Researchers cannot give an affirmative answer to the question “who had the idea to launch a campaign in Siberia” (the industrialists Stroganovs, ataman Yermak Timofeevich, or Tsar Ivan the Terrible himself). Historians agree that the campaign was beneficial to all parties. Grozny - new vassals and lands, Yermak and the Cossacks - the possibility of profit, covering it with state necessity, and the Stroganovs - security.
So, in September 1581 (according to other sources, in the summer of 1582), Ataman Ermak went on a military campaign. His troops included three hundred militias from the Stroganovs, as well as five hundred and forty of their own Cossacks. The army advanced on plows along the Chusovaya River. From the towns located along the riverbed, the detachment reached the Silver River, climbed along it into the Barancha River (according to another version, Yermak’s army reached the Mezhevaya Duck River, then crossed the plows into the Zhuravlik River and reached the View River).
Along the Tagil River, the Cossacks descended to the Tura, fighting there for the first time with the Tatar detachments. The victory was for Yermak. As the legend says, the ataman put stuffed animals on the plows, and he himself attacked from the shore and defeated the Tatars from the rear. However, the first serious battle took place in October 1582 near the Tavda River, when the flotilla entered Tobol.
After Yermak Kuchum was expelled from the city of Kashlyk, he began to conquer one by one the Vogul and Tatar cities located along the Ob and Irtysh, where he was greeted more than once by the local population, wanting to come under the rule of Moscow themselves. After the capture of Yermak Kuchum by the army, he sends an ambassador (ataman Ivan Koltso) to the tsar, as well as messengers to the Stroganovs. The tsar was pleased with the outcome of the hostilities and sent Yermak not only expensive gifts (including the chain mail of Prince Shuisky), but also the governor of Glukhov and Bolkhovsky, and with them three hundred warriors.
The tsarist reinforcements that arrived in Siberia in the autumn of 1583 were unable to correct the situation. The outnumbered detachments of Kuchum separately defeated the Cossack hundreds, killing all the atamans. In March 1584, Ivan the Terrible died, and the Moscow government completely abandoned Siberia.
Yermak died on August 6, 1585, stopping with fifty soldiers at the mouth of the Vagai River, which flows into the Irtysh. Detachments of Kuchum attacked the sleeping Cossacks, and Yermak himself drowned in the Irtysh, trying to get to the plows (according to eyewitnesses, the ataman was wearing two chain mail, which did not allow him to reach the goal).
Historical film: The development of Siberia by the Cossack Yermak
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Conquest of Siberia by Yermak
Modern historians cannot reliably determine who exactly belonged to the idea of a campaign in the Siberian lands: the ataman Ermak Timofeevich, the Stroganov industrialists, or the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible the Fourth. Most likely, the truth is somewhere in the middle, because all of these parties had their own interests. So, the monarch of Russia wanted new territories and vassals, Yermak and his Cossacks wanted to profit from local wealth, hiding behind a state pretext, and the Stroganovs wanted security for their own business.
As the main goals pursued by the Siberian campaigns of Yermak, the researchers distinguish:
- the formation of a springboard for the subsequent conquest of Siberia;
- establishing full control over the Ob River, which is the main Siberian water artery;
- imposition of tribute on the Siberian peoples and bringing them into vassalage;
- protection of the possessions and production of the Stroganovs.
In addition, another possible version is considered, according to which, Yermak was actually not a simple rootless Cossack ataman, but a native of the princes of Siberia, who had previously been exterminated by the Bukhara protégé Kuchum when he seized power in the Siberian lands. Thus, the ataman had legal rights to the throne occupied by the invaders, which radically changes the very meaning of the campaign.
Supporters of the version described above cite as arguments the fact that the Russian detachments in Siberia practically did not meet with serious resistance from the local population, who could understand that it would be better for him to live according to the laws of “his” Yermak than according to the orders of Kuchum.
At the same time, in the event of the successful establishment of Ermak's power over Siberia, he was automatically transferred from the category of robbers to the soldiers of the "regular" army, becoming sovereign people with a lot of privileges. Perhaps for this reason, the Cossacks endured the harsh difficulties of the campaign.
The beginning of Yermak's military campaign
In the early autumn of 1581 (according to other sources, in the summer of 1552), Ataman Yermak went on a military campaign. At that time, his army included five hundred and forty Cossack forces, as well as three hundred people from the Stroganovs. The detachments went up on plows along the Chusovaya River. According to some documents, there were a total of eight dozen plows with ten people on each.
Map: Conquest of Siberia by Yermak
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Historians believe that Yermak's troops moved along the Tagil River to Tura, where they won their first victory over the Tatar detachments. From the memoirs of the participants of the campaign, semi-legends about the strategic mind of the ataman and his tactics came to light. So, Yermak planted specially prepared effigies on plows, dressing them in Cossack clothes, hiding his army on the shore and attacking the Tatars from the rear. However, the first major battle with the army of Khan Kuchum, according to documents, takes place in October 1582.
All subsequent military operations of the Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeevich also took place not from a position of strength, but according to a strictly developed detailed plan. That is why, according to most researchers, he managed to successfully fight a superior enemy in foreign territory.
As a result of Yermak's campaigns, Kuchum was expelled from his capital, Kashlyk, which, according to some sources, was also called Siberia or Isker, and of which there is no trace left today. At the same time, archaeologists note that, most likely, it was located seventeen miles from modern Tobolsk.
Further continuation of the Siberian campaigns of Yermak
Having removed his main enemy from the road by 1583, Ataman Yermak decided to bring the matter to an end and conquer all the Vogul and Tatar towns that were located along the banks of the Ob and Irtysh. Somewhere the Cossack army met good-natured local residents, and somewhere - a tough fighting rebuff.
Having expelled Kuchum, the chieftain sent messengers with a report to the tsar and the Stroganovs. Ivan Vasilyevich was very pleased with the outcome of the military campaign and generously endowed the Cossacks who came to him, sending them three hundred warriors with governors Ivan Glukhov and Semyon Bolkhovsky to reinforce them.
Although the reinforcements sent by the monarch arrived in the Siberian lands in the autumn of 1583, which was relatively fast, the governors could no longer correct the situation. Numerous Tatar detachments separately defeated the Cossack detachments by their arrival, having killed all the main chieftains.
After the death of Ivan the Fourth the Terrible in the spring of 1584, the Moscow government abandoned the idea of developing the Siberian direction, which made it possible for Kuchum to regain his strength again and finish off the rest of the Russian army in Siberia.
A year later, the ataman himself died. With fifty soldiers, he was forced to stop for a halt on the banks of the Vagai River, which flows into the Irtysh, where the Tatar troops suddenly attacked the detachment at night and killed most of the Cossacks.
The surviving warriors later said that Yermak jumped into the river to get to the plows, but two chain mail put on him pulled him to the bottom.
While the failures in the west greatly upset Ivan the Terrible, he was unexpectedly pleased with the conquest of vast Siberia in the east.
Back in 1558, the tsar gave the wealthy industrialist Grigory Stroganov large uninhabited lands on both sides of the Kama River to Chusovaya for 146 miles. Grigory Stroganov and his brother Yakov, following the example of his father, who had made a huge fortune in Solvychegodsk by the salt industry, decided to start salt pans on a large scale in the new region, populate it, start arable farming and trade. The settlement of empty places, the establishment of new industries was, of course, very beneficial for the entire state, and therefore the tsar not only willingly ceded land to enterprising industrialists, but also gave them great benefits.
The Stroganovs were given the right to call free people to their lands, to judge the settlers, who for twenty years got rid of all taxes and duties; then the right was given to build fortifications and keep armed detachments for defense against attacks by neighboring peoples (Ostyaks, Cheremis, Nogays, etc.). Finally, the Stroganovs were allowed to recruit willing people, Cossacks, and go to war against hostile foreigners. Soon the Stroganovs had to face the tribes that lived in the neighborhood, beyond the Ural Mountains. Here, on the banks of the rivers Tobol, Irtysh and Tura, there was a Tatar kingdom; the main city was called Isker, or Siberia, on the Tobol River; by the name of this city and the whole kingdom was called Siberian. Previously, the Siberian khans sought the patronage of the Moscow Tsar, at one time they even paid him yasak (tribute) in furs, but the last Khan Kuchum showed hostility to Moscow, beat and captured the Ostyaks who paid tribute to her; and the Siberian prince Makhmet-Kul went with his army to the Chusovaya River to find the way to the Stroganov towns, and here he beat many Moscow tributaries, took their wives and children into captivity. The Stroganovs notified Ivan the Terrible of this and beat him with a brow to allow them to fortify beyond the Urals, keep a fire squad (artillery) for defense and recruit volunteers at their own expense to fight the khans of Siberia. The king allowed. This was in 1574. Grigory and Yakov Stroganov were no longer alive. The business was continued by their younger brother Semyon and children: Maxim, the son of Yakov, and Nikita, the son of Grigory.
It was not difficult at that time to recruit a squad of daredevils.
In the southern and eastern steppe outskirts of the Muscovite state, as it was said, since the 15th century, free, walking people, eager for war, have been appearing - Cossacks. Some of them lived in the villages, carried out the sovereign service, defended the borders from the attacks of the robber bands of the Tatars, while others, in the full sense of the free "steppe birds", left from any supervision, "walked" in the steppe expanse, attacked, at their own peril. , on the Tatars, robbed them, hunted in the steppe, fished along the rivers, smashed the Tatar merchant caravans, and sometimes Russian merchants were not allowed to descend ... Gangs of such Cossacks walked along the Don and along the Volga. To the complaints of the Nogai Khan that the Cossacks, despite the fact that he was at peace with Moscow, were robbing Tatar merchants on the Don, Ivan the Terrible replied:
“These robbers live on the Don without our knowledge, they run from us. We have sent more than once before to catch them, but our people cannot get them.
It was really very tricky to catch gangs of these "thieves'" Cossacks, as they were called, in the wide steppes.
A gang of such Cossack freemen, more than 500 people, was brought to the service of the Stroganovs by ataman Vasily Timofeev, nicknamed Yermak. He was a daring heroic force, moreover, very dexterous, quick-witted ... Yermak's main assistants were Ivan Koltso, sentenced to death for his robberies, but not caught, Nikita Pan and Vasily Meshcheryak - all these were good fellows who went through, as they say, fire and water that knew no fear. The rest of Yermak's comrades also looked like them. Such and such people, ready for anything, were what the Stroganovs needed. They wanted not only to defend their possessions from the raids of the Siberian king, but to give him a warning in order to ward off attacks for a long time. For this, it was decided to attack Kuchum in his own Siberia. This enterprise, which promised both good booty and military glory, was very to the liking of Yermak and his fellows. The Stroganovs provided them with everything they needed: food, guns, even small cannons.
A few dozen more daring hunters joined Yermak's detachment, so that in total there were 840 people in the detachment. Taking with him leaders who knew the river routes well, and interpreters, Yermak on September 1, 1582 set off with a daring squad to Siberia to seek his fortune.
On the slander of one governor, the unkindness of the Stroganovs, the tsar ordered them to return Yermak and not bully the Siberian "Saltan"; but the royal letter came late: the Cossacks were already far away.
At first they sailed on plows and canoes up the Chusovaya River; then turned into the Serebryanka River. This path was difficult, in other places it was necessary to sail on rafts in shallow water. From Serebryanka, Yermak's people were dragged through passages in the Ural Range to the Zharovlya River, which flows into Tagil, from here they descended into the Tura River. Until now, the Cossacks have not encountered any interference; they rarely even saw people along the banks: the land here was wild, almost completely deserted. The river Tura became more crowded. Here for the first time we met the town (now the city of Turinsk), where the Siberian prince Yepancha ruled. Here they had to put their weapons into action, because from the shore they began to shoot at Yermak's Cossacks with bows. They fired their guns. Several Tatars fell; the rest fled in horror: they had never seen a firearm before. The town of Yepanchi was ravaged by the Cossacks. Soon they had to disperse another crowd of Tatars with firing. Those captured were fired with shots, they were shown how bullets pierce their armor, and information was obtained from them about Kuchum and his forces. Yermak purposely set some of the captives free so that they spread fear everywhere with their stories about the miraculous properties of Russian weapons.
“The Russian warriors are strong,” they said, according to the chronicle, “when they shoot from their bows, then fire blazes from them, great smoke comes out, and it seems like thunder will break out.” Arrows are not visible, but wounded and beaten to death. It is impossible to protect yourself from them with any armor; our kuyaks, shells and chain mail - they all pierce through!
Of course, a handful of brave men, led by Yermak, hoped most of all for a gun, who conceived no more, no less, how to conquer an entire kingdom and conquer tens of thousands of people.
Map of the Siberian Khanate and Yermak's campaign
The Cossacks sailed down the Tobol, and more than once they had to disperse crowds of natives with shots. The ruler of Siberia, Kuchum, although he was frightened by the stories of the fugitives about the great forces of the enemy and various ominous predictions, did not intend to surrender without a fight. He gathered all his army. He himself encamped on the banks of the Irtysh, near the mouth of the Tobol (not far from the present city of Tobolsk), on Mount Chuvashevo, set up a new notch here just in case, and ordered Tsarevich Makhmet-Kul forward with a large army, towards the Cossacks Yermak. He met them on the banks of the Tobol, at the Babasan tract, started a battle, but could not overpower them. They swam forward; on the way they took another Siberian town; they found rich booty here, took it with them and set off further. At the confluence of the Tobol into the Irtysh, the Tatars again overtook the Cossacks and showered them with arrows. Yermak's men also repulsed this attack, but they already had several dead, and almost all of them were wounded by arrows. The matter was getting hot. The Tatars, it is true, saw that there were not too many enemies, and they leaned on them with all their might. But Yermak was already not far from the capital; the fate of his Siberian campaign was soon to be decided. It was necessary to knock Kuchum out of his notch and seize the capital. The Cossacks were thoughtful: Kuchum had much more strength - for every Russian, perhaps, there were twenty Tatars. The Cossacks gathered in a circle and began to interpret what to do: whether to go forward or go back. Some began to say that we must return; others and Yermak himself reasoned differently.
“Brothers,” they said, “where shall we run? It's already autumn: ice freezes in the rivers... Let's not accept bad glory, let's not put reproach on ourselves, let's hope in God: He is also a helpless helper! Let us remember, brothers, the promise we made to honest people (the Stroganovs). We cannot go back in shame from Siberia. If God helps us, then even after death our memory will not be impoverished in these countries, and our glory will be eternal!
Everyone agreed with this, decided to stay and fight to the death.
At dawn, October 23, Yermak's Cossacks moved to the notch. The guns and muskets now served them well. The Tatars fired clouds of arrows from behind their fence, but did little harm to the Russian daring men; finally, they themselves broke through their notch in three places and hit the Cossacks. A terrible hand-to-hand fight began. Here the guns did not help: they had to cut with swords or grab directly with their hands. It turned out that Yermak's people showed themselves to be heroes here too: despite the fact that the enemies were twenty times more numerous, the Cossacks broke them. Mahmet-Kul was wounded, the Tatars mixed up, many lost heart; other Siberian princelings subject to Kuchum, seeing that the enemies were overpowering, left the battle. Kuchum fled first to his capital Siberia, seized his belongings here and fled further.
The conquest of Siberia by Yermak. Painting by V. Surikov, 1895
On October 26, Yermak's Cossacks occupied Siberia, abandoned by the inhabitants. The victors were depressed in the empty city. They have greatly diminished: in the last battle alone, their 107 people fell; there were many wounded and sick. It was no longer possible for them to go further, and meanwhile their supplies had run out and a fierce winter was setting in. Hunger and death threatened them...
But after a few days, the Ostyaks, Voguliches, Tatars with their princelings began to come to Yermak, beat him with their foreheads - they brought him gifts and various supplies; he also took them to the oath to the sovereign, encouraged them with his mercy, treated them kindly and let them go without any offense to their yurts. The Cossacks were strictly forbidden to offend the submissive natives.
The Cossacks spent the winter calmly; only Makhmet-Kul attacked them, Yermak defeated him, and for some time he did not disturb the Cossacks; but with the onset of spring, I thought it was a surprise to attack them, but I myself got into a mess: the Cossacks ambushed the enemies, attacked them sleepy at night and captured Makhmet-Kul. Yermak treated him very kindly. The captivity of this brave and zealous Tatar knight was a blow to Kuchum. At this time, his personal enemy, one Tatar prince, was at war with him; finally, his governor cheated on him. Kuchum's affairs were quite bad.
The Cossacks spent the summer of 1582 on campaigns, conquering Tatar towns and uluses along the Siberian rivers Irtysh and Ob. Meanwhile, Yermak let the Stroganovs know that he "overcame Saltan Kuchum, took his capital city and captivated Tsarevich Makhmet-Kul." The Stroganovs hastened to please the tsar with this news. Soon a special embassy from Yermak appeared in Moscow - Ivan Koltso with several comrades - to brow the sovereign with the kingdom of Siberia and present him with a gift of precious products of conquered Siberia: sable, beaver and fox furs.
For a long time already, contemporaries say, there has not been such joy in Moscow. The rumor that God's mercy to Russia had not failed, that God had sent her a new vast Siberian kingdom, quickly spread among the people and delighted everyone who was accustomed to hearing in recent years only about failures and disasters.
The formidable tsar accepted Ivan the Ring graciously, not only forgave him and his comrades for their previous crimes, but generously rewarded him, and Yermak, they say, sent a fur coat from his shoulder, a silver ladle and two shells as a gift; but most importantly, he sent the governor, Prince Volkhovsky, to Siberia with a significant detachment of troops. Very few daredevils remained under the hand of Yermak, and it would be difficult for him to keep his conquest without help. Mahmet-Kul was sent to Moscow, where he entered the service of the king; but Kuchum still managed to recover and enter into force. Russian soldiers had a bad time in Siberia: they often suffered shortcomings in life supplies; diseases spread among them; it happened that the Tatar princelings, pretending at first to be loyal tributaries and allies, then destroyed the detachments of Yermak, who trusted them. So Ivan Koltso died with several comrades. The governor, sent by the king, died of an illness.
The conquest of Siberia by Yermak. Painting by V. Surikov, 1895. Fragment
Yermak himself soon died. He found out that Kuchum was going to intercept a Bukhara caravan on its way to Siberia. Taking with him 50 of his brave men, Yermak hastened to meet the Bukhara merchants in order to protect them from predators on the way along the Irtysh. The whole day the Cossacks waited for the caravan at the confluence of the Vagaya River with the Irtysh; but neither merchants nor predators showed up... The night was stormy. The rain poured down. The wind blew on the river. The exhausted Cossacks settled down to rest on the shore and soon fell asleep like the dead. Ermak blundered this time - he didn’t set up watchmen, he didn’t think, it’s clear that the enemies would attack on such a night. And the enemy was very close: on the other side of the river, the Cossacks lay in wait! .. Kuchumov’s scouts found a ford in the river, made their way to the Russians and then brought their good news that Yermak’s Cossacks were sleeping like a dead man, as proof of which they presented three squeakers and powder flasks stolen from them . At the direction of the scouts, the Tatars secretly crossed the river, attacked the sleeping Cossacks and cut them all, except for two. One escaped and brought to Siberia the terrible news of the beating of the detachment, and the other - Yermak himself, hearing the groans, jumped up, managed to beat off the murderers who rushed at him with his saber, rushed from the shore to the Irtysh, thinking to escape by swimming, but drowned from the weight of his iron armor (August 5, 1584). A few days later, the body of Yermak was washed ashore by the river, where the Tatars found him and, by rich armor with a copper frame, with a golden eagle on his chest, recognized the conqueror of Siberia in the drowned man. It is clear how delighted Kuchum was at this, how all his enemies triumphed over the death of Yermak! And in Siberia, the news of the death of the leader led the Russians to such despair that they no longer tried to fight Kuchum, they left Siberia to return to their homeland. This happened already after the death of Ivan the Terrible.
But Yermak's cause did not perish. The way to Siberia was indicated, and the beginning of Russian rule here was laid. After the death of Grozny and the death of Yermak, the Russian detachments, one after another, followed the path that he indicated, beyond the Stone Belt (Urals) to Siberia; the native half-savage peoples, one after the other, fell under the authority of the Russian tsar, brought him their yasak (tribute); Russian settlements were planted in the new region, cities were built, and little by little the whole north of Asia with its inexhaustible wealth fell to Russia.
Ermak was not mistaken when he said to his associates: "Our memory will not be impoverished in these countries." The memory of the brave men who laid the foundation for Russian rule in Siberia lives to this day both here and in their homeland. In their songs, our people still remember the daring Cossack chieftain, who atoned for his guilt before the tsar by conquering Siberia. One song says about Yermak, how he, having defeated Kuchum, sent a message to the king:
“Oh, you are a goy, hope Orthodox tsar!
They didn’t order me to be executed, but they told me to say:
Like me, Ermak, son of Timofeevich,
As I walked along the blue sea,
What is the blue sea along the Khvalynsky (Caspian),
Just like I broke the beads-ships ...
And now, hope Orthodox tsar,
I bring you a wild head
And with a violent little head the kingdom of Siberia!
Preserved in Siberia and local legends about Yermak; and in 1839, in the city of Tobolsk, not far from the place where the ancient Isker, or Siberia, was located, a monument was erected to perpetuate the memory of the daring conqueror of this region.
Above, I have repeatedly expressed the opinion that one of the most reliable indicators indicating that this or that piece of history falsified, is the difficulty of teaching it to the classroom. If the story is boring and confusing, and not assimilated by pupils or students in the intended volume, then this is a sure sign that the events being studied are fictitious. A simple example: - Schoolchildren study the early history of Russia with pleasure, and easily assimilate the educational material. No, there, too, of course, a lot is turned upside down, but this is done, at least, understandably.
But when it comes to learning history of the "House of Romanny", schoolchildren begin to yawn, their attention is scattered, and the material taught becomes categorically incomprehensible. Why? Yes, because the "writers" of history are too clever, trying to explain the obvious inconsistencies and contradictions. Multi-layered heaps of countless kings, queens and princes and impostors generate such a "mess" in the minds of students that dotting all the "i" can be difficult even for an experienced teacher.
And to suspect a historical forgery is not so difficult, in fact. It is enough to study the portrait gallery of all representatives of the Romanov dynasty to draw a conclusion that suggests itself. The first of the Romanovs, by outward signs, can in no way be related to representatives of the Slavic people. It means that the power was seized by strangers. When? Most likely, even their ancestors, who are classified as Rurik, but who, in fact, were no longer such.
Since the wife of Ivan III was baptized into orthodox Christianity Jewish Zoya, which went down in history under the name Sofia Paleolog, with the genetics of Russian monarchs, something clearly happened. They could not be Russian by any of the signs. The "Mongolian" khans had a pronounced Slavic appearance, and the "Russian" kings, for some reason, have external features characteristic of the peoples of the Caucasus, or the Middle East.
Further becomes quite incomprehensible. Starting with Peter I, all the "Romanovs" have obvious traits of degeneration, genetic degradation. The last such king was Paul I. But his children and further descendants are already known to us as tall, stately handsome men who, in an incomprehensible way, “recovered”. This can only testify to one thing: - Power again passed to a new dynasty, and textbooks say nothing about this page of our history.
Another problem for history teachers is the so-called "conquest of Siberia". Even the most successful students often "swim" in this matter, and show miracles of poor assimilation of educational material. Why? The answer is still the same. The truth, most likely, lies not only in the fact that it was not a conquest, in the generally accepted sense. Besides, godlessly distorted dates of fictitious or falsified events, and their geography. But most importantly, historians have distorted the motives, causes, and the very essence of events.
It is noteworthy that in order to rewrite history, it is not necessary to rewrite it at all. To understand how this is possible, it is enough to recall an old anecdote:
A man returns on a train from a business trip. It takes a place on the bottom shelf of a compartment car, and suddenly, a slender female leg hangs from the top shelf. Fellow travelers get to know each other, they have an affair, and they get off together at the station, which is far from the traveler's destination.
The next morning, the man, having freed himself from the arms of his mistress, hurries to the post office and sends a telegram to his legal wife: - “I was riding the train dot, my leg turned up dot, I am lying in bed, I am hugging you, dot.”
Did the man say even one word of untruth? Obviously not. Did he cheat on his wife? Of course yes. A similar paradox is actively used for historical falsifications. But sprouts of truth can be found in the most unexpected places, therefore, I do not disdain to rummage through the most unpleasant heaps of information, in which the answer to a question that has been haunting for years, and which could not be obtained from any of the sources, can unexpectedly be found. It doesn't matter if it's official or alternative.
So, studying the lecture of professor Princeton University Stephen Kotkin, it was with great satisfaction that I discovered genuine diamonds in the midst of a gigantic array of Russophobic lies about Russia. Among the rabid slander, implicated in the classical Norman theory, diluted with idle fabrications of a famous scientist, in which he automatically extrapolates the deeds of his ancestors during the cleansing of the United States from indigenous people, to the actions of our ancestors, during the “conquest of Siberia”.
It turns out that for the professor it is not a mystery that some of the authors who wrote about Tartaria define the border between Europe and Asia along the Don River, while others consider the Urals to be such a border:
“Peter the Great changed the name of Muscovy and proclaimed Russia an empire in the 1720s (after defeating Sweden). In the 1730s, Vasily Tatishchev moved the border between Europe and Asia from the Don River to the Yaik (Ural) River.”
This statement explains a lot., of course, but it doesn't change much, unlike the following Kotkin's caveat:
"Unlike the discoverers of New Spain, New England and New France, the Russian Cossacks of the seventeenth century did not seek to dissolve their new light in the old, rename it, destroy it or transform it."
Why did I call it a "reservation"? Yes, because the phrase “its own new world” directly indicates that Europe called America the New World, and Russia, by analogy with Europe, it turns out, had its own “New World” as added territories of Siberia. And this, you see, makes you look at this period of history from a completely different angle. It turns out that we do not have a coincidence in time of two events independent of each other, but this is a single process of redistribution of the world, where North America and Siberia are two theaters of military operations of one global war. A war divided not only geographically, but also artificially separated in time. The version that the true conquest of America took place simultaneously with the conquest of Siberia unexpectedly finds its confirmation. Kotkin's statement that Omsk was previously called Sparta is also unexpected, because in doing so he refers only to some memories of some Siberians. The assessment given by the professor of industry of the Russian Empire of the eighteenth century is also curious:
“In 1747, Akinfiy Demidov received permission from the tsar to open mines and smelt metals at factories in the South Siberian region called Kolyvan-Voskresensk. By 1800 Kolyvan's industry had grown more than in England, Holland and several European countries combined.
Many researchers assume that Kolyvan-Voskresensk is Nizhny Tagil. However, a number of facts indicate that Kolyvan is located thousands of kilometers east of the Urals, in Altai.Today it is called Zmeinogorsk, and it was there that the father and son of the Cherepanovs, who created the first steam locomotive, lived. But, what is completely perplexing is Kotkin's recognition of the version that certain North American lands belong to Great Tartary. I had to come across such statements in the works of our domestic historians - alternative historians, but their attempt to pass off wishful thinking, or rather, the past, is not surprising, perhaps a slight irony. But it is not easy to suspect the Russophobe Kotkin of pseudo-Slavophilism. It is not known where the American got such information in 1996, but, as they say, “you can’t throw words out of a song”:
“Even for the Russians, at the beginning eighteenth century was still unclear how far away their eastern lands were. Perhaps they extended deep into the American continent, where their eastern natives were considered "Tartars". Of course, an unfounded statement cannot be accepted as a reliable fact, but if we systematize all the available information that has at least indirect confirmation, then it is impossible not to agree with some of the conclusions made by non-professional scientists.
But let's sort it out in order. Let's start with the generally accepted version, which no doubt contains some points that help shed light on the true events that are masked by the "conquest" of Siberia. From what sources do we know about this grandiose event? Of course, as is often the case, an entire era has only one author. Understanding the rubble of historians' monographs, it is easy to see that each of the authors refers to each other, and together they consider the works of S.M. Solovyov, who himself considered the most reliable, the information left by the master N.M. Karamzin.
It turns out that everything that we know about the "bloody war between Russia and the powerful Siberian horde" we know from one writer who was born a hundred years after the events he describes. And what did he rely on? And Dear Ivan Mikhailovich, it turns out, referred to the so-called "Kungur Chronicle". But don't let the title fool you. This is just the title of an artistic work, which, allegedly, was left behind by one of the participants in the "conquest" of Siberia. And, as you may have guessed, the original has been lost, and the edition of 1880. just a reconstruction.
In fact, these are a kind of comics, where the pictures are explained. Basically, this is a description of the geography, rivers and cities of the peoples inhabiting Siberia, and their customs. And so, from these comics, a version was born, according to which grandiose “historical” films with battle scenes are now being shot, in which thousands of disguised “Tatars” and “Russian knights” participate. One of the hundreds of commercial expeditions, like those of the atamans Markov, Khabarov and Dezhnev, which had nothing to do with state policy, resulted in one of the grandiose historical myths designed to explain the inexplicable. Namely: - how Rus appeared on the site of Great Tartaria, and how Turan ended up in its composition:
“The Siberian campaign of Yermak is the invasion of the Cossack detachment of Yermak into the territory of the Siberian Khanate in 1581-1585, which marked the beginning of the Russian development of Siberia.
A squad of 840 people was formed in the possessions of the Stroganovs, in Orel-gorodok. The merchants Stroganovs took an active part in equipping the detachment with everything necessary. Yermak's Cossacks arrived on the Kama at the invitation of the Stroganovs in 1579 to protect their possessions from the attacks of the Voguls and Ostyaks. The campaign was carried out without the knowledge of the tsarist authorities, and Karamzin called its participants "a small gang of vagabonds." The backbone of the conquerors of Siberia was made up of five hundred Volga Cossacks, led by such atamans as Ermak Timofeevich, Ivan Koltso, Matvey Meshcheryak, Nikita Pan, Yakov Mikhailov. In addition to them, Tatars, Germans and Lithuanians took part in the campaign. The army was loaded into 80 plows. (Wikipedia)
But after all, even this brief explanation, which does not differ from the official one, already raises a number of questions, sensible answers to which do not leave a stone unturned from the picture of “subjugation” that exists in the minds of our contemporaries. And this prejudice was formed in our minds, thanks to G.I. Spassky.
Yermak here is very different from the image that historians instilled in us, thanks to the efforts of the media. and resemblance to Spanish conquistadors, this is clearly not accidental. This is one of the indirect confirmations of the version of alternative historians that, in fact, the era of geographical discoveries and colonization was not as spaced along the time scale as we are told. In fact, the “conquest of America” and the “conquest of Siberia” are a series of the same events that took place at the same time on different continents. And the author does not accidentally cite historical parallels:
“... when the passion for travel and conquest - the passion for discovery and news, became the universal spirit of the Western peoples of Europe. “When the Columbuses, or before them the Americas, then the Cortes, Pisars and Albuquerques, with the blessing of the Pope, conquered the New World…”
However, although the entire book is a continuous ode to the brave patriots who, according to the author, thought only about the glory of Russia, and not about the reward promised to them by their employers, the Stroganovs, there is also curious details. For example, the death of Yermak himself is shown in a completely different way. He was not killed in battle, but shot dead under unclear circumstances, after which his body was found on the banks of the Irtysh, 15 miles below the mouth of the Vagay, by one of the fishermen. The fisherman informed Kuchum-Khan about the find, and he buried Yermak with honors in the cemetery of the Begichev Tatars.
This episode allows us to speculate that it is likely that we don’t know everything about the relationship both inside Yermak’s squad, and between the Cossacks and the Tatars. There are other interesting pieces of information as well. For example, a description of the ruins of an unknown fortress that Yermak's detachment met on the Kozlovka River, 25 miles from Tobolsk. Here, the main thing for us is that none of the local Tatars could tell Yermak about whose fortress it was, when it was built, and when and by whom it was destroyed. That is, the situation is similar to the one when the conquistadors tortured the Indians of Mesoamerica about the history of the ruins they discovered in the jungle. The Incas, like the Tatars, said that they did not build this, and all this existed before them.
Further, the Cossacks met even more ancient remains of fortifications 29 versts from Tobolsk, between the rivers Aslana and Belkina. At that time, ramparts 3 sazhens high and ditches 3 sazhens deep (1 sazhen = 1.78 cm) were preserved there. Impressive size, I must say. If only the remains of the shaft were 5 meters high, then what were they originally, taking into account the fortress walls! And they were built by the Tatars, who were "conquered" by 840 vagabonds? And how did an understaffed regiment, consisting of, albeit trained and fearless men, manage to conquer an area of \u200b\u200bover 13 million square kilometers? Historians themselves are not funny?
In general, even the authors of the nineteenth century it was quite obvious that Yermak's campaign in Siberia, it was no conquest, despite the fact that, in obedience to censorship, they wrote specifically about military conquest. But at the same time, ninety percent of the text contains a description of the life and customs of the peoples of Siberia, geography, vegetation, and what is especially noteworthy, a description of many ancient mounds, cities and fortresses, the origin of which the Tatars themselves did not remember anything.
Meanwhile, it is striking that the Cossacks of Yermak, in fact engaged in archaeological research, not conquest. The "Bulletin" speaks of a huge number of finds made by the Cossacks on the Siberian barrows. Basically, these were products made of ... cast iron! Plates with images and writings, figurines depicting people, animals, birds, etc. Let me remind you that in Europe they learned to produce cast iron only in the nineteenth century. But the hubs of the Scythian carts were already cast iron. Historians claim that the Chinese invented cast iron in the eleventh century. However, Yermak's expedition gives grounds for the assertion that it was not in China that iron began to be smelted, but in Catai. And Katai, this is Siberia, which Yermak "conquered".
In addition to cast iron products, the Cossacks discovered many products and steel. I didn’t see any mention of weapons, basically it was a working tool. Many sickles for reaping, which indicates a developed agriculture, knives, axes and spades. About the origin of these artifacts, local Tatars said that probably those miracles who lived in these places before them did it. Here the author makes a reasonable assumption that the artifacts found do not belong to one period of antiquity, but accumulated over millennia.
So much for "unhistorical land". I wonder where all these finds have gone? After all, nothing similar to the described objects in any of the Siberian museums with the help of available means is extremely difficult.
Turan is Gardarika
How many have thought about why the chess piece, which is depicted as a fortress tower, and by some misunderstanding is called "rook", has a second incomprehensible name - "tour"?
But the question is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. The fact is that in some dialects of the Turkic language group, the word tura means "tower, city". Now attention! Many Siberians know about the “hill” called Kysym Tura, and that in Russian it means “Maiden Tower” (almost like the main attraction of the city of Baku). But thanks to the "Bulletin of Siberia", we find out that Kysym Tura is the ruins of an ancient city called the Maiden City.
But that's not all. It turns out that a lot of Siberian cities, of which now no memories have been preserved, had a single system of names, in which the first was a proper name, and the second, Tura, common to all. Just like Ivangorod, Novgorod, Stargorod, etc. And to this day in the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is a settlement with the name Tura. Tura means city. And Turan is a country of cities, or otherwise a gardarika. And this name is quite appropriate, judging by the map of the monk Fra Mauro, on which Siberia is depicted as actually one giant metropolis the size of all of Siberia. An extremely entertaining picture opens on the Tour page in Wiktionary:
Tura or Turus - siege tower.
Tura is the old Russian name for artillery troops.
Tura (Tours) - the old Russian name for a basket without a bottom, filled with loose material to protect against an adversary.
Tura is another name for the rook chess piece.
Tura - a tower for construction work.
Cosimo Tura is an Italian painter.
Tura - the mythical ancestor of the Turans, is mentioned in the Avesta.
Tura is a god in the Chuvash traditional religion.
Tura - in Tatar - a city, for example: Kyzym-tura - a girl's city.
Rivers:
Tura is a river in Western Siberia, a tributary of the Tobol.
The Tura (a tributary of the Ingoda) is a river in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
The Tura (a tributary of the Churbiga) is a river in the Tomsk region.
Tura (river, flows into Kozhozero) - a river in the Arkhangelsk region, flows into Kozhozero.
Settlements:
Tura - a village in the Evenki district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Tura is a village in the Krasnogorsk region of Udmurtia.
Tura is a village in Slovakia, in the Levice region.
Tours is a city in France, near which the Cher River flows into the Loire.
Verkhnyaya Tura is a city in the Sverdlovsk region.
Nizhnyaya Tura is a city in the Sverdlovsk region.
Most likely, Italian Turin, German Thuringia, and other European toponyms with the root “ tour».
But there is another strange coincidence. Don't forget that the tour in Russia they called the bull, and the man-bull Veles, which in the European tradition is called Jupiter, or Iapetus, i.e. biblical Japheth, who is considered the father of the entire white race of mankind. And now let's look at the coat of arms of the city of Turin:
By all accounts, it appears that it is more correct to say Turin and not Turin. Undoubtedly, the ancient name of the Crimea, - "Tavrus", is directly related to the Tour:
Now this constellation was renamed "accidentally" into Taurus, but in fact, it is a bull, or a tour. So what was Yermak's geographical expedition looking for in Turan? And here's another hint. "Bulletin of Siberia" about Kolyvan lake:
“In the place, in that very place, there were not many more clearly memorable changes, the world, like a mountain for us, no matter how scattered the remnants of the physical traces of the inhabited underwent. Such once this granite - formerly a great space, indistinctly depicting the terrible action of the elements of water? Doesn't this lake represent a small remnant of water ancient accumulation? But marble quarried in the local area, filled with shells, characteristic only of the depths of the sea.
Now this is very serious. In this passage, the author directly asks a question, to which he himself answers: - before us is nothing but consequences of a global catastrophe.
This is how it looked in the nineteenth century, and the eyewitness did not seem to doubt that it was man-made. For example, take a look at how it looks today:
I think there is no need to explain how fleeting geological processes really are. More recently, it was ruins, and today no one doubts that the rocks are remnants, “whims of nature”. There are many more surprises in this book. For example, an illustration depicting a detachment of Yermak in Samoyedy, i.e. on New Earth.
Most likely, Yermak was never there, however, it is quite possible that for the umpteenth time, historians “forgot” to tell us something important: For example, there could have been two or more expeditions of Yermak. And what about the appearance of the Tungus?
The error is excluded, because the representatives of other northern peoples are depicted in the book in full accordance with their true appearance. In addition, the detailing of the elements of the costume leaves no chance for the assumption that the artist did not know how the Tunguses actually look. It is impossible to take such details “from the ceiling”, which means that the Tungus, like the Yukagirs, and other peoples of Siberia were representatives of the Caucasoid race.
Looking at Irkutsk, it is also impossible not to suspect the presence of deep gaps in our ideas about the "non-historical" Siberia in the recent past:
If it were not for the caption to the illustration, one would think that it depicts some European city. And here is another material evidence of an unknown civilization that previously existed on the territory of Great Tartaria:
Today it is a very popular tourist destination. but not a single evidence of the menhirs indicated on the engraving has been preserved. It can be seen that in the nineteenth century they were already very old, and had serious damage. Nothing remains of them now. Well, if only small pebbles that no one pays attention to. There, in Alatau, in the gorge of the Baskan River, there was an even more impressive structure:
You can't even call it ruins, and today no one remembers their existence in the very recent past. Where did it all go? Why is there information about these ruins in France, but not in ours? But let us return to the works of Spassky. To his "Bulletin of Siberia" was also published "Album of views, drawings of buildings and ancient inscriptions of Siberia" (1818):
Ablayket (Ablainkit, Mong. Ablayn hiid) is a Dzungarian fortified Buddhist monastery of the 17th century. Founded in 1654 by taishi Ablai. In 1671, during the internecine struggle, it was taken by Galdan and doomed to desolation. The ruins of the monastery are located on the territory of the Ulan district of the East Kazakhstan region. The complex was located in the mountains and had the shape of a pentagon in plan. It was surrounded by a wall up to 2 m high along the perimeter. The walls were protected by two religious buildings, in which manuscripts in the Mongolian language, statues of Buddhas and images of bodhisattvas and dharmapalas with halos were found in the 18th century.
God bless, although these ruins have survived to this day, and are not considered a natural formation.
Mausoleum Botagai (Bytygai, Tatagai), Kaz. Botagay kesenesi - an architectural monument of the 11th-12th centuries. It is located on the left bank of the Nura River, Korgalzhyn district, 2 km to the east, from the village of Korgalzhyn, Akmola region, on the territory of the settlement of the same name. Medieval portal-domed mausoleum. In the middle of the nineteenth century. the mausoleum was in relatively good condition, now it's ruined. Judging by the drawings and descriptions of travelers, the Botagai mausoleum is one of the outstanding masterpieces of architectural and construction art.
"Inventory" of Siberian Tartaria
Now is the time, for summing up subtotals. Analyzing all the above facts, as well as bearing in mind a lot of information presented in previous chapters, we can state that there is a sufficient amount of data to voice the following conclusions:
- About any "conquest" of Turan relatively small province - Muscovy, there can be no question. There were no political or economic opportunities for this. What was later called the "conquest" of Siberia was a common commercial enterprise. Just like the East India Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, or the Russian-American Company. Those. even in the recent past, the borders and territories were in charge not of states, but of corporations. And the corporation, whose main shareholders were the Stroganovs, sent its own delegation to Siberian Tartaria, headed by Yermak.
- The purpose of the enterprise was not to conquer, and reconnaissance and inventory of what survived in what was later called Siberia.
- The fact that Great Tartaria existed on maps, including Russian ones, until 1828. testifies that the seizure of part of the northeastern lands by the Holy Roman Empire, with its capital in St. Petersburg, did not end for the whole of Tartaria. Moscow Tartaria was the only legitimate organization that legally claimed the lands devastated by the catastrophe, stretching east of the Urals.
And Petersburg, although it became a separate province, was forced to reckon not only with his overlord in Germany, but also with Muscovy. Let me remind you that until the very end of the existence of the amusing Russian Empire, all emperors "received a label" in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Even despite the fact that in the history of Great Tartaria, it would seem that an end was put, which went down in history under the name "Patriotic War of 1812".
What actually happened?
What were the Petersburg generals and the Russian fleet doing in America at the time when the wars “With Napoleon” in Europe and “For Independence” in America were going on at the same time? Why were the uniforms of American, Russian and French soldiers the same? Why were traditional crosses removed from the Tower of London in 1801 and Protestant ones erected? Why did the Fleet of the Russian Empire change the "Junon Jack" to the banner of St. Andrew the First-Called? Why was the British flag of Cromwell, on the contrary, replaced by the "Union Jack"?
Why did the British and Dutch serve entirely in the Russian fleet, the Prussians in the cavalry, artillery and infantry, and the Russian nobility spoke French? Why did the monument to Russian Admiral Nelson become a national hero of Britain, and why was the monument erected to him at the expense of the Russian treasury? Well, the main question: - Why were the lands of Russian America, the Hawaiian Islands, Malaysia, and the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea taken away from the Russian Empire? That's what a tangled ball, we have to unwind.
Warworlds1812. Part 1
Warworlds1812. Part 2
More detailed and a variety of information about the events taking place in Russia, Ukraine and other countries of our beautiful planet, can be obtained on Internet conferences, constantly held on the website "Keys of Knowledge". All Conferences are open and completely free. We invite all interested...
“The conquest of Siberia by Ermak Timofeevich” (1891-1895) - Vasily Surikov
The history of the conquest of Siberia by Ermak begins in 1552, when the Russian army conquered the Kazan Khanate. After that, the Khanate of Siberia became the immediate neighbor of Russia in the east. In 1555, its ruler, Khan Ediger (Edigar), received consent to citizenship to Ivan IV the Terrible. The royal treasury began to receive a moderate fur tax - yasak. It was one sable and one squirrel skin per person per year.
It is this yasak and became the very magnet that pulled people to him. Siberia has long been famous for its fur riches, and furs in those days were highly valued not only for their beauty. Therefore, it is not surprising that this region was a favorite place for Russian merchants who made extremely profitable trade with the local population, often deceiving them.
However, the Siberian Khanate did not obey the requirements of Ivan the Terrible for long: soon a coup took place in Siberia, and a descendant of Genghis Khan, Kuchum, became the khan. At first, he continued to consider himself a vassal of the tsar, but then he stopped sending yasak, he himself imposed tribute on the tribes that had previously been subordinate to Ivan the Terrible, and even dared to attack the Ural settlements of Russian merchants.
Ermak's campaign equipment: merchants Stroganovs
Among those stood out the rich Stroganovs, who were allowed by the government to build fortresses and maintain archery troops armed with squeakers in the Urals. Despite the fact that these troops represented a significant force, they could not prevent the constant raids of the detachments of the Siberian princes. Then the Stroganovs decided to hire people who were really skilled in military affairs, who could not only defend the border, but also undertake a campaign in Siberia to capture new territories. Moreover, the second point was almost more important than the first. Cunning merchants, who were looking for profit everywhere, thought of killing two birds with one stone: both to avert danger from their walls, and to get new lands that could bring considerable income.
The Cossacks fit the role of such people ideally. Being excellent warriors, they were ready for everything for the sake of money. The campaign "for the Stone", as the Urals were called in those days, promised huge profits, and it made no sense to refuse. In addition, at that time, one large Cossack detachment was in royal disgrace for a raid on the Nogais, which the tsar strictly forbade.
Ivan the Terrible summoned a detachment from the Volga steppes to send it into the thick of the raging Livonian War.
When the chief ataman of the detachment Yermak Timofeevich found out about the tsar's plan, he immediately responded to the Stroganovs' proposal - largely because of his concern for his Cossacks. Ivan the Terrible was going not just to send them to war, but to put them in the forefront, which meant inevitable death. Disagreeing with the decision of the king, the Cossacks decided to flee to the Volga steppes. But on the Volga, they were within the reach of the royal power, while behind the Stone no one could get them, except for Khan Kuchum.
The beginning of the conquest of Siberia by Yermak
Ermak Timofeevich
The conquest of Siberia by Yermak began on September 1, 1581, when the expedition equipped with the Stroganovs set off. In the autumn of 1582, after a stubborn assault, during which all the military cunning of the Cossacks brilliantly manifested itself, a small army of Yermak managed to take the main fortification of Khan Kuchum - Kashlyk on the Tobol River. Kuchum's army was crushed and driven back. The Khanty and Mansi tribes subject to the khan swore allegiance to the Russian tsar, and Yermak equipped an embassy, led by ataman Ivan Koltso, which delivered the oath to the tsar.
Considering the extremely difficult situation that developed on the fronts of the Livonian War, Ivan the Terrible was glad that a detachment of Cossacks, whom he was going to execute, presented him with a whole khanate as a gift. True, the conquest of Siberia as such has not yet taken place, and it was not possible to finish with Kuchum completely, however, given that he had become and was very “sick in the eyes”, and also that the small Cossack detachment could not be compared with the Streltsy warrior , which could be sent to help him, Ivan the Terrible had reasons for optimism.
After that, a streltsy detachment under the command of Prince Bolkhovsky, numbering 300 soldiers, was sent by the tsar to help the Cossacks, whom the enemy besieged in the former Kuchum headquarters of the Kashlyk fortress. Alas, it did not bring anything good. The archers, who stopped by the Stroganovs on their way to Kashlyk, did not receive the required amount of provisions, as the merchants believed that the Cossacks in the occupied city had enough food. But the provisions that Yermak had were barely enough to feed the Cossacks, and the arrival of three hundred extra mouths led to a famine in Kashlyk, which the besiegers skillfully took advantage of.
Only the onset of spring and ice drift put an end to the siege. Now the Cossacks could leave the fortress on their plows. So they did, defeating the detachment of the prince of Karachi who was besieging them. Karacha is famous for the fact that he managed to lure ataman Ivan Koltso to him by deceit and deal with him and his Cossacks.
Death of Yermak
The conquest of Siberia by Yermak - Yermak in the last battle
After the defeat of the Karachi detachment, the conquest of Siberia by Ermak entered the final stage. Kuchum began to act cunningly. He sent two horsemen to the fortress, who introduced themselves as Bukhara merchants. They told Yermak that they wanted to trade with Russia, and that Kuchum was preventing this and was holding the merchant caravan captive.
Ataman decided to release the "captives" and went to their rescue on one of the plows. Khan equipped a detachment, which relentlessly followed the progress of the Cossacks along the river. On the night when Yermak was forced to land on the shore for the night, Kuchum's army attacked his detachment. Almost all the Cossacks were killed, and Yermak himself died. It is curious that the ataman completely covered the retreat of his soldiers and died due to the fact that, rushing into the outgoing plow, he missed and drowned - two precious and heavy shells, a royal gift, did not leave Yermak the slightest chance. It happened on August 5, 1585.
But, despite this, the conquest of Siberia by Ermak actually took place. The days of the khanate were numbered: military reinforcements moved to Siberia on the orders of the tsar. Kuchum suffered a final defeat, after which he fled, first to the Baraba steppes, then to the Irtysh, and, finally, to the Nogais, who executed him. A famous fact went down in history: during his wanderings across the steppes, Kuchum once asked Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich to return to him one of the packs of Bukhara merchants, on which they carried a special potion for sick Khan eyes.
After that, Russian cities began to appear on Siberian land, the first of which was Tyumen. The conquest of Siberia by Ermak opened a new page in the history of Russia.
Danil Rudoy - 2003
