then in the common room they leave only those dishes that can be an element of decorative decoration. Sometimes in the wall separating the kitchen and the common room, an opening is made for serving dishes from the kitchen. Then the dining and work tables are placed close to the wall with an opening. If there is a partition cabinet between the kitchen and the common room, then all the necessary containers for organizing the dining area are made in it. In this case, one of the compartments of the partition will serve as the transfer window. Work zone. This zone is organized in the common room only if there is not enough space for it in the bedroom. This area should be isolated to some extent. Usually it is equipped in front of or next to a window so that natural light falls on the table from the front or left side. For work, it is necessary to provide a chair or desk chair, as well as shelves or cabinets for books and various tools. Regardless of the number of residents and the area of \u200b\u200bthe common room, in accordance with the rules for arranging the necessary furniture, the minimum width of this room should be 3 m. This width is obtained by summing up the dimensions of the equipment in the recreation area and the width of the entrance door to the room when located in the end wall.

The presence of each family member of his own room - a bedroom is an indicator of the comfort of the home. Bedroom designed for sleeping, studying, storing clothes, books, for children's games. It is desirable that the rooms for the bedrooms be impassable (Fig. 3.7). Functional areas of a personal living room: 1. sleep and individual relaxation, 2. activities (professional and amateur), 3. storage of clothes and linen, 4. storage of leisure items, 5. physical exercise and games, 6. cosmetic toilet.

The bedroom should be large enough, bright and calm.

The sleep zone is located near the inner walls in the back of the room in such a way that the head of the sleeper is oriented to the east (south) and the legs to the west (north).

In this case, it is desirable to place the beds near the transverse wall away from the doors and not in the corner.

The face of the sleeper should not be against the light.

The activity area is located by the window, and clothing storage is more often in the back of the room at the entrance.

The distance from the outer wall to the end of the bed must be at least ≤40 cm, to the longitudinal wall of the bed no more than ≥80 cm.

All living rooms are designed impassable.

Entrances to the bedrooms are preferably made from the corridor, bypassing the common room, especially in the bedrooms for children.

It is advisable to direct the windows of the bedrooms into the courtyard to the green areas, given the visual isolation from the windows of other apartments.

Sleeping rooms should have natural light and is taken into account in the calculation.

Children's room. This room is a bedroom, which during the day also serves as a residence for children, and is a place for children's games and activities, receiving guests.

It is most convenient to place a children's room near the parents' bedroom.

In the room you need to provide shelves for books, a wardrobe.

Preferably, windows are oriented to the south and southeast.

Rooms for adult children are more independent in terms of apartments, they are used in many ways: as a bedroom, as an office, as a living room.

Ancillary premises include a lobby with utility corridors and storage cabinets, a kitchen, sanitary facilities, and summer rooms.

Front (entrance)) The front (entrance hall) provides the comfort of the entrance node and communication with the premises of the apartment. The front provides a functional connection of family members with the corridor environment. The front is a kind of vestibule of the apartment. The appearance of the front forms the first impression of the apartment and the owner, and the layout of the front helps to orient in the space of the apartment.

Kitchen designed for cooking and eating. Three main types of kitchen are used: a kitchen niche, a working kitchen, a kitchen-dining room (Fig. 3.8). The kitchen is designed for cooking and storing dishes, washing dishes, table setting and other household chores for the family, frequent use of food. The difference between the kitchen and other premises of the apartment is a special microclimatic environment associated with gas pollution, high temperature and humidity. Therefore, the kitchen must have good ventilation and lighting. The area of the kitchen must be ≥ 8 m2. The kitchen is located in the common area of the apartment in a convenient connection with the entrance. A full-fledged kitchen room consists of two main parts: a working area and a meal. The kitchen is located in the family part of the apartment in a convenient connection with the entrance. A full-fledged kitchen room consists of two main parts: a working area and a meal. The eating area can vary in size from a small table for one person in an economical dwelling to a normal breakfast table and a table for everyday meals in a comfortable space. The kitchen must be equipped with a sink for washing dishes.

Functional areas of the kitchen. 1. Storing raw food, 2. preparing food and washing dishes, 3. preparing food (dishes), 4. setting the table, 5. eating.

working kitchen This isolated room, intended only for cooking, must have natural light and ventilation. The entrance to the working kitchen is made from the front or from the corridor. Minimum area 8 m2. Arrangement of furniture can be l-shaped, single-row, p-shaped.

Kitchen-dining-living room The kitchen-dining-living room is a large room in which guests are received, dined and cooked. In addition to the main functional areas, they are designing a place for relaxation and family communication, watching TV and doing homework.

Toilet includes rooms with a bathtub or shower tray, washbasin and toilet. In one-room and small-sized two-room apartments, combined bathrooms are arranged, where all sanitary appliances are located in one room. In apartments for large families, the bathroom is separate. Dimensional diagrams and placement of sanitary appliances in sanitary facilities are shown in fig. 3.9.

Shower room: shower tray, washbasin, toilet. Combined bathroom unit - washbasin, bathtub, toilet bowl, washing machine, plan size: 1.98 (2.5) x 1.73 (1.5) m. Bathroom: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine, plan size : 1.5 x 1.73 m, 1.75 x 1.73 m, 1.9 x 1.73 m outside): toilet bowl, washstand,

Summer rooms 3.2. When choosing the type of open space of a balcony, loggia or terrace, one should be guided by the climatic conditions of the construction area, the need to save materials, construction and operating costs, the architectural design and the location of the building.

1. Rules for calculating areas and volume. Residential building area should be defined as the sum of the areas of the floors of the building, measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls, as well as the areas of balconies and loggias . Area of apartments and houses should be defined as the sum of the areas of living rooms and utility rooms, excluding loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storerooms, vestibules . Structural volume of a residential building is defined as the sum of the building volume above the +-0.000 mark (above-ground part) and below the mark (underground part). building area defined as the area of the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the basement level, including protruding parts. The area under the building, located on poles, as well as driveways under it, are included in the built-up area.

2.Functional space House plan on two levels. From the correct organization of functional spaces. the structure of the house depends on the convenience of living in it, so the design should be approached comprehensively. The difference between an individual house and a city apartment lies in the presence of two separate zones: residential and utility, which, according to hygiene conditions, should be separated from each other. In two-level housing, zoning occurs arbitrarily. In a two-story or attic house, the night stay zone is located on the second floor and during the daytime it is rarely visited or not visited at all. There, as a rule, place bedrooms, children's rooms and dressing rooms. With a high level of comfort in the night zone, bathrooms (showers) and a toilet are necessarily placed. Balconies usually adjoin the night zone, serving for relaxation in the evening. In the daily area, they usually arrange a hall (entrance hall), a common room, a kitchen and a room for eating.

3. Physical culture, sports and sports and leisure facilities. Classification of sports facilities. Sports facilities are divided into: open and closed; summer and winter; volumetric and planar; universal and specialized types. According to the main purpose, they are distinguished: educational and training; demonstration; physical culture and health; children's sports facilities. Sports facilities include playgrounds and fields for games, weightlifting and athletics, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, running and skating tracks, swimming pools, stadiums and Sports Palaces. Sports facilities are covered and closed, separate for a particular sport (tennis court, basketball and volleyball courts, swimming pool, etc.) and complex, consisting of several buildings of a pavilion or block composition. Outdoor facilities are divided into sports fields, playgrounds and paths. Dimensions and proportions are strictly regulated by international standards.

1. Technical and economic indicators in housing. Technical and economic indicators characterize, first of all, efficiency and convenience. Character t-e. indicators may be different. 1) area of the territory 2) building area (includes the area under the basement and protruding elements) 3) hard surface area 4) landscaping area 5) table (territory balance). Technical and economic indicators of a residential building: 1) number of storeys 2) built-up area 3) total area (residential and auxiliary) 4) volume = area per height 5) coefficients K1 = Sliv / Stotal, K2 = volume / Stotal (approximately 4.5)

2. Summer rooms (drawings, diagrams). The open summer premises of the apartment are an integral part of a comfortable apartment. A living cell is a unity (complex) of closed and open living spaces. The purpose of open spaces is varied, determined by the purpose of the room in which it is located. The collective image of the function of the open spaces of the apartment is the improvement of the family. Balcony - an enclosing platform protruding from the plane of the facade, which serves for recreation in the summer. French balcony - consists of a single-double door with a window and a fence arranged outside. A veranda is a glazed unheated room attached to a building or built into it. A loggia is a premise covered and fenced in plan from three sides, open to the outer space. Terrace is a fenced open extension to the building in the form of a recreation area. The apartment courtyard is a land plot fenced on three sides, used for recreation.

3. Sports facilities: winter and summer stadiums, stadiums (open and closed), ski jumps, slipways, hippodromes, indoor roller skating rinks, riding arenas. Classification. Sports facilities are divided into: open and closed, summer and winter, volumetric and flat, universal and specialized types. According to the main purpose, they distinguish: educational and training, demonstration, sports and recreation, children's sports facilities. Outdoor flat sports facilities: stadium, playgrounds for sports games: for badminton 15*8m, for basketball 28*16m, for volleyball 24*15m, for towns 30*15m, for tennis 40*20m, for table tennis 12*6m, running athletics and speed skating tracks, space-planning solution for covered sports facilities. Sports facilities include three groups of premises: for athletes, for spectators, auxiliary premises.

Ticket 6.1. One-section houses (schemes).

Sectional residential buildings are the most common type of residential buildings operated in villages, small and large cities. They are acceptable in all climatic regions and have a wide range of apartment types. They are the most massive. Almost 80% of the population lives in such houses.

Residential section (block section) - a cell consisting of several apartments located around one communication node (entrance, vestibule, stairwell, elevator shafts).

According to the type of staircase and elevator unit, the sections are divided into three groups: 1) from the transverse staircase; 2) with distribution corridors (pockets); 3) with a longitudinal ladder

In the sections of the first group, the entrances to the apartments are provided directly from the floor areas

In the sections of the second group, the transverse landing is expanded by constructing a short corridor or hall (pocket). The pocket is a dead end and is illuminated by artificial light

In the sections of the third group, the stairwell is located at the middle longitudinal axis of the building. Or stairs adjoin a balcony or loggia.

Rice. Schemes of single-section residential buildings with different plan forms: a, b, d - compact plan form; c, e, f, g, i, k - a complex dissected form of the plan.

Point single-section residential buildings of the tower type represent the failure of the structure of floor apartments, grouped around a single node of vertical communications of the stair-elevator block. This type of residential building makes it possible to enrich the building, they play the role of accents; increase insolation and ensure through ventilation of apartments

Rice. Schemes of single-section residential buildings with various plan forms: a, b, d - compact plan form; c, e, f, g, i, k - a complex dissected form of the plan.

Ticket 6.2. Planning solutions for the territory of the estate.

Residential houses of manor type

Low-rise individual residential buildings with adjacent plots are called estate-type houses. They are divided into single and double apartments. Manor houses most fully meet the needs of the life of a villager. The main advantage of the manor house is the direct connection with the household plot and utility rooms, which combines them into a single whole, i.e. housing. Manor houses are common in rural settlements and small towns. Recently, the construction of manor houses has also been allowed in big cities on specially allocated plots for cottage development.

Single-family manor houses

According to architectural and planning methods, single-family houses are divided into three types: one-story (on the same level); attic; duplex with apartments on two levels. One of the main indicators of apartments is the number of rooms.

In a single-family house, the entire area can be divided into three groups: residential, utility

and communication. The residential group includes a common room (living room), bedrooms, children's rooms, rooms for intellectual work. The economic group includes a clean kitchen (for cooking), a feed kitchen, pantries for food and seasonal clothes, a garage, a workshop, etc. The communication group of premises includes the entrance area (lobby, front), corridors, hall, stairs. A residential one-story house is suitable for relatively small apartments with a number of rooms from 2 to 5.

Depending on the size of the house and the plot, it provides for one or two entrances - the main entrance from the side of the street, the other - the economic one from the side of the site. To store pickles, vegetables and other products, a basement (underground) is arranged. In other cases, a separate cellar is built on the site. The attic is arranged ventilated, seasonal items are stored in it, linen, medicinal herbs, etc. are dried. Summer premises (verandas, terraces, loggias) increase the total area of the house used during the summer period and connect the apartment with nature.

Single-family houses with apartments on two or three levels, as well as with an exploited basement

floors are called cottages. The main advantage of this type of house lies in the architectural and planning compactness of the building area and the clarity of isolation of the main zones - residential (2nd floor) and utility (1st floor). Cottage-type houses are built, as a rule, so that the area and height of the first, second and last floors are equal. The roof can be flat or pitched. The floors are connected to each other by an internal staircase.

Duplex manor houses

Duplex manor houses, paired, are a block consisting of two isolated apartments with one common wall and united by one roof (Fig. 3.16). Such a house has a number of advantages over a single-family house: a smaller perimeter of the outer walls, less fuel consumption for heating, the presence of a blocking of engineering equipment, a smaller plot width, which, in turn, reduces the total length of the street and all communications. With regard to planning, semi-detached houses can be decided with apartments on one and two levels, as well as with apartments arranged by floors.

Ticket 6.3. Buildings and premises of public health and social services. Health care institutions: medical institutions with a hospital, medical centers, etc. Health care institutions: outpatient and health-improving institutions.

BUILDINGS OF MEDICAL AND PREVENTIVE INSTITUTIONS

General plans. Site Requirements

Medical institutions and pharmacies should be located in accordance with the approved general plans of settlements and detailed planning projects. Placement of antenatal clinics, dental clinics and pharmacies is allowed in residential and public buildings as built-in and attached structures.

On the land plots of hospitals, maternity hospitals, dispensaries with hospitals, the following functional areas should be allocated: - medical buildings for non-infectious patients. For patients with infectious, obstetric, children's, tuberculosis and psychosomatic departments, separate garden and park areas should be allocated. The food preparation service should be located in the area of medical buildings for non-infectious patients, or in the economic zone in separate buildings, or in annexes to the economic buildings and medical buildings for non-infectious patients. Roads for road transport should be provided for the buildings of medical institutions and pharmacies. Driveways or lanes suitable for the passage of fire trucks should be designed on both longitudinal sides of the medical buildings of hospitals, dispensaries and maternity hospitals at a distance of at least 5 m and not more than 8 m from the walls of medical buildings. On the land plot of the hospital, it is necessary to provide separate entrances to the zones: - medical buildings for non-infectious patients; - medical buildings for infectious patients; - pathological and anatomical building; - economic. The pathological and anatomical building, passages to it and the parking of funeral cars should not be visible from the windows of the medical buildings and the garden and park area. In front of the main entrances to hospitals, polyclinics, dispensaries and maternity hospitals, sites for visitors should be provided at the rate of 0.2 m2 per bed or one visit per shift, but not less than 50 m2.

Space-planning and design solutions

The structure and composition of the premises of medical institutions are determined by the design task, taking into account the profile, capacity of institutions and the centralization of clinical diagnostic laboratories, pathology departments, central sterilization departments, administrative services, food preparation services, laundries, garages. The height of buildings of medical institutions should be no more than 9 floors above ground. Ward departments of children's hospitals should be placed no higher than the 5th floor of the building, wards for children under the age of 7 years - no higher than the 2nd floor. Treatment-and-prophylactic institutions should be equipped with elevators and cargo lifts. The height of the above-ground floors of buildings of medical institutions and pharmacies should be taken as 3.3 m. The height of X-ray rooms with non-standard equipment and operating rooms in hospital operating blocks is set depending on the size of the equipment.

Premises of medical institutions and pharmacies should have natural lighting. Lighting with a second light or only artificial lighting is allowed to be provided in the premises of sanitary facilities in the wards, photo laboratories, showers for personnel, anesthesia, preoperative, hardware, wash, microbiological boxes, sanitary checkpoints, as well as in accordance with the design assignment for the premises of operating rooms and procedural X-ray diagnostic rooms. offices. The corridors of the ward departments must have natural lighting - windows in the end walls of buildings or windows in the light pockets of the corridors.

From each floor of the building of the medical institution, at least two evacuation exits should be provided. The use of outdoor fire escapes for the evacuation of patients from hospital buildings is not allowed. The device in hospitals of open stairs to the entire height of buildings is not allowed. It is allowed to arrange open stairs (without enclosing internal walls and partitions) from the lobby to the second floor.

Hospitals Hospitals usually consist of the following groups of rooms:

reception departments, discharge rooms, specialized boxes; - ward departments; - operating blocks; - departments of anesthesiology and resuscitation and intensive care; - departments of functional diagnostics; - departments of rehabilitation treatment; - blood transfusion departments; - sterilization departments; - pharmacies; - cooking service; - laundries; - service and household premises.

Reception departments, discharge rooms, specialized boxes

The main tasks and functions of the admission department: - reception, registration and medical triage of patients entering the admission department; - establishment of a preliminary medical diagnosis based on examination, diagnostic studies and, if necessary, the conclusion of medical consultants; - organization of dynamic monitoring of patients with unclear and doubtful diagnoses in diagnostic wards or isolation and diagnostic boxes; - decision on the need for inpatient or outpatient treatment; - provision of necessary medical care; - carrying out, if necessary, sanitization of patients hospitalized in non-infectious departments; - ensuring measures to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases among patients and personnel; - organizing the transfer of patients who need treatment in other hospitals.

Reception departments should include the following premises: lobby; expected; registry and reference; a room for temporary storage of things of patients; receiving and viewing box; lookout; sanitary pass; procedural; dressing room; X-ray room; operating room for emergency operations; laboratory for urgent analyzes; room for a nurse on duty; pantry; rooms for washing and sterilizing ships, cleaning, sorting and temporary storage of dirty linen; doctor's office; staff room; storage room for clean linen; sanitary blocks for staff. Premises for discharge of patients: nurse's room; dressing cabins; waiting room for discharged patients.

Chamber departments Each department of a hospital hospital consists of ward sections and rooms common to the department.

The ward section must be impassable. At the entrance to the ward section, a gateway should be provided. The number of beds in the ward section, except for infectious diseases and psychiatric departments, should be 30, and in the section for children under the age of one year - 24. In each section of the children's department, two boxes or semi-boxes should be provided. In addition to the wards, the ward sections include boxes and semi-boxes, a nurse's station on duty, a doctor's office, a treatment room, a pantry, a dining room, washing kitchen and tableware, a sanitary checkpoint for patients, washrooms, baths, sanitary blocks for washing and sterilizing ships, a pantry for clean linen , rooms for day stay of patients. Premises common to the department: head office, head nurse's office, portable equipment storage room, staff room, sanitary blocks.

Operating blocks The operating room should be designed on one operating table.

The operating unit, as a rule, should have two non-passage departments: septic and aseptic. The number of beds in the postoperative wards should be provided at a rate of two beds per operating room. Chambers should be placed outside the operating block. The operating unit includes the following rooms: operating room, preoperative room, sterilization room, anesthetic room, equipment room, blood storage and preparation room, urgent analysis laboratory, instrumental and material room, cardiopulmonary bypass machine room, plaster room, portable equipment pantry, room for storing a portable x-ray machine and a photographic laboratory, an office of the head of the department, an anesthesiologist's office, a surgeon's office, a nurses' room, a pantry of clean linen, a pantry of cleaning equipment.

Departments of anesthesiology and resuscitation, resuscitation and intensive care. In their composition

premises include: resuscitation room, pre-resuscitation room, laboratory of urgent analyzes, sterilization, pantry equipment, intensive care wards, nurse on duty, room for washing and sterilizing ships, pantry, office of the head of the department, office of an anesthetist, staff room, sanitary block, pantry cleaning equipment.

Departments of functional diagnostics In hospitals with 400 or more beds, provision should be made for

two departments of functional diagnostics: one department - for receiving patients in a hospital, the other department - for receiving visitors to the outpatient department. In multidisciplinary hospitals with less than 400 beds, one department should be provided for receiving patients from the hospital and visitors to the outpatient department.

Rehabilitation departments Physiotherapy departments are planned to be divided into

“dry” zone (electrical, light, heat treatment rooms) and “wet” zone (hydrotherapy, mud therapy), which is associated with different requirements for the level of humidity, electrical safety and interior decoration. The rooms for treatment with movement in water also belong to the "wet" zone, it is recommended to locate them adjacent to the rooms for hydrotherapy, usually on the ground floor. The premises of the “dry” zone of the physiotherapy department can be located on any floor, however, given the organizational unity of the department, a convenient connection between the zones should be provided.

Electrosleep treatment room should be placed in soundproof conditions. Recommended

place it in the impassable zone of the department, taking into account the need to orient the windows to the quietest zone of the site. The office should have a walk-through control room with a viewing window for observation, which acts as a soundproof gateway. Light and soundproof curtains should be provided. Fotarium is intended for group procedures of preventive irradiation with ultraviolet rays. At the photorium, a dressing room for patients and a control room with an area of 4 m2 are provided, where a nurse's workplace is organized. The control room must have a glazed viewing window and an audible alarm. The entrance to the control room is organized from the treatment room.

Heat therapy At the office, a utility room for heating should be designed

paraffin and ozocerite, equipped with a fume hood. A cabinet for aerosol, electroaerosol therapy (inhalation) requires the placement of a compressor to individual inhalation devices next to them or in an adjacent room. Compressors for inhalation units for several treatment sites should be located in the basement or semi-basement.

Contrast baths carried out in two adjacent pools with dimensions of 1.75 by 1.75 m and a depth of 1.2 (1.3)

m. The transition from one pool to another is carried out by stairs between the pools.

Next to spinal traction facilities should have a rest room, as

after these procedures, rest in a horizontal position is required.

Mud cure e Premises for mud therapy, hydrogen sulfide and radon baths should not be

placed directly under the wards. Mud treatment room should consist of separate cabins with adjoining shower cabins and two cabins for undressing patients. Entrance for patients is provided only through cabins for undressing and showers.

Electromud procedures should be carried out in a separate isolated room,

planned to be included in the composition of the mud therapy rooms, but arranged in compliance with the requirements for electric light therapy rooms. Mud storage should be provided for storage of peat mud.

1. Accounting for natural and climatic factors in the design of a dwelling (insolation).Engineering-geological conditions are characterized by the temperature of the outside air, the presence of groundwater, the degree of subsidence, etc. Temperature and humidity conditions characterized by the temperature of the outside air and its humidity. wind regime characterized by directionality, speed and repeatability of air flows. Insolation- irradiation of residential premises and adjoining territories with direct sunlight; characterized by duration and measured in hours. Ensuring the required insolation creates the sanitary and hygienic comfort necessary for a person in residential premises. terrain characterized by a slope in degrees.

2. Types of stairs in apartments (diagrams, drawings). Intra-apartment stairs provide a connection between the premises of an apartment located on several levels. The stairs are located in the front or common room, free from the bed. The maximum slope of the stairs is 1:1.25, the minimum width is 90cm. Types of stairs: 1-march, 2-g.shaped, 3-screw, 4-p-shaped.

3. Spectacular buildings - buildings of cinemas. Cinemas in terms of structure are classified as hall-type buildings and are the most common type of entertainment buildings. The norms provide for provision of 20-30 places per 1000 inhabitants. All types of cinemas are characterized by the following features: by the nature of operation - year-round, seasonal and combined action; by the number of seats in the auditorium - 200,300,500,800,1200,1600 for year-round and 2500 - for summer open areas; by the number of halls - one-, two-, three- and four-halls. All cinema premises are subdivided into the following complexes and groups: the premises of the visual complex - the cash lobby with the cash desk room, the entrance lobby, the lobby, the buffet with utility rooms, the smoking room and sanitary facilities; premises of the demonstration complex - an auditorium, technological support premises of the cinema hall, a stage in cinemas with universal halls, administrative, utility, production and technical premises. Cinemas are divided into: year-round (multi-screen, single-screen) and seasonal (summer open and summer closed).

1. Classification of residential buildings by number of storeys. Classification of residential buildings by number of storeys. Low-rise 1-2floor; 3-5 medium difficulty, no lift; 6-9 (one elevator), 10-16 (two), more than 16 (3-4 elevators) - multi-storey, with an elevator, the stairs must be smoke-free.

2. Functional-spatial organization of bedrooms (drawings, diagrams). The bedroom is designed for relaxation, located in the back of the apartment, if possible, the bedrooms are located on the 2nd floor. Dimensions for 1 person = 8-9mkv. 2 people = 12 sq.m. By type inhabited: for 1 person, for 2 people - children of the same sex, children of different sexes up to 9 years old, married couple. Functions in addition to a bed, space should be provided for cabinets. There should be close access to the bathrooms; for large apartments, 2 sanitary blocks should be provided. Bedrooms should not be walk-through. It is not recommended to place beds against external walls. The mental activity zone should be located near the light openings at a distance of no more than 1.5 m. With small areas of personal rooms, built-in wardrobes are the best type of equipment.

3. Spectacular buildings - theater buildings. Buildings of theaters, operas and ballets, philharmonic. They are located within the city with good transport links. It should be 40 m away from adjacent buildings along the main facade, and 20 m along the rest. According to the structure, the Tatras are classified as hall-type buildings. According to the purpose (nature of the action), they are: dramatic, musical drama, opera and ballet, musical comedy, puppet, touring. According to the planning criteria, the premises of theaters are divided into the premises of the spectator, stage and production and warehouse complex. In domestic and foreign theater design practice, six schemes for constructing a deep grate stage are used, differing in the degree of spatial development and the amount of opportunities that this stage can provide in principle: 1-stage with two pockets and a backstage, 2-stage with one pocket and a backstage, 3 - scene with two pockets without a backstage, 4 - scene with one pocket, 5 - a scene with a backstage, 6 - a scene without pockets and no backstage.

1. Classification of residential buildings according to the planning structure (scheme): 1) estate, 2) blocked, 3) atrium, 4) multi-section, 5) single-section, 6) corridor, 7) gallery, 8) corridor-sectional, 9) gallery-sectional, 10) mixed structure.

2. Functional-spatial organization of kitchens (furniture equipment). 1) storage of raw products, 2) preparation of food and washing dishes, 3) cooking (dishes), 4) table setting, 5) eating (dining room). The main processes carried out in the kitchen determine the composition of the equipment. Functional areas are placed sequentially in the direction from the depth of the room to the light front: pantry (refrigerator) - additional table - sink - work table - stove - serving table - dining table for breakfast. A niche kitchen is a kitchen whose equipment is located in a niche in the living room, dining room or front. A working kitchen, an isolated room intended only for cooking, must have natural lighting and ventilation. The main equipment layouts in the working kitchen: 1) single-row (linear), 2) double-row, 3) l-shaped, 4) p-shaped, 5) island. The kitchen-dining room is designed for cooking and eating. In addition to kitchen equipment, a table and chairs are placed in it.

3. Spectacular Buildings - Buildings of clubs, assembly buildings, clubhouses and leisure-entertainment. institutions. Buildings of museums and exhibitions. Exhibitions are: periodic and permanent; by appointment: thematic and complex. The fundamental buildings of the museums are located in the city center with good access, axial and frontal orientation in relation to the city highways. Club buildings are extremely diverse. They are designed for entertaining leisure, classes in circles, various creative activities, communication according to interests or age composition. The most common type of yavl clubs with two main activities: entertainment and circle (club). In all clubs, the premises of the entertainment and club parts are placed in such a way that they can be operated separately. For the building of clubs, compact centralized or block-planning schemes are used.

1. Sanitary units (equipment schemes, furniture). Sanitary units - a group of sanitary and hygienic. areas of the apartment, such as bathrooms and toilets. To ensure comfortable conditions, bathrooms are equipped with exhaust ventilation. The bathroom is one of the expensive and equipment-rich premises of the apartment. Depending on the size of the apartment, various types of bathrooms are used: a combined bathroom is allowed in one-room apartments, one separate bathroom is designed in multi-apartment apartments, and two bathrooms are possible in large apartments. The traditional placement of bathrooms - in the depths of the apartment along the transverse wall, as a rule, the bathroom of another apartment is located adjacent. The composition of the equipment in the sanitary premises of the apartment: shower-shower tray, washbasin and toilet bowl, bathtub, washing machine; restroom-toilet (washstand).

2. Blocked houses, one-story (drawings, diagrams). One-story block apartments are economically inferior to two-story apartments, in terms of architectural and planning solutions they are close to farmstead rural houses. Small apartments are designed on one floor, less often four-room apartments. The living room is oriented to the main facade, the kitchen is oriented to the plot. One-room block apartments are designed with an entrance from the corner of the main facade or the middle of the side facade. Two-room block apartments come in two variants: 1) with one-sided arrangement of living rooms, 2) with two-sided arrangement of living rooms. Three-room block apartments have a significant width along the front of the main facade, which reduces their economic efficiency. The entrance is located in the center of the apartment, which allows you to place a common room and kitchen on one side, and bedrooms on the other.

3. Buildings and establishments of trade: department stores, shops, retail and small wholesale trade enterprises. Covered markets, multifunctional shopping centers. The space-planning decision of shops. Stores are divided into the following groups of premises: retail premises, premises for receiving and storing goods, for preparing them for sale, utility rooms, administrative and amenity premises, technical premises. Space-planning schemes for 2-storey stores suggest the following main types of relative location of retail and non-trade premises: frontal, deep, corner, mixed. Trading floors of shops should have, as a rule, natural illumination, however, placement in the basements of trading floors for the sale of food products, utensils and other fireproof materials is allowed. It is possible to identify the following main schemes for the location of commercial equipment: linear (single-line and two-line), island, box, salon. Multifunctional shopping complexes are currently one of the actively developing types of commercial buildings. The architecture of multifunctional centers may vary in accordance with the internal content and context of the tasks.

Turning to a specialized construction company, the client will have a choice: use the standard plan for the construction of the premises or, together with the company's employees, create a new, individual project. If you are satisfied with the first option, then among the mass of the same type, previously designed objects, the most suitable and corresponding to the wishes of the customers sample is selected.

Popular typical architectures include:

Multi-storey residential buildings;
Schools;
kindergartens;
Cottage settlements, etc.

The construction of houses according to the already used scheme is determined by a fairly high savings. Excluded are the costs necessary for the creation of working and design documentation, its coordination in authorized instances. So, let's answer the frequently asked question "What is a typical building design?". First of all, it is a duly approved package of documents confirming the possibility of multiple construction of houses. Also, these are regularly repeated technical and economic calculations that comply with safety standards.

The only difference between projects of mass application is the territory on which the premises will be built, the formation of the foundation (the type that is appropriate to use will be determined after geological surveys) and the master plan.

What is a typical building design and how is it created?

Before developing a building plan for multiple use, its concept is carefully thought out by experienced employees of the GENPRO design organization. Each structure, regardless of functional affiliation, should be easy to use. Professionals approach the matter with enthusiasm, weigh all the pros and cons, form every detail of the structure so that the future property is characterized by strength and reliability. Particular attention is paid to the economy of the premises, both during its construction and subsequent use.

The best masters of the construction organization present each client with optimal solutions for constructing a house or a warehouse that satisfies their various requests and needs. A huge variety of already existing standard projects and the possibility of making adjustments to them will certainly become an excellent material for the construction of a unique object in its own way. Any person who applies to the GENPRO design organization will become the owner of a convenient, comfortable, practical building, one of a kind and inimitable.

Disadvantages of Reusable Projects

Choosing the most suitable standard project, the customer believes that he will save time and money. Usually it turns out the other way around - despite the quality and efficiency of the previously developed scheme for erecting a building, it may not always fit a certain territory. Many external factors (features of soils, inclination of the site, the possibility of communication, etc.) force engineers and designers to make adjustments to the existing construction plan.

Previously formed drawings and sketches include the structural features of the object and the surrounding landscape, "customizing" the project for which is extremely irrational. If it comes to transformation, then it is advisable to carry out calculations that will include the features of the load-bearing walls. This takes much more time than calculating the required coefficients for a newly created building.

The impossibility to change the constructiveness of the house as a whole, to transfer the sewerage, heating, ventilation system is a particular disadvantage. The only way out is to adapt to an already existing plan, use a unique design or furniture, change the structure of the building by converting and moving internal partitions.