The phytohormones produced by it help the plant develop faster, bloom and bear fruit better. There are many synthetic substitutes for these substances on the market today. How to deal with a wide range?
Phytohormones produced by plants are divided into 4 groups:
- auxins are responsible for the development of the root system, the growth of cambium cells and the distribution of nutrients throughout the plant;
- gibberellins stimulate seed germination, flowering and fruit formation, increase productivity, remove tubers and bulbs from dormancy and, unlike auxins, do not redistribute useful substances, but only accumulate;
- cytokinins promote cell division, awakening and growth of buds, and also regulate the aging process of leaves;
- brassins (brassinosteroids) support the normal functioning of the immune system of plants, increase resistance to adverse environmental factors and diseases, and also regulate the processes of ripening of fruits and seeds.
But not always the plant's own phytohormones are enough. In order to "help" him to grow and develop better, their synthetic substitutes are used.
Root growth stimulants (auxins)
Heteroauxin
The most popular growth stimulant, but it has one drawback - it is sold in the form of tablets that need to be dissolved in a large amount of water. This takes a lot of time and effort.
Kornevin and Root
An analogue of Heteroauxin, which is available in powder form. It is more toxic than the previous preparation, but it is very convenient for them to powder the places where cuttings are cut before rooting.
Stimulants of seed germination, flowering and fruiting of plants (gibberellins)
Gibberellin
Plants are sprayed with a weak aqueous solution of the drug during different periods of the growing season.
Gibbersib
Most often used for spraying tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, cabbage and grapes.
Gibberross
The preparation is odorless and low-toxic. Suitable for processing all fruits, vegetables and cereals.
Gibbor-M
In addition to increasing yields, it also increases plant resistance to diseases.
Ovary
Plants are treated with this drug until buds are formed in order to stimulate the appearance of the ovary.
Bud
Apply after the appearance of the ovary just before flowering.
Tomaton
This preparation is intended for tomatoes, peppers and eggplants. They are treated with flowering inflorescences to speed up the setting and ripening of fruits.
Kidney growth and cell division stimulants (cytokinins)
Cytokinin paste
Using a toothpick, a small amount of paste is applied to a fresh cut made on the plant, or to the place where the kidney should be. Please note that an overdose of the drug will lead to growth inhibition and a deterioration in the general condition of the plant.
Keikigrou plus (Keikigrow Plus)
This is the Canadian analogue of cytokinin paste. The action and method of application of these drugs are identical.
cytodef
This drug stimulates seed germination, shoot growth, increases the yield of fruit trees. It is used as an additive to pesticides.
Stress adaptogens with growth-stimulating activity (brassinosteroids)
Appin
Helps plants to take root faster after transplanting, increases their resistance to diseases and pests, and is also suitable for soaking seeds and cuttings. In this case, the drug is not very toxic.
Epin Extra
Broad spectrum regulator and stimulant. Increases the immune system of plants in stressful situations, helps to restore weakened and rejuvenate old plants. Plants are sprayed with a solution of Epin Extra several times at intervals of 7-10 days until complete recovery.
The use of plant growth stimulants
To help the plant grow faster and not harm, you need to strictly follow the instructions that are indicated on the packaging of a particular drug. The dosages and number of treatments for all stimulants are different.
Growth stimulants can be used in the following ways:
- soak the seeds in a solution of the drug so that they quickly and amicably sprout;
- spray seedlings and seedlings for fast and abundant flowering;
- during the transplantation of plants into the ground, pour them with a solution of a growth stimulator to speed up rooting;
- before flowering, treat the plants with a fruit formation stimulator.
Natural plant growth stimulants
If you do not have the opportunity to purchase a drug to accelerate the growth of plants in the store, you can cook it at home. It has long been known that, for example, infusion of young shoots of nettle- an excellent stimulator of root formation.
Well knead the leaves and stems of the nettle, pour warm water and let it brew for 2 weeks. In the resulting fermented solution, soak cuttings, seeds, tubers and bulbs.
Also an excellent plant growth stimulant can be prepared from yeast(you need to dilute 100 g of dry product in 1 liter of water), bee honey(dissolve 1 tsp in 1 glass of water) or freshly squeezed concentrated aloe juice.
Natural growth stimulants for plants: nettle, yeast, honey, aloe
Plant growth regulators
As you might guess from the name of this group of drugs, they do not accelerate, but regulate growth, that is, they help one part of the plant develop faster than others.
Athlete
This drug is most often used to prevent overgrowth and stretching of seedlings. At the same time, the stems of the plant become thicker, the leaves become wider, and the main part of the nutrients “goes” into the roots, thanks to which the plants bloom faster and give a rich harvest.
culture
Growth regulator for horticultural crops that promotes fruit bud formation, reduces shoot growth, and reduces the need for pruning. At the same time, it increases resistance to diseases (in particular, to scab and powdery mildew). The first spraying is carried out 3-4 weeks after flowering, then 3-4 more treatments are carried out at intervals of 2-3 weeks.
TUR, Chlorcholine Chloride, or CCC
This drug inhibits plant growth. Most often it is used for pot and container crops.
Alar
It is used to prevent premature fall of fruits of pome crops. The garden is cultivated a month after flowering.
Multifunctional controllers
Today, there are drugs on sale that not only regulate plant growth, but also have a complex general strengthening property. However, it is not always possible to accurately predict the response of plants to their application.
Zircon
In addition to root growth, this drug increases the resistance of plants to fungal diseases, prolongs the flowering period, increases yields and helps to better tolerate adverse conditions (dry air, excess moisture, lack of lighting, high / low temperatures, etc.).
Mival, Mival-Agro, Energy-M
The composition of the preparations includes silicon, which regulates respiration, accelerates the growth and development of plants. They process potato tubers, in the budding phase they spray tomatoes, peppers and eggplants. This accelerates the ripening of fruits and increases the yield.
Furolan
This preparation, created on the basis of biologically active substances of sunflower, increases the content of lignin in plant tissues and increases their resistance to diseases.
Ambiol
Immunomodulator, which is most often used for pre-sowing soaking of vegetable seeds. Ambiol solution increases plant resistance to frost, sharp fluctuations in air temperature and lack of moisture, and also increases productivity.
Krasnodar-1
This drug is used to accelerate the ripening of fruits and obtain an early harvest of tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers and potatoes.
Amulet, Prorostock, El-1, Immunocytophyte
These regulators are based on arachidonic acid. Seeds, bulbs and tubers are soaked in their solutions, and plants are also sprayed on the leaves with them. The preparations are used to increase the resistance of plants to diseases, accelerate the growth and development of green pets, and ripen fruits.
Carvitol
The composition of this drug contains acetylene alcohol, which has hormonal properties. It stimulates seed germination and plant development, increases yield and improves the taste of fruits. Most often used for spraying tomatoes, peppers and eggplants.
Larixin
This immunomodulator is obtained from larch wood. Thanks to the active substance - dihydroquercetin, Lariksin increases the immunity of plants and protects them from powdery mildew, septoria and root rot.
Krezatsin
Biological product to stimulate seed germination, protect plants from low and high temperatures, drought, lack of oxygen and vitamins. It is used for soaking seeds and spraying vegetable, fruit, flower and ornamental crops.
Albite
When released into the soil along with treated seeds, this drug promotes the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms and improves the absorption of nutrients by plants.
Narcissus
Thanks to the chitosan included in the composition (this substance is obtained from the crab shell), the drug activates the work of the root system and leaves, increases the resistance of plants to diseases and stress.
Novosil, Biosil, Verva
These drugs contain triterpene acids. They are obtained from Siberian fir needles. The use of these regulators increases the yield by 9-25%, accelerates the ripening of fruits, helps to reduce storage losses, reduces the risk of developing fungal diseases, accelerates seed germination and increases their germination.
Use growth regulators strictly according to the instructions on the package. Usually, the procedure for processing plants needs to be repeated several times. If you reduce this amount, the plant will develop very quickly. Thus, the growth regulator will work as a stimulant.
Apply regulators and growth stimulants correctly - and ornamental plants will delight you with lush and spectacular flowering, and garden crops with a rich harvest.
Let's consider two groups of preparations of contrasting orientations: to stimulate growth and, conversely, to inhibit vegetation (retardants). This information will help grow quality seedlings and will be useful for flower growers.
Use of drugs
Do not think that by purchasing phytoregulators, you will solve all problems. This is not a panacea for growing a beautiful and healthy plant. The performance of these substances is interconnected with a combination of different factors:Compliance with instructions for use
consumption rates,
soil condition,
Lack of nutrition
It is important to remember that you should not overdose, as you will get a negative effect. Excess leads to loss of decorativeness or death of your pets.
Popular Regulators
Let's talk only about approved drugs approved by the State Chemical Commission under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. All the types described below have been tested for effectiveness and safety. Recommended for amateur and professional use. Some of them are registered as fertilizer. So, we begin the review of the Russian market.Vegetation stimulators of the aerial part
Epibrassinolide, Epin-extra- analogues of brassinosteroids (phytohormones), powerful stimulants aimed at attracting nutrients. Increase germination, delay aging, enhance growth processes, eliminate stress. Features: incorrect use does not work; recommended to be used in conjunction with surfactants.
Krezatsin, Mival, Silicone compounds- optimize the properties of biomembranes. Develop resistance to temperature changes. Pre-sowing seed treatments give good results.
Acetylene alcohol, Carvitol- exclusively to stimulate growth processes.
Gibberellin a multifunctional hormone that affects the rate of seed germination, prolongation of vegetation, increase in above-ground mass, shoot formation. In floriculture, it increases the size of the bud, lengthens the arrow. Cannot be used during flowering.
Giberrsib, Letto BIO- phytohormones, designed to increase the ovary and growth. Increase the yield of fruit and berry and vegetable crops (cabbage, tomatoes, grapes, cucumbers, etc.). Make plants resistant to weather and disease. Safe for bees and animals.
Humates (variants of combinations of humic acids with nutrients)- biologically active drugs. Effective at the beginning of the growing season. Used in foliar top dressing.
cytodef allows you to control the leaf/crown structure. It activates photosynthesis, the growth of lateral buds, delays the aging of the vegetation zone.
Retardants that delay vegetation
Athlete redistributes nutrients, helps to form compact seedlings of flower and vegetable crops. Eliminates stretching even with a lack of light. Enhances root growth, strengthens the stem. Careful observance of the manufacturer's instructions is required. Treatments begin in the 3-4 leaf phase and are repeated three times after 7-8 days. It is applied by watering or irrigation.
Antivylegach- blocks the growth of the stem, reduces the length of the internode, activates the side shoots. Indispensable for growing ornamental cereals, grain crops, eliminates the possibility of lodging.
Chlormequat chloride, CCC (tse-tse-tse) inhibit vegetation, create compactness of plants, promote deep rooting. Operate selectively, preliminary testing is required.
Preparations that increase phytoimmunity
Many preparations can be used to activate immunity in conditions of adverse effects, to prevent the development of fungal diseases. For example, such species as Immunocytophyte, Germ, Arachidonic acid, El-1, Obereg are well activated by the defense system.
Raise phytoimmunity and increase root formation Zircon, Domotsvet, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Narcissus, Novosil, Silk, Larixin, Biosil, Triterpene acid extracts, Verva.
Now you are familiar with the most effective drugs. And you know how to enhance or inhibit the growth of your plants, relieve stress and support their defenses.
Growing fruit, vegetable and flower crops is not complete without the use of substances that improve yields and accelerate the development of plants. Each gardener uses organic or mineral fertilizers at certain stages of growth, but it is not always possible to create optimal conditions.
Unbalanced soil composition, heat or frost nullify efforts. To increase the percentage of rooting and the resistance of the green organism to adverse factors, growth stimulants are used.
What are stimulants?
These are special preparations from biologically active substances - organic compounds that control specific vital functions: they affect growth, flowering, fruit formation. These substances include:
- fulvic and humic acids;
- amino acids;
- vitamins;
- peptides;
- enzymes;
- proteins;
- polysaccharides;
- trace elements.
Planting material (seeds, bulbs, tubers) and plant roots are treated with stimulating substances, they also serve for foliar feeding. Growth stimulants and regulators contribute to the production of phytohormones - organic substances that affect various processes in the plant body. Phytohormones include auxins, gibberellins and some other compounds:
- 1. Auxins control the direction of growth: thanks to their action, the aerial part grows vertically upward, and the root part grows downward. They also stimulate cell growth and the formation of generative organs - fruits and fruit buds. Auxins are synthesized and accumulated in the young parts of the plant (at the tops of fresh shoots).
- 2. Gibberellins are the largest group of phytohormones. They are concentrated in leaf plates, unripe fruits and grains. Influence the processes of seed germination and preparation for flowering.
- 3. Cytokinins accelerate plant cell division and nutrient transport, inhibit the development of lateral roots. Another interesting function is to slow down the aging of leaves. A high content of cytolysins is observed in the root system and ripening seeds.
- 4. Abscisins - antagonists of the previous types of hormones. They have an inhibitory effect, due to which the maturation of fruits, seeds and buds passes faster, the preparation of the plant for a dormant period. The absorption of water by the root system is activated, while the process of respiration is minimized. This effect of abscisins is used in the manufacture of drugs that increase the resistance of crops to drought and frost. Such hormones are synthesized in all plant organs in response to changing weather conditions, and accumulate in leaves and root caps.
- 5. Brassinosteroids are involved in maintaining immunity. Due to the content of these phytohormones in the cells, the plant becomes more resistant to soil salinization, dry conditions and frosts, the negative impact of pesticide treatments decreases (adaptogenic property). Brassinosteroids are found in young organs - immature pollen, seedlings - in microscopic quantities, therefore such substances are produced chemically.
- 6. Ethylene stimulates seed growth. The presence of this plant hormone also causes amicable ripening of fruits. It is actively produced in all parts in response to the same ethylene. Leaf fall, flower color and fragrance are also related to the action of ethylene.
- 7. Jasmonates influence the formation of storage organs (tubers). Activate protective functions in case of damage by pests and diseases.
- 8. Polypeptide hormones along with jasmonates are involved in increasing immunity to insect damage and disease. An example of this type of hormone is systemin, which stimulates the production of jasmonic acid.
Phytohormones are formed in some parts of the plant, and affect others. They have an active effect at very low concentrations (microdoses).
Types and properties
Both biologically active substances and phytohormones themselves can be obtained from plant or animal material - peat, coal, fungi, pollen, chitin shells.
Some stimulants are made exclusively by laboratory methods. By their properties, such compounds are almost indistinguishable from natural ones.
natural preparations
They can be made at home with the help of improvised means: nettle greens, aloe juice, yeast or bee honey. Such extracts are used to stimulate seed germination and micro-feeding of indoor and garden crops. Water from a container in which willow twigs were rooted accelerates root formation.
A popular line of natural stimulants is humates. Humus is an organic matter, the main component of fertile soils. It is found in large quantities in peat and brown coal. Humate enriches the soil with microelements, improves its structure, being a nutrient medium for beneficial microorganisms.
In the last few years, preparations based on seaweed have also appeared. The content of plant hormones and trace elements allows the use of these products to increase sustainability and yield.
Obtained by artificial (laboratory) method
These substances are synthesized in the chemical industry. Used in amateur and professional gardening. This includes "Heteroauxin" and "Kornerost", "Kornevin", "Zircon", "Krezatsin", "Epin", "Athlete", "Immunocytophyte".
Ways to use stimulants:
- soaking seeds and tubers;
- watering the soil and plants;
- spraying (foliar processing);
- soaking or dusting cuttings and root system;
- local treatment (partial application to certain organs of the plant).
In case of violation of the conditions of agricultural technology - overflow or overdrying, severe damage by pests, lack of weeding - stimulants will be useless. They increase the immunity of plants, but do not relieve the consequences of improper care.
The best stimulants
The use of stimulants helps to increase the yield by 1/3 and improve the quality of the fruit. Thanks to timely treatment with preparations, plants more actively cope with stress factors (chemical effects of pesticides, difficult weather conditions).
Classification of stimulants:
- agents that have an adaptogenic effect;
- rooting stimulants (root formation);
- plant growth stimulants;
- fruiting activators;
- substances for inhibition of growth processes (inhibitors or retardants).
Humates
Supplied as powder or diluted concentrate. Humic-based liquid preparations dissolve well in water.
Stimulate the reproduction and activity of microorganisms that improve the chemical composition and structure of the soil (moisture capacity, air permeability). Thanks to humic compounds, metabolic processes in plant tissues are more active.
sodium humate
It is a dark powder with an active ingredient content of 300g / 1 kg. It reduces the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, increases the yield by up to 20% and increases the accumulation of vitamins in fruits. It activates the synthesis of natural phytohormones, increases the rooting of seedlings. The action of radionuclides decreases after treatment of plants with sodium humate. Before use, it is recommended to pour 5 g of powder - 1 teaspoon with a slide - 1 liter of hot water (70-80 degrees). After 5-6 hours, the solution is filtered through a thick sieve or cloth. Apply:
- For soaking the seeds of vegetables and flowers, the base is diluted at the rate of 1:10 (100 ml of stock solution per 1 liter). The grains are immersed in liquid for 1-1.5 days, then dried and sown.
- For irrigation at the initial stage of seedling growth, 10 liters of water are added to 1/2 liter of the solution, the seedlings are watered with the resulting liquid three times - after germination, after 12-20 days and at the beginning of budding.
- For spraying, a solution of 1:20 is prepared, as for irrigation. Process until the leaves are completely wet.
You can improve the soil by adding 50 g of dry humate per 10 sq. m. For uniform distribution, the powder is mixed with sand.
potassium humate
More expensive than sodium humate, but does not contain heavy metal impurities. Helps accelerate flowering and fruit formation, increase immunity.
The use of dry potassium humate is similar to sodium. The tubers are immersed in a 10% solution for a day or two. The cuttings are placed at a depth of 2-3 cm and kept for 5-6 hours. For spraying, dilute 1 ml of liquid humate in 1 liter of water, the frequency of treatments is 3 or 4 every 2 weeks.
Humate+7
In addition to humic acids, it contains 7 trace elements. It contains nitrogen, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, boron and iron.
One gram of the substance is dissolved in 10-15 liters of water. Apply for watering during active growth 1 time in 2-2.5 weeks. Consumption per 1 sq. m - 4-5 l.
"Baikal EM-1"
The biological product contains cultures of beneficial microorganisms. Restores soil fertility, improves soil structure. Increases the resistance of plants to low temperatures. Ways to use:
- To prepare compost, 0.5 cups of the drug are dissolved in 10 liters of water and evenly watered with organic residues - sawdust, tops of plants, manure. Stir and cover with foil for 2-3 weeks.
- For watering 1 tbsp. l. add to 1 bucket of water. Frequency of treatments - 1 time in 1-2 weeks.
"Athlete"
Belongs to the category of growth regulators. It causes a slowdown in the development of the aerial part and thickening of the stems. The main part of the nutrients is distributed in the root system, stimulating its active growth and branching. "Athlete" accelerates the formation of ovaries and increases their number. For most treatments, dilute 1.5 ml of the drug in 1 liter of water. Used for watering:
- Seedlings of nightshade (tomatoes, peppers and eggplants) at the age of 3-4 true leaves. 1 treatment is carried out, distributing 30-50 ml of solution for each plant.
- Cabbage at the stage of the 3rd or 4th true leaf. Irrigation frequency - 3 every 7 days, consumption rate - 1 liter per 1 sq. m.
For spraying: peppers and eggplants are sprayed 1 time when they have a 4th leaf.
Processing of tomatoes is carried out three times with an interval of 6-8 days:
- 1st time - in the presence of 3-4 leaves with a liquid of the same concentration (1.5 ml per 1 liter);
- 2 subsequent times the amount of water in the solution is reduced (1.5 ml per 0.5-0.7 l). If the seedlings have to be overexposed without disembarkation, it is allowed to process it for the 4th time.
And seedlings of flowers and ornamental shrubs are sprayed with "Athlete" twice after an interval of 5-7 days. Flower crops - in the case of stretching, bushes - during the budding period.
The positive aspect of the product: vegetable and flower seedlings do not stretch in low light and high temperatures. Processing is carried out strictly according to the instructions for use. Insufficient influence of the drug (single spraying) causes strong growth in 6-8 days, and an overdose - inhibition of plant development.
"Alar"
Unlike the "Athlete" remedy, it is more often used to dull the growth of ornamental and fruit crops. The inhibitory properties of succinic acid N-dimethylhydrazide (the active substance of the drug) are also used in gardens to actively lay fruit buds for the next year's harvest.
The drug is not certified for use in private households due to its high toxicity to fish. Industrial agricultural enterprises carry out the following treatments with Alar:
- spring spraying of winter varieties of apple trees to accelerate fruiting and prevent fruit fall before harvesting;
- garden processing 2-3 weeks after flowering (solution concentration - 0.16-0.32%);
- watering low varieties of chrysanthemums to achieve a more compact, branched bush form (0.15%).
"Heteroauxin"
Root formation stimulator, the active substance of which is β-indoleacetic acid (IAA). Helps to activate cell metabolism, increase regenerative capacity (the ability of cells to divide and form a new plant from its part). Improves seed germination, accelerates the rooting of cuttings and seedlings of herbaceous and woody species. Thanks to the treatment with "Heteroauxin", a high yield of daughter bulbs is obtained during reproduction.
The substance has a powerful effect. An overdose leads to developmental disorders, therefore, "Heteroauxin" is released in the form of tablets of 0.1 g: the consumption of funds in small portions is easier to control at home.
The drug is almost insoluble in water. To prepare the solution, medical alcohol is used. The operation is carried out with rubber gloves. The required number of tablets is placed in a spoon, a smaller device (a teaspoon) is applied with a rubbing motion and the tablets are crushed into powder. After pouring it into a small glass container with a tight-fitting lid, add alcohol (5 ml per 1 tablet). Shake, periodically heating the container in a bowl with warm (up to 70 degrees) water, until completely dissolved. After the liquid is brought to the desired concentration.
How to use:
Processing sections of stock and scion before grafting grapes involves the preparation of a solution of high concentration - 1 g (10 tablets) per 1 liter of alcohol. The liquid is enough to lubricate 500 inoculations.
Both the substance itself and the finished solution are kept in a dark place. Processing temperature - +18...+22.
"Kornerost"
Analogue of "Heteroauxin". The advantage of the drug "Kornerost" - ease of use.
The substance is in soluble capsules. Prepare the working fluid for several minutes, use water at room temperature for this. Planting material processing methods correspond to those described for "Heteroauxin".
"Kornevin"
The basis of the drug is indolylbutyric acid (IMA) 0.5%. It is used to stimulate the formation of roots and improve survival. They produce "Kornevin" in the form of a fine cream-colored powder. Ways to use the substance:
- the lower part of the cuttings is moistened with water, shaken and dusted with powder, planted in a substrate for rooting;
- the root system of seedlings during transplantation is soaked for 6 hours in a suspension prepared at the rate of 1 g per 1 liter of water;
- planted plants are watered with a similar solution after 7-10 days.
The suspension is prepared by diluting the powder in a small amount of hot (90 degrees) water, then bringing the liquid to full volume with cool water. The prepared solution retains its properties for 12 hours.
Good results are shown by the use of "Kornevin" in combination with other drugs:
- cuttings from a powerful plant will take root better when used in combination with "Heteroauxin";
- shoots of roses give a strong root system with the use of "Zircon";
- weak processes are rooted with the help of "Kornevin" and "Epin".
After planting rooted plants, it is advisable to fertilize with phosphorus or potassium-phosphorus fertilizers.
"Zircon"
It is a stimulant of the immune system of the plant. The active substance is hydroxycinnamic acids (coffee, chicory, chlorogenic) dissolved in alcohol 0.1 g / l. Preventive remedy for diseases of fungal and viral etymology (late blight, peronosporosis, scab, bacteriosis and others). "Zircon" accelerates the formation of roots during cuttings and transplantation, for this reason, its combination with rooters is unacceptable. Use with fertilizers will have a positive effect.
The solution is prepared by diluting the product in a glass, enamel or plastic container. First, take 1/3 of the volume of water at room temperature, mix thoroughly with the Zircon norm and add the remaining liquid.
The active acids of the drug are destroyed in the light within 30 minutes. Processing is carried out in low light - in the evening, exclusively with a fresh solution.
The use of the drug "Zircon". 1 ampoule = 1 ml = about 40 drops:
| Action | Consumption rate | Period and frequency of processing |
|---|---|---|
| Soaking the seeds | Cucumbers - 5 drops / 1 l, other vegetables - 10 drops, flowers - 1 ampoule | 6-8 hours |
| Treatment of tubers and corms before planting | Potatoes, gladioli - 20 drops / 1 l | 18-24 hours |
| Bulb soaking | 40 drops (1 ampoule) per 1 liter | 18-24 hours |
| Holding cuttings until rooting | 1 ampoule per 1 liter | 12-14 hours |
| Spraying to accelerate flowering | 1 ml per 5 l | 1-2 stages |
| Anti-stress processing by sheet | Fruit trees - 1 ampoule / 10 l, berry herbaceous crops - 11-13 drops / 10 l, shrubs - 20 drops / 10 l | In difficult weather conditions - once a week |
| Increasing the yield of potatoes | 4 drops/3 l | Every 10 days from germination to budding |
| Disease control | 1 ml per 5 l | At the first sign of damage |
| Watering | 1 ml per 10 l | To stimulate flowering and ovary formation |
The agent is quickly absorbed by plant organisms. For the action of the drug is enough 18 hours.
"Epin"
Plant growth regulator that increases resistance to diseases and environmental stressors. Reduces the content of heavy metal salts, nitrates and toxic substances in tissues. Improves germination, increases yield and promotes rapid fruit ripening.
The active component of "Epin" is epibrassinolide from the group of brassinosteroids. It is used as an independent stimulant and in tank mixtures with fertilizers, disinfectants and fungicides. At the same time, the consumption of pesticides is halved. It goes on sale under the name "Epin-Extra".
Using "Epin":
For preventive spraying of various crops, the following terms are used:
- nightshade and decorative - 1-2 treatments during budding and the beginning of flowering;
- root crops - after germination;
- cucumbers - 2 sprays: in the phase of the 3rd-4th leaf and at the stage of budding;
- cabbage - full leaf rosette;
- onion sets - the formation of the 4th leaf;
- fruit and berry - a period of budding with re-treatment after 3 weeks.
Epin is environmentally friendly. The prepared solution is used during the day. Under the influence of light, the substance quickly decomposes.
"Pennant"
Complex adaptogenic preparation. Consists of polyethylene oxide (PEO) 770 g/l and salts of humic acids up to 30 g/l. Increases germination and productivity, resistance to adverse growing factors. It activates the development of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, enhances the effect of pesticides when used in tank mixtures and separately.
Using the Vympel stimulator:
| Purpose of processing | Solution concentration | Consumption and frequency of treatments |
|---|---|---|
| Soaking the seeds | Vegetables and melons - 10 ml / 0.5 l of water, root crops - 15-20 g / 100 ml | 2-3 hours |
| Preplant treatment of potato tubers | 15 ml/0.5 l water/30 kg material | The tubers are dipped and dried |
| Grain processing | 20-25 g/l | Wet the material before planting |
| Soaking seedlings during transplantation | 20-25 ml/l | 6-8 hours |
| Foliar processing of vegetable and fruit crops | Vegetables - 10-20 ml / l, fruits and berries - 20 ml / l - per 200 square meters. m | 2-3 sprays during the growing season |
| flower plants | 25-30 ml / l - per 200 sq. m | Starting from the budding phase, repeat every 2 weeks |
New modifications of the line - the drug "Vympel-K", which enhances energy metabolism in cells due to succinic acid, as well as "Vympel 2". This remedy is enhanced by the carboxylic acids that make up the composition, which activate the processes of respiration and photosynthesis.
"Emistim-S"
The natural drug "Emistim" is made on the basis of epiphytic fungi. Contains a number of phytohormones (cytokinins, auxins), carbohydrates, amino acids, trace elements, and fatty acids.
Increases the percentage of germination and energy of seed germination, productivity, stimulates the development of a powerful root system and the aerial parts of plants. Increases resistance in difficult weather conditions, resistance to phytopathogens and pests, including nematodes.
The processing rate for seeds and tubers is 1/4 ml per 10 kg of material. With foliar application, 0.2 ml of the drug is sufficient for spraying 1 weave of plantings.
Preparations with improved characteristics from this series are "Biolan" and "Stimpo". They are used by amateur gardeners and farmers of large farms.
"Biosil"
Means of biological origin, obtained from the needles of the Siberian fir plant (Abies sibirica). The main component - triterpene acids - is used to treat planting material and plants during the growing season.
Biologically active compounds stimulate the immunity of vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops. Wheat processing increases the gluten and protein content of the crop. The drug is completely safe, this quality allows it to be used for the production of environmentally friendly products, including baby food. Compatible with most pesticides - protectants, insecticides.
How to use:
- 1. Treatment of grain seeds is carried out with a solution with a concentration of 0.05% (50 ml / 10 l). A bucket of working fluid is enough to spray 1 ton of grain.
- 2. Foliar top dressing of cereals is used twice: during the period of tillering and earing of plants. The liquid is prepared at the rate of 30 ml/300 l/1 hectare.
- 3. For tomatoes, 3 sprays are carried out during the formation of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd brushes. It takes 300 liters of water per hectare with the addition of 50 ml of Biosil.
- 4. Cucumbers are treated more often with a solution of lower concentration - 15 ml / 300 l / 1 ha. Spraying sequence: on the 3rd leaf, at the beginning of budding, during the period of mass flowering and 1 week after the 3rd treatment.
"Immunocytophyte"
Arachidonic acid preparation. Strengthens resistance to diseases of fungal origin and bacteriosis. Durability of the effect - up to 2 months after treatment. Shows adaptogenic properties. Compatible with a wide range of insecticides.
Preparation of working fluid: 1 tablet is crushed and dissolved in 1-15 ml of water at room temperature, stirring occasionally for 1/2 hour. The concentrated solution is adjusted to the desired proportion. Usually 1 tablet per 2 liters of water is enough for sheet processing of 50 square meters. m area.
How to use:
It is strictly forbidden to use the product before precipitation. Also, you can not mix "Immunocytofit" with biological products and alkaline compounds, potassium permanganate. The analogue of the drug is the stimulant "Amulet".
Gibberellin
The stimulating effect of gibberellic acids was discovered relatively recently and is more pronounced than that of auxins. Gibberellins stimulate the growth of above-ground parts of the plant at certain temperatures. Such preparations are used to increase productivity, improve seed germination.
Stimulants that contain gibberellins: Ovary, Fertile, Bud. Designed for foliar application. Particular attention is paid to top dressing: on poor soils, the effect of gibberellin preparations will be ineffective or opposite to what is expected.
The use of stimulants does not replace fertilizers. Optimal results are achieved through the use of a set of tools. The action of various plant hormones and minerals is interconnected. In combination with the correct cultivation techniques, a positive effect on plants is obtained.
REGULAR ( analog Alar)
Preparative form: water-soluble powder
R plant growth regulator (retardant), preservesdrug activity during the entire growing season.
REGULAR (analogous to Alar) is effective on flower crops (including potted ones), ornamental shrubs.
The active substance of the drug (daminoside) belongs to the group of retardants - synthetic plant growth regulators. Daminoside inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellins. The action of the drug is manifested in the inhibition of the stretching of cells of the subapical meristem, as a result of which the intensity of growth decreases and the speed of generative processes increases. The consequences of this effect are a change in the habitus of plants, an accelerated transition to flowering, and, as a result, an increase in yield, an increase in the duration of flowering in ornamental crops.
Description: Broad spectrum retardant. It moves well through the plant, remains in it for a long period, providing constant control over its growth. The retardant activity of Regularar is of great interest for ornamental horticulture, since treatment with the drug makes it possible to achieve shortening and strengthening of flower stalks, the formation of more compact plants, especially under conditions of growing plants with a lack of light.
Excellent results are obtained by treatment with carnations, chrysanthemums, begonias, camellias, coleus, cyclomen, fuchsias, gardenias, hibiscus, hydrangeas, colanchoes, pelargoniums, azaleas, asters, etc. It is also indispensable for winter and early spring forcing of tulips. By spraying plants at the moment of the beginning of the formation of peduncles or at the moment of the beginning of a rapid increase in the vegetative mass with 0.1-0.6% (10-60 g / 10 l of water) with a solution of Regular, it is possible to obtain shorter and more durable peduncles with larger flowers or more compact, turgorescent forms of ornamental plants. It should be remembered that the drug is highly soluble in water.
When using a retardant, it is necessary to experimentally refine the doses and terms of application of the drug for specific objects and varieties under specific plant growing conditions, especially since the drug in the indicated dose range is not phytotoxic and there is no danger of spoiling planting material.
Regulations for the use of the drug:
|
cultures |
The consumption rate of the drug |
Purpose |
Waiting period (multiplicity of treatments) |
|
|
flower crops |
30-60 g/100 m2 |
Spraying of plants: 1st - with a length of lateral shoots of 5-10 cm, 2nd - 14-17 days after the first spraying. Consumption of working fluid - 10 l / 100 m 2 |
- (2) |
|
|
Flower and ornamental crops (shrubs) |
30-60 g/100 m2 |
Reducing the height of plants, the formation of a compact bush, increasing decorative qualities, prolonging the flowering period |
Spraying of plants: 1st - in the phase of formed, uncolored buds, 2nd - 7-10 days after the first spraying. Consumption of working fluid - 10 l / 100 m 2 |
- (2) |
Additional information on the use of the drug Regular, VRP (950 g/kg daminoside) on various flower plants.
|
flower crops |
The consumption rate of the drug |
Method, processing time, consumption rate of the working fluid |
|
asters (Aster) |
6 g/l |
Spraying of plants: 1st when 4 true leaves are formed, 2nd after 14-21 days. |
|
Ageratum (Ageratum) |
6 g/l |
Spraying of plants: 1st 2-3 weeks after transplanting, 2nd 14-21 days after the first (if necessary). |
|
Begonia (Begonia) |
6 g/l |
|
|
Celosia (Celosia) |
3 g/l |
Spraying 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings. |
|
kosmeya (Cosmos) |
6 g/l |
Spraying plants: 1st 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings, 2nd 10 days after the first. |
|
Crossandra (Crossandra) |
3 g/l |
Spraying 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings. |
|
Dahlias (Dahila) |
6 g/l |
To regulate the length of the stem, carry out a single treatment of the plants until the buds appear. |
|
Jacobea ashy (ashy godson) (Jacobaea maritima) |
6 g/l |
Spraying 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings. |
|
Exacum (Exacum) |
3 g/l |
Spraying 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings. |
|
Calendula (Calendula) |
6 g/l |
Spraying immediately after the appearance of buds. |
|
Petunia (Petunia) |
6 g/l |
Spraying when plants grow, re-treatment after 14 days. |
|
Phlox (Phlox) |
6 g/l |
Spraying when 4-6 true leaves appear. |
|
Sage (Salvia) |
6 g/l |
On higher grades, to increase the decorative effect and improve the color of the leaves, spraying when 4-6 true leaves appear. |
|
Verbena |
3 g/l |
Spraying 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings. |
|
Zinnia (Zinnia) |
6 g/l |
Spraying 2-3 weeks after planting seedlings. |
|
Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum) |
3 g/l |
For the production of compact branched plants, spray 14 days after pinching, if necessary re-treat 21 days after the first spray. To obtain compact plants with one stem, treat 14 days after transplanting. |
|
Poinsettia (Euphorbia) |
3 g/l |
Spraying of plants: 1st treatment when new shoots grow by 4-5 cm, 2nd treatment after 14 days. |
|
Azalea (Azalea) (greenhouse plants) |
2 g/l 3 g/l |
Double spraying of plants after full formation with an interval of 7 days, with the growth of new shoots of 2.5-5 cm in length. Single spraying of plants after full formation with the growth of new shoots of 2.5-5 cm in length. |
|
Azalea (Azalea) (in nurseries) |
4.5 g/l |
To obtain compact plants when used in landscaping, spray plants once after full formation. |
|
Gardenia (Gardenia) |
6 g/l |
For compact spring flowering plants, treat when 60% of the plants have reached marketable size. |
Shelf life: 3 years
Plant growth regulators- natural or synthetic substances. They are used to treat plants in order to change their life processes or structure, to improve their quality, increase yields or facilitate harvesting. Regulators have an effect in small doses. Pre-sowing seed treatment has a beneficial effect on the growth of the seedling and increases its resistance to adverse environmental conditions and various pathogens, which contributes to the formation of stronger and more productive plants. Plant growth regulators increase resistance to lodging in plants; affect the expression of sex in the culture, which leads to an increase in seed production and an increase in yield. All growth regulators, both natural phytohormones and synthesized substances that activate individual phases of growth and development (organogenesis) of plants, are combined into a group growth promoters.
Natural regulators include (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ABA, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonic and salicylic acids), with the help of which the interaction of cells, tissues and organs is carried out, in small quantities they are necessary to launch and regulate physiological and morphogenetic programs. They are formed in certain organs or zones of the plant and transported throughout its body. They act at low concentrations, at the level of 10 -6 - 10 -12 M. However, it should be borne in mind that phytohormones exhibit stimulating activity in a fairly narrow range of concentrations, the excess of which leads to inhibition and even death of plants (phytotoxicity, herbicidal effect).
A number of requirements are put forward for synthetic regulators: low consumption rates, rapid utilization in natural conditions, inability to accumulate in soil and food products. They are more stable in the plant organism and are able to control their development for a long time.
Growth regulators that suppress or inhibit physiological or biochemical processes in plants, growth, seed germination and bud break are combined into a group growth inhibitors.
Natural growth regulators:
Auxins - phytohormones of predominantly indole nature (indoleacetic acid and its derivatives). They induce cell growth by stretching. The precursor of auxin is the amino acid tryptophan. Auxins are produced and accumulated in high concentrations in the apical meristems (shoot and root growth cones). IAA can be released from the bound state (from glycosides, complexes with amino acids or proteins). They activate the synthesis of nucleic acids and division; stimulate cell growth by stretching, root formation (rooting of cuttings, formation of lateral and adventitious roots); participate in the differentiation of the root system, the gravitropic reaction of the root and stem. However, in excessively large doses, they inhibit root formation. They play a major role in growth movements - tropisms and nastias. In particular, they are responsible for phototropism - growth bending of organs in response to one-sided illumination; have an attractive effect. Enhance the formation of callus associated with cell proliferation near the wound surface; induce calcium permeability of vesicles; participate in the temperature adaptation of the plant organism; reduce viscosity, increase the permeability and speed of movement of the cytoplasm; are an important factor in apical dominance (a phenomenon in which the presence of an apical bud prevents the lateral buds from awakening); participate in the regulation of phloem formation; activate enzymes that control phloem loading. The change in auxin concentration is responsible for the natural separation of fruits or leaves.
Of the natural auxins in plants, indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) is widespread. Under the action of plant enzymes, it is continuously destroyed, while synthetic compounds are not subject to enzymatic destruction and, therefore, their small doses can cause a noticeable and long-lasting effect.
More often in agriculture, synthetic analogues of auxin are used: indolylbutyric acid (IMA), naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 2,4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), naphthoxyacetic acid, chlorophenoxyacetic acid.
IMC has a high activity to stimulate root formation.
NAA is produced as a potassium salt, amide or methyl ester. Salt or NAA amide is used for thinning flowers and ovaries (apple trees, olives). NAA methyl ester is used as a means of delaying the germination of stored potatoes.
2,4 - D in a high concentration is an effective herbicide for controlling weeds in cereal crops. Its positive effect on the balance of microelement content in barley seeds was found. It prevents pre-harvest dropping of citrus fruits.
Naphthoxyacetic acid is used as a means of stimulating fruit formation (on tomatoes, strawberries).
For the treatment of cuttings, aqueous solutions of preparations are prepared, as well as powders and powder-based pastes. The concentrations of various substances for different crops are not the same (Table 8).
Table 8
Concentrations and duration of treatment of cuttings with aqueous solutions of growth regulators and vitamins (according to R.X. Turetskaya)
When using vitamins, the exposure of cuttings treatment depends on the exposure of the root stimulator used.
Powders and pastes are used to treat cuttings that do not tolerate preplant soaking (leaves, grassy cuttings). Such cuttings are immersed in powder or paste with a wet basal end and immediately planted in the substrate.
Powders are prepared at the rate (1 mg per 1 g of talc or crushed charcoal): heteroauxin, IMC or NAA - 1-30, vitamin C - 50-100, vitamin B 2 - 5 - 10. A paste is prepared on the basis of powder or aqueous solution at the rate of 300 g of talc (or coal) per 1 liter of water.
In addition to water, alcohol solutions are also used, which contain 50% alcohol (mg) in 1 ml: heteroauxin - 8-10; indolylbutyric acid - 8 - 10; naphthylacetic acid - 4-6. Treatment of cuttings with an alcohol solution is carried out for 10-15 s.
Thus, synthetic auxins are used to enhance root formation in cuttings; obtaining parthenocarpic fruits; in order to prevent pre-harvest fruit drop in citrus and some pome fruits. In high concentrations, synthetic auxins are used as herbicides to control some weeds.
Gibberellins- substances that contribute to the strong elongation of stems in plants. They belong to polyisoprene compounds and are synthesized from acetyl-CoA. The closest predecessor of the kauren. They are synthesized in leaves and roots. Gibberellins induce the germination of seeds and dormant organs; stimulate cell growth by stretching; participate in the regulation of flowering; increase the fruit size of seedless grapes. Treatment with phytohormone leads to the formation of parthenocarpic fruits. They are able to change the size, shape and number of leaves. In the treated leaves, the content of chlorophyll is reduced. More than 50 gibberellins are known. The main substance used in practice is gibberellic acid, or gibberellin A 3 (GK 3), which is obtained microbiologically. The concentration of solutions of gibberellin A 3 (GK 3) for soaking or spraying is 0.0001-0.005%.
The stimulating effect of gibberellins on the growth of shoots in length, increased doubleness and color, an increase in the size of inflorescences and a change in the timing of flowering was found on roses, cineraria, carnations, hydrangeas, chrysanthemums, phlox, salvia, petunias, etc. In addition, the treatment of bulbs and corms with gibberellins increases the coefficient of their reproduction, accelerates the flowering of bulbous and bulbous crops. To obtain these effects, it is important to take into account the phase of plant growth and development, since gibberellin stimulates the growth of those structures that have formed at the time of treatment. So, to increase the size of the inflorescences, enhance their color and doubleness, the treatment is carried out at the moment of full formation of all elements of the flower, and to change the timing of flowering - when all parts of the flower have formed, but the buds are still green, while the longer the period from flower formation to flowering , the greater the acceleration.
The synthetic analogue of gibbersib (sodium salts of gibberellic acids) increases the number of ovaries on the plant. The most common way to use gibbersib is to spray individual parts of the whole plant or apply drops of suspension on buds and buds, for bulbs and seeds - soak them in suspension for 4-12 hours.
A drug "Herbamine", obtained by biofermentation from medicinal herbs, contains: N - 5.7 g / l, P - 2.7 g / l, K - 8.4 g / l, trace elements, gibbersib, amino acids and fatty acids, pH 5.7 . Recommended for top dressing of open ground perennials at the time of leaf regrowth; for irrigation use a 3% solution, flow rate 10-15 l/m, 2 for spraying - the same solution, flow rate 10 l/100 m 2 .
Cytokinins - substances that induce plant cell division. All natural cytokinins are derivatives of isopentenyladenine. The place of their synthesis is the apical meristems of the roots. From the roots, they are passively transported through the xylem to the aboveground organs. They stimulate cell division, the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in isolated organs (for example, in pumpkin cotyledons); induce seed germination, promoting budding in whole plants and in isolated tissues; activate the growth of the shoot and inhibit the growth of the roots in length; enhance the growth of lateral roots; have an attractive effect; activate the metabolism of plant tissues, stimulate growth and biosynthetic processes in them; regulate nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, transport of metabolites, differentiation of chloroplasts; keep the stomata open; delay aging; control the formation of xylem vessels; induce stem morphogenesis. The sources of cytokinins are the fruits and tissues of the endosperm.
Cytokinins (kinins) are mainly used in tissue culture to enhance cell division (cytokinesis) and tissue differentiation, to cause active shoot formation in test tubes.
Synthetic analogue of cytokinin - BAP (benzylaminopurine).
In addition to the above substances, some natural substances of a non-hormonal nature - vitamins, some phenols, urea derivatives - also have the ability to stimulate the growth and development of plants. These substances, as well as phytohormones, are formed in plants in very small quantities, and not all of them easily move through the plant (for example, vitamins). They have a growth effect only in combination with phytohormones. In practice, they are used to enhance the effect together with growth regulators.
Brassinosteroids have growth-stimulating activity, which manifests itself in low concentrations (10 -6 - 10 -12 M); act as factors of generative development of plants; reduce fruit fall, increase yield; play an important role in photomorphogenesis; increase resistance to disease and stress and induce the synthesis of polypeptides. They take part in the formation of nonspecific adaptive mechanisms.
growth inhibitors are abscisic acid and ethylene.
Abscisic acid (ABA) refers to sesquiterpenoids (C 15). ABA differs from natural inhibitors of the phenolic group (coumarin, salicylic acid) in that it inhibits growth at very low concentrations - 100-500 times lower than the substances of the phenolic group. The precursor is mevalonic acid. The phytohormone is synthesized in the leaves. It regulates germination; synthesis of storage proteins and lipids of the seed; seed maturation; falling leaves and fruits; responses in pathogenesis and resistance induction; stimulates the synthesis of proteins necessary for stress (heat and cold shock proteins; dehydrins that protect proteins from denaturation during dehydration); induces the expression of genes controlling the synthesis of aquaporins; accelerates the breakdown of NK, proteins, chlorophyll; stomatal closure (suppresses the channels through which potassium enters the stomatal cells and activates the channels that eject potassium from the stomatal cells, which contributes to the closure of the stomata). When the stomata close, ABA induces a rapid increase in calcium concentration in guard cells. In other cases, the influence of ABA manifests itself after a long period of time and is associated with the regulation of various genes and proteins.
It was shown that the addition of ABA to nutrient media slowed down cell growth and reduced the synthesis of shikonin and its derivatives during the entire cultivation process.
It was found that ABA slows down the development of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by triggering the accumulation of the ABI5 transcription factor.
Lin and Kao pointed out that the slowdown in the growth of rice seedling roots in the presence of ABA can be explained by the activation of ionically bound peroxidase.
Among synthetic analogs of ABA, only pentadienoic acid comes close in its ability to inhibit growth.
Xanthoxin is a substance similar to ABA in structure and physiological activity.
Some plants contain compounds functionally similar to ABA. These substances quickly accumulate in the tissues of lower plants under damaging effects. These include lunularic acid (isolated from Lunularia cruciata); hydrangic acid (isolated from Hydrangea macrophylla). Lunularic and hydrangic acids are formed from phenylalanine with the participation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase.
Ethylene gaseous phytohormone. The closest precursor is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). The main precursor of ethylene in higher plants is methionine. Ethylene is intensively synthesized in aging leaves and ripening fruits. In dividing and rapidly growing cells of young plants, more ethylene is formed than in those that have completed growth. It is assumed that the ethylene biosynthetic system is localized in the plasmalemma. Phytohormone inhibits cell division, growth in length and causes the growth of cells in width. Causes epinasty (twisting of leaves is a protection mechanism against excessive loss of water, the flow of which during flooding is reduced due to a decrease in hydraulic conductivity); leaf fall, petiole bending, inhibits the growth of seedlings, as well as the action of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins; loosening of cell walls (ripening of fruits, formation of aerenchyma during flooding - air cavities through which air can enter the flooded roots). It is involved in the aging of cells, tissues and organs; participates in fruit ripening; affects the synthesis of odorous volatile compounds of fruits. It is assumed that stress ethylene accelerates the rejection of damaged tissues or organs.
Estrel remains the main drug that produces ethylene when degraded in plant tissues. Estrel facilitates the separation of fruits and berries from the mother plant. It has been found to lead to synchronization of pineapple blooms; significantly increases the productivity of Hevea.
Synthetic regulators and growth inhibitors:
growth inhibitors make up several groups with a specific function: retardants, inhibit stem growth; antiauxins inhibit the movement of (3-indolylacetic acid (3-IAA) and its analogues throughout the plant; morphactins disrupt the normal course of shaping processes in plant apexes; stunners abruptly stop the growth of all organs.
Of the inhibitors in floriculture, they are tested first of all retardants of synthetic origin, which have the ability to limit the growth of shoots without reducing the number of leaves and a significant reduction in the leaf surface, due to which a compact habit of plants is created, stability of peduncles is observed. Retardants in many cases accelerate flowering, inhibit the growth of unproductive shoots, thereby creating favorable conditions for the development of the main generative shoots. In general, they cause an effect similar to the effect of high-intensity lighting at low temperatures: plants have a dense stem, short internodes, intensely colored leaves.
The most widely used: CCC - chlorocholine chloride, or 2-chloroegyltrimethylammonium chloride (domestic drugs TUR and ZAR); alar- 2-2-dimethylhydrazide succinic acid (B9, SADH, DYAK); etrel- 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon); phosphone- tributyl-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl) phosphonium chloride (chlorfonium); atrinal- 2,3:4,6-bis-(1-methylethylidene)-0-(/,)-xylo-2-hexylfuronosic acid sodium salt (dikegulac, daikgulac). Retardants are used at concentrations of 50-200 mg/l, the processing methods are the same as for gibberellin, at a temperature of 12-23 0 C. There are practical recommendations for the use of retardants on annuals, biennials and potted plants. These recommendations are specific to each culture. However, it should be noted that the selection of a suitable retardant is carried out in the course of experiments on each plant, since retardants act specifically. So, CCC has no effect on nightshade, only alar is effective for them. CCC is used in the form of a 0.5-1% solution for growing remontant cloves; processing is carried out 3-4 times in the autumn-winter period at intervals of 10-14 days.
Substances with the action of auxins are used in the vegetative propagation of chrysanthemums, carnations, roses and other crops for the treatment of cuttings in order to improve their root formation. The most widely used for this heteroauxin, rootin(preparation based on (3-IAA), (3-indolylbutyric and ss-naphthylacetic acids, as well as vitamins B 1 and C.
Heteroauxin(beta-indolylacetic acid) has physiological activity and affects growth processes. One of the most widely distributed auxins. Heteroauxin root formation stimulator of fruit, ornamental, woody, shrubby plants; improves the fusion of scion and rootstock when grafting fruit crops; promotes faster development of shoots and leaves; antitranspirant.
Kornevin(5 g/kg indolylbutyric acid) root stimulant. Substances of indole nature stimulate the growth of roots in plants, cuttings, seedlings.
Kornevin is used for rooting seedlings; acceleration of root formation during cuttings; improving the survival rate of seedlings during transplantation.
Appin(0.025 g / l Epibrassinolide) has a growth-regulating effect, anti-stress effect. Seed treatment increases germination energy and germination (accelerates the germination of grain and vegetable seeds). It enhances the protective functions of the cell, the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, enzymes, etc. Spraying of plants stimulates the processes of photosynthesis and the absorption of nutrients due to a more developed leaf apparatus and root system. The drug improves tuberization; stimulates resistance to late blight; helps to reduce the content of salts of heavy metals, nitrates; accelerates fruit ripening. It affects the content of dry matter, starch, vitamin C. Reduces the effect of stressful situations for wheat, barley, corn, rapeseed, soybeans, potatoes.
It was shown that dressing barley seeds and spraying crops in the tillering phase increased the yield by 11-18%, including due to a decrease in plant damage by root rot and leaf diseases by 20%, compared with the control.
The effectiveness of the use of Epin was shown on table beet crops. During presowing treatment of table beet seeds with Epin, a significant increase in field germination was observed: in the Bordeaux variety - by 5%, Crosby - by 16%, Odnorostkova - by 6%. In all varieties, plant height, weight and number of leaves, root mass were higher than similar indicators of plants grown from untreated table beet seeds.
It was shown that the treatment of Chinese cabbage plants with solutions of sodium selenate and Epin reduced the content of lead, while the content of selenium increased significantly. It is likely that the protective effect of the growth promoter against lead accumulation is mediated by selenium.
At a concentration of 0.12-0.25 mg / l, epin accelerates the germination of gladiolus corms, accelerates its flowering, increases the yield of the baby and the quality of the corms.
According to the GBS RAS, epin was used for cuttings of Korean chrysanthemums (concentration 0.125 mg/l, exposure 24 hours) and roses: ground cover, miniature, floribunda, hybrid tea and climbing roses (concentration 0.06 mg/l, exposure 18 - 20 hours). In all experimental samples, the quality of the root system and the number of rooted cuttings under the influence of epin approached the indicators obtained from the impact of IMC.
Zircon(hydroxycinnamic acid) activates the germination of seeds of cereals, vegetables and woody plants, which contributes to the production of high-quality seedlings with a strong root system. The growth regulator has a growth-regulating and growth-stimulating efficacy, which is associated with the activation of phytohormones and the protection of IAA through the mechanism of auxin oxidase inhibition; antibacterial, antiviral and fungicidal action. It contributes to the rapid growth of the root and above-ground parts of planted and transplanted plants and ensures their survival and winter hardiness. The use of a growth regulator significantly increases the size and number of leaves (they quickly switch to root nutrition and use macro- and microfertilizers more efficiently).
It was shown that Zircon and Epin effectively affect the photosynthetic parameters of the assimilation apparatus of cucumber plants, which may indicate the possibility of their influence on the intensity of photosynthesis processes. They had a stimulating effect on the formation of the generative organs of cucumber plants. It should be noted that these preparations not only increased the number of flowers, but also accelerated the intensity of their formation. It is assumed that Zircon and Epin affect the content of gibberellins responsible for flowering processes in plants, or cause effects similar to the action of phytohormones. In wheat leaves, Zircon increased the intensity of photosynthesis and increased the content of chlorophyll.
The drug has a pronounced protective effect against phytopathogens of various nature. Under stressful conditions, it helps to replenish the missing biologically active compounds of an immunomodulatory and adaptogenic nature, increasing the adaptive potential of cells, increases their resistance to ionizing radiation, adverse temperature, water and light conditions and other types of stress. Zircon stimulates protective histogenic reactions of the affected tissue, increases reparative processes in it. It has a protective effect due to the presence of caffeic, chlorogenic and chicory acids in the composition.
When spraying plantings of potatoes with Zircon, a decrease in the degree of damage to plants by late blight was noted, the increase in yield at a consumption rate of 10 ml/ha was 20% of the control.
Zircon reduces the accumulation of heavy metals. It has been established that the presowing treatment of spring wheat seeds with Zircon (2 ml/t of grain) and vegetative plants in the tillering phase at the rate of 10 ml/ha contributed to a decrease in the phytotoxic effect of cadmium when growing wheat of the Irgina variety in soil with a high content of this element, which manifested itself in stimulation growth and development of plants and increase productivity. At the same time, a significant decrease in the transition of cadmium into the economically useful part of plants was noted.
Athlete(600 mg/l chlormequat chloride) non-traditional plant growth regulator, prevents overgrowth of seedlings. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Athlete leads to the redistribution of assimilates from aboveground to underground organs, which ultimately causes shortening and thickening of the stem and growth of roots.
Athlete prevents lodging of winter and spring wheat, perennial grasses; increases frost and drought resistance of tomatoes, fruit; prevents overgrowing of tomato seedlings; accelerates the beginning of fruiting of apple trees, pears, strawberries; increases the yield of vineyards.
