Sienna is a natural light brown pigment.
By calcining sienna at 500-600 degrees, you can get burnt red-brown sienna.
The name of the pigment comes from the name of the Italian city in Tuscany, Siena.
It is in Tuscany that the main deposits of sienna are located.
At first, we were not going to Siena, the names of Rome, Florence, Pisa were more widely known. But then, after reading about San Gimignano, they inadvertently uttered the word Siena - maybe we'll stop by? And now, after the skyscrapers of San Gimignano, we walk through the yellow and red-brown, the colors of both sienas, the city. Twilight is already approaching, we would have time to see the most important things in the light: Piazza del Campo and Siena Cathedral. Both of these are amazing. The area is in the shape of a shell. The height difference between the lower and upper points is 5 m.
Previously, it was just a field in the valley of 3 hills, then it became a market square, and then - the community center of the city. During the time of the Government of the Nine (in the 14th century), the area was divided into 9 sectors, and each was paved with a stone of a different shade.
Palazzo Communale with the Torre del Mangia tower, which translates as "Eater's Tower", because the first caretaker was very fond of eating)
Fountain Source of Joy
According to legend, Siena was founded by the sons of Remus, so the Capitoline she-wolf is not accidental here.
I didn't think that after Pisa, Luke, Florence I would be surprised by another cathedral. But he's not alone. He is the Cathedral. The history of its construction is intertwined with the history of Siena and, mainly, with the history of its struggle with Florence, in which there were both victories that gave the inhabitants energy for grandiose construction, and defeats, a reminder of which is the unfinished wall of the cathedral, which was supposed to become grander than the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. He didn’t, he didn’t have enough strength, after a severe plague, the city submitted to Florence, but the cathedral still exists, and keeps traces of construction from the 13th to the 19th century. But at the same time it seems very solid and harmonious. Here are the laces we saw at sunset.
Mosaics on the floor were also created over 600 years.
Unfortunately, we did not see the pulpit made by Nicolo Pisano - it is being restored. Isn't that a reason to come back?
John the Baptist by Donatello.
Before the trip, we read that in Siena you should definitely eat Panforte - a dessert with candied fruits and nuts. And accidentally stumbled eyes on the counter. We went to a shop to a cute grandmother, who sold us a piece of this delicacy. They asked her where you can drink tea - bad in Italy with this drink. She explained that there were hot drinks at the bar, but then for some reason asked if we bought panforte from her on purpose to ask about tea. Do you understand the logic?
Panforte, as it turned out - nothing special, it probably looks like sherbet.
By the way, there was no tea in the bar - Italians generally drink it only when they are sick, I had to be content with coffee, fortunately, very tasty)
And then we walked along the evening streets.
The term comes from the name of the city "Sienna", in the province of Tuscany in northern Italy. Yellow-brown pigments have been mined here since ancient times. Different authors call sienna a wide variety of yellow-brown pigments.
According to experts, classic sienna should have a number of properties: yellow-brown in tone with a warm tint in full tone, strong glazing properties and a clear yellowish tone in oil. In painting, natural sienna has been used since ancient times. According to Pliny (I century), "terra di Siena" was one of the most common colors of Roman artists. At a later time, it was very often used by Italian painters of the 14th-17th centuries, in particular, Titian painted with it.
The glazing properties of sienna are usually associated with the fixation of iron in aluminosilicates, but mineralogical studies have shown that “translucency” is associated with the small size of hydrogoethite crystals. Sienas are composed of iron hydroxides (hydrogoethite), contain an admixture of silica in the form of quartz or chalcedony, and in small amounts - silicates and manganese oxyhydroxides. Warm, red tones are due to the admixture of finely dispersed hematite, and the presence of "thick" needle-like crystals of hydrogoethite. The content of Fe 2 O 3 in sienna ranges from 37 to 70%.
Deposits of natural sienna are known in Italy, near the city of Sienna (province of Tuscany), in Germany - Harz, in the USA. A significant amount of raw materials is mined in Cyprus from the zone of oxidation of copper pyrite deposits.
In Russia, until recently, sienna was mined from accumulations of swamp ores in Karelia and the Leningrad region. In recent years, we have discovered high-quality sienna in the Urals and Western Siberia. Unlike swamp ores, they do not contain water-soluble salts and organic substances. In the collection "Rublevskaya palette" we offer you a range of high-quality sienna:
Siena Ural No. 415,
Sienna Siberian No. 219,
Siena Altai No. 2112.
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This range allows satisfying the taste of the most demanding consumer. Siennas of good quality are very rare. Their extraction is carried out only by manual disassembly (see fig.). The extraction of high-quality raw materials does not exceed 4-5% of the excavated rock mass.
The sienna is heat-treated into a brownish-red pigment with deep, warm tones known as burnt sienna. Burnt siennas are characterized by a pleasant velvety tone, glazing properties. The following are of high quality:
Sienna Bashkir burnt No. 318,
Sienna Ural burnt No. 319,
Sienna Siberian burnt No. 3111.
flying beetles
Materials:
Paints:
Black, White, Red, Yellow, Dark Brown, Burnt Sienna, Yellow Ocher.
Brushes: medium and small flat, small round, eyeliner.
Others: Pencil, fixing varnish.
1. Ladybugs are a simple and popular subject for stone painting. They are great for beginners. Look for small round or oval stones like in the photo. For this project, I chose the stone you see in the center.
2.
The pictures below show how to sketch your ladybug.
Using a pencil, divide the stone into three parts. Make the center section larger than all the others.
Draw two crescents touching the dividing lines.
Wings should be located in the resulting strip.
Cut out a triangle in the center of the strip.
It looks like open wings.
Now draw the body of the ladybug on the third section of the stone.
3. When you are satisfied with your sketch, paint around the outlines with black paint using the tip of the brush.
4. Apply white paint to the wings with a small flat brush. The next layers, already colored, will be much brighter from this.
5. We paint the body with some dark brown color (I used burnt umber)
6. In a lighter color (such as burnt sienna), add a series of stripes on the brown body.
7.
Highlight the center of each stripe with Yellow Ocher.
Advice.
Light and shadow are the most powerful tools for making animal features clear. The tonal contrast between dark and light areas enhances impact and adds realism to all your work.
8. We paint the wings in bright colors. I chose orange, made by mixing red and yellow. I always prefer to mix colors instead of using ready-made ones. Apply paint in two coats.
9. Draw black dots on the wings with a small round brush. Do not try to make them completely round, this does not happen in nature.
10. Now you can cover the rest of the stone with black paint.
11. Draw the head (small circle with white paint). Two white dots for the eyes and an oval for the mouth - that's the whole muzzle.
12. Now with a liner (or just a single brush) with white, draw two hook-shaped antennae on two sides of the head.
13. The figure below shows where to draw two elongated wings with a liner and white paint.
14. Dissolve some white paint in water to get a transparent color. The lower wings, which we are now drawing, are so transparent that the ladybug's body can be seen through them. Paint over the lower wings using a round small brush.
15. Use the liner and white color to paint the veins on the transparent wings.
16. Your ladybug is finished. Cover it with varnish to protect the stone. Change colors to create bugs to your liking.
Sienna
The paint, which got its name from the place of the main extraction - the Italian province of Siena. It differs from ocher in the increased content of iron and water of hydration, as well as in the high content of silicon oxide ( sand) and to a lesser extent kaolin ( clay). Color C. yellow-brown in various shades.
Isograph dictionary. - M.: Orthodox St. Tikhon Theological Institute. V. V. Filatov. 1997
Synonyms:See what "sienna" is in other dictionaries:
Sienna- Aswan Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Siena (Siena), a city in Tuscany ... Geographic Encyclopedia
SIENNA Modern Encyclopedia
Sienna- SIENNA, a city in Italy. 60 thousand inhabitants. mechanical engineering; chemical, woodworking industry; marble processing. University (13th century). Kijan Academy of Music (1932). Museums: archaeological, national, pinakothek, Cathedral Museum. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
SIENNA- a natural light brown pigment, which differs from ocher in a high content of iron hydroxides and the almost complete absence of clay. It is used in the production of paints ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Sienna- Siena, city to the south. the border of Egypt (see Egypt), 700 km south. Cairo (Ezek 29:10; 30:6), now Aswan. Jude. the colony on the Nile island of Elephantine owned its own here. see Temple (VII, 2), as follows from a number of papyri found there in the 5th century. to R... Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia
SIENNA Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
SIENNA- SIENNA, SIENNA, sienna, pl. no, female (painting, special). The same as the Sienese land (see Sienese). Natural sienna. Burnt sienna. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Sienna- (Siena), city in Center. Italy, in the historical region of Tuscany. Founded by the Romans in the 1st century. BC e. The old part of Siena has retained a medieval, mostly Gothic appearance; cathedral (1284 1376, architects Jov. Lisano and others; pulpit, ... ... Art Encyclopedia
