By the presence or absence of the necessary members of the proposal distinguish between complete and incomplete simple sentences.

Complete sentences- these are simple sentences that contain all the members necessary for the semantic completeness of the sentence. Being strong is good, being smart is twice as good.

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which any member of the sentence (main or secondary) or several members of the sentence are missing. Missed sentence members are easily restored from previous sentences or the speech situation itself. The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge . Compare: ... and a person is illuminated by knowledge.

Incomplete two-part proposals should be distinguished from one-part complete, in which there is only one main member of the sentence, and the second is not and cannot be in the structure.

Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete. Sentences in dialogue are often incomplete.

- What's your name?
- Alexei.
- What about your father?
- Nikolaich.

An incomplete sentence can be the second part of a complex sentence. Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. The predicate in the second part of the complex sentence is omitted. You received the letters, but I did not. Addendum omitted.

The omission of sentence members in pronunciation can be expressed by a pause, and in writing it is indicated by a dash. It dawns early in summer, and late in winter.

In the so-called situational incomplete sentences missing members are not restored. They are not named anywhere in the text by words, but are inferred from the speech situation, that is, their meaning is revealed by extra-speech circumstances, gestures, and facial expressions. Behind me! Cheers! Bon Voyage!

ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003

One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences according to the nature of the grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue. (S. Yesenin) Poet may you not be , But . must be a citizen (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn . In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier. At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate.

Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.”

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences). It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards . In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject

wipers

missing, but easily recovered from the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence is two-part incomplete. Name sentences. One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova)

The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty. (I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness.: It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence. Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here Here's the mill (I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness.); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where

This – subject, and chair – a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject.

This is a two-part unexpanded proposal. Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring

– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. The listening was boring). In the Russian language there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning:

So much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not studied in the school course. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative - nominative (by the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both of them into the type “nominal one-part sentences”. When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it (

Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part. But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning

(I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house)

, some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.

Exercise Are the highlighted sentences denominative? A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows!

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- A good gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of ​​the actor is; b) according to the morphological forms of the verb used as the main member of the sentence. In other words, different types of one-part sentences make it possible, with varying degrees of specificity, to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.

Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(O. Mandelstam) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed you in the garden under the clear sky and I'll tell you what are the names of the constellations?(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be found out from the following lines:).

(I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house)

She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.

Find one-part sentences in the text and determine the type of each of them.
Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow.

Answer. Here we made our first stop. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz) Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal:

We collect brushwood and make a fire

(part of a complex sentence). Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h. After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility!(A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept. (A. Griboyedov) Let We have me will announce Old Believer... But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever, left I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come. (A. Pushkin) let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

(I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house)

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the remaining sentences into indefinite personal ones.

One day, the goddess Eris threw an apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” to the three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was intended for her. Zeus ordered Paris to resolve the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses.

Answer. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya) Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and
abandoned there.

Possible modifications to other proposals:

In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd. Generalized-personal proposals Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born(i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily Not take it out.

and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further

you will

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal

offers. Impersonal offers Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined. To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided . How funny shod your feet with sharp iron, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any? sometimes in the autumn, in the silence of the evening, in the village

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood): Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping

, like at home; unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat carried away to the middle of the river. Her

would have been carried away and further, if not for the snag; infinitive:.

Be
rain
As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and the environment, the human condition, the inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.

Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate. A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:;
a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark) b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away hat. Wed. Wind blew away));
hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind c) verb be with a negative particle or word be No (Parcels) ;
And did not have d) verb in indefinite form).

(This

not to happen In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:, a) impersonal verbs, should I want to (lucky and so on. I had to All;
do again) );
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used . (it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, it’s a sin and so on Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field.

It's a sin to complain due to lack of time). A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). And (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous.).

. In the room be

tidied up be Word
What part of speech does the strange word belong to? be? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence. Dictionaries say that(– can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle– Yes .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it an invariable verbal form ( No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech you can find There is not so far (No one There is not Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to consider that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.

We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he squared his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)

Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text.

Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate. Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I.

(K. Chukovsky) Answer. You'll bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour, an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green need to be carried

fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise

have to go
for water for mom - impersonal.
3. Find incorrect statements.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - a personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of a feminine or masculine unit. part last vr., this two-part sentence is incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinite personal sentence; b) a one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The most difficult thing was in the Sumerian letter depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but a sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing part of the sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.

He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);

predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.

– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down in your soul, excusing them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying the political regime, no matter what outrages happened under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.

Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that our youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you

– complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence In an incomplete sentence, a dash may be placed at the place where the predicate is missing, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence:...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law. (A.S. Griboedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed:...Well, people over here! She comes to him, and he comes to me.

(A.S. Griboyedov)

Elliptical sentences In Russian there are sentences called elliptical (from the Greek word ellipsis , which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden (K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts (

And his wife: for rudeness, for your words

(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.

Based on their meaning and structure, sentences are divided into complete and incomplete sentences. Complete sentences

Complete

Incomplete sentences

a sentence is a sentence with all the members necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. For example: I am reading an interesting article. Marya Ivanovna solemnly presented the first-graders with bright alphabet books. The forest revealed its dark green groves overgrown with thick mosses before people. The predicate in this sentence agrees with the subject and also controls the object. The result is a continuous chain that connects all members of the sentence with logical meaning.

Incomplete

sentences are sentences in which members necessary for completeness and structure are absent. Missing sentence members in incomplete sentences are often restored from the context. Most often, incomplete sentences are found in dialogues. For example:

“I came,” my mother answered...

Is she beautiful?

Certainly.

We see that each subsequent replica of this dialogue adds to the topic specified in the dialogue itself. Very often incomplete sentences are one-piece offers.

Petya, what class are you in?

At nine.

Incomplete sentences can be part of complex sentences. For example: The sun warms the earth, but labor warms man.
Incomplete sentences also include sentences with a missing predicate. For example: Our strength is in unity.

Incomplete sentences, as well as complete sentences, are divided into two-part and one-part, extended and non-extended. It should be noted that an incomplete two-part sentence, the predicate or subject in which the missing one remains two-part, despite the fact that only one main member is presented.

Using complete and incomplete sentences

Due to the fact that missing clauses in incomplete sentences greatly simplify the process of communication, such sentences are widely used in colloquial speech, as well as in works of art. In scientific literature, as well as in business language, complete sentences are used predominantly.

From the lesson “Incomplete Sentences” you will learn about the differences between complete sentences and incomplete ones. Students will learn to distinguish between one-part and two-part, common and non-common syntactic constructions. To consolidate new material, you will consider the most striking examples.

Topic: One-part sentences

Lesson: Incomplete Sentences

3. Russian philological portal ().

1. Read the poem by Oleg Grigoriev.

Mark complete and incomplete sentences. Sort them into sentence parts.

—Did you dig a hole? - I was digging. — Did you fall into a hole? - Fell. -Are you sitting in a hole? - Sitting. —Are you waiting for the stairs? - I am waiting. — A pit of cheese? - Cheese. - Like a head? - Intact. - So he's alive? - Alive. - Well, I went home!

2. There is an “extra” in each row of words. Define this word.

In the grove.., there are a lot of carrots.., in the presentation.., during the revolution...

From memory.., without boats.., in the road.., in the air...

In all severity.., to wisdom.., to care.., about research...

On tulle.., in shampoo.., Natal conveyed.., about herbarium...

In the stirrups.., in the udder.., in the flames.., on the stone...

D.z.: by Saturday, etc. 7-10 sentences, exercises 34, 39 (Bogdanova, part 2),name sheets
In speech, especially colloquial and artistic, there are incomplete sentences. They are called incomplete sentences in which any member of the sentence is missing. It is usually easy to recover from the context or communication situation.
- Where is Dimka?
- Walking.
Walking. - incomplete sentence, missing subject.
Both main and minor members of the sentence can be missing.

Watch other video lessons on the school curriculum at InternetUrok.ru
It is necessary to distinguish incomplete sentences from one-part sentences. In cases where any member of a sentence is missing in an incomplete sentence, it is easily restored. This cannot be done in one-part sentences, because these are complete sentences that have a structural feature.

Let's compare:
- How are you feeling?
- Fine.
Fine. - two-part, incomplete. Wed: I feel good. - two-part, complete.
Fine!
Fine! - a one-part, impersonal sentence.
Can one-part sentences be incomplete?
They can if they are missing a word that can be easily recovered from the context.
- What is your name?
- Anna.
Anna. - a one-part sentence, incomplete. Wed: My name is Anna. - one-part, indefinitely personal, complete.
Incompleteness can occur in both simple and complex sentences. Often words are omitted to avoid repetition. A dash is placed in place of the gap:
On Monday he came early, and on Tuesday only for dinner.

P Complete and incomplete sentences
From the point of view of completeness, sentence structures are divided into complete and incomplete.
Complete sentences are those that contain all the members necessary to express a thought. Yellow lilies have been open since sunrise.
Incomplete sentences are those in which any member of the sentence that is necessary in meaning and structure (main or secondary) is missing. Two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences can be incomplete.
1. Yellow lilies open from sunrise, and 2. white ones open at ten o’clock.
1. two-part, widespread, complete;
2. two-part, widespread, incomplete.
The possibility of omitting members of a sentence is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river (A.S. Pushkin). (Context - previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)
May be missed:
Subject: He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name! (N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, if the police captain had not arrived, I might not have been able to look at the light of God anymore !) (N.V. Gogol);
Addition: And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread! (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);
Predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);
Several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:
How long ago? (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?).
Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.
- I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For an evil crime. (A.S. Pushkin)

In an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence, a dash is placed in place of the missing member (usually the predicate), if the missing member is restored from the previous part of the sentence or from the text and a pause is made at the place of the omission.
They stood opposite each other: he, confused and embarrassed, she, with an expression of challenge on her face.
However, if there is no pause, there is no dash.
Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. Below him is a stream of lighter azure, above him is a golden ray of sun.
Attention! Sentences with a zero connective in a compound nominal predicate are not incomplete: A book is a source of knowledge.
Conclusion:
Incomplete sentences are sentences with a missing main or minor member of the sentence. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).
Elliptical sentences
In the Russian language there are sentences called elliptical (from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement:
I am going to the Tauride Garden (K.I. Chukovsky).
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.
The dash is placed:
1. A dash is placed in place of the zero predicate with a pause.
They stick together at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens. Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble, there is a blue sky and white clouds (Sol.).
2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences at the place where members of the sentence or their parts are missing. These omissions are common in parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, when the missing member is restored from the context of the first part of the sentence.
It was getting dark, and the clouds were either parting or setting in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray, rumbling with continuous thunder, and from the west, from behind the Khvoshchina estate, from behind the slopes above the river valley , - dull blue, in dusty streaks of rain, through which the mountains of distant clouds turned pink (Bun.).
3. A dash is placed when members of a sentence are omitted, restored in the context of dialogue lines or adjacent sentences.
Do you like green onion pies? I am like passion! (M.G.)
4. A dash is placed in sentences consisting of two word forms with the meaning of subject, object, circumstance and built according to the schemes: who - what, who - where, what - to whom, what - where, what - how, what - where, etc. Book - by mail. To trains – “green”!