Carbon monoxide poisoning. General characteristics with Annotation to the presentation

Of course, gasification in homes can hardly surprise anyone today (unless, of course, you have relatives in the Amazon jungle). But habit can also do a disservice.

There are two types of "home" gas: methane (the one that goes through the main pipe to your stove) and propane / butane (it is brought in red cylinders). An ordinary person will not only not distinguish these gases, he will not even detect them - they have no smell. However, it is precisely in order that their leakage can be detected that a substance with a rather unpleasant odor is added to the gas. It is he who is associated with gas.

IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW

Methane is lighter than air and tends to rise.

Bottled gas is heavier - it accumulates below, penetrates under the floor if there are gaps.

If there is a leak from the cylinder, for example, in a country house, where there are often cellars and underground floors, even if the leak is small, there is a risk that the gas can accumulate and one fine moment one small spark from the switch will be enough for a catastrophe.

If there is no electricity in your cellar, you can simply inhale the gas.

According to statistics, the main reason for all accidents with gas is ordinary negligence and neglect of established safety standards. Therefore, in order to be known as a zealous owner, follow a few rules:

1. Before ignition and during the combustion of gas appliances, ventilate the room by slightly opening the window or window or turning on the forced ventilation system.

2. . Check the draft in the smoke channels before lighting, periodically do this during combustion.

3. No matter how trite it may sound, but - do not leave the gas appliances turned on unattended.

4. Do not use gas stoves for heating! Why - see the section "Carbon monoxide".

5. Do not design, transfer or repair gas equipment yourself! This is very dangerous and can lead to an explosion, unless of course you are a gas worker.

6. If there are no residents in the building for a long time, it is better to take the cylinders outside the building and turn off the gas equipment. Even minimally leaky systems can form explosive concentrations of gas with air over long periods in enclosed spaces!

And one more thing: if there is an accident on the highway and it is blocked, do not leave the valves open. Gas can be given at any time without warning, and you just won't notice. The consequences can be the most deplorable.

HOW TO DETECT A LEAK

Visually: Soap the alleged leaks - most often these are the joints in pipes and fittings. Where a bubble inflates from soapy water, there is a leak;

Aurally: in case of a strong leak, a characteristic hiss will tell you ... at least where it is worth soaping to check;

By smell: the characteristic odor becomes stronger near the leak. And the very fact of the appearance of the smell is the reason for the above measures.

And, of course, do not try to look for a leak with a lighter!

IF THERE IS A GAS LEAK

1. Do not use electrical appliances

Do not insert or remove plugs from sockets - any spark can cause an explosion. Don't do anything at all that could cause a spark or a rise in temperature.

2. Call service "04" immediately

Better from neighbors or by mobile.

3. Waiting for the "emergency gang", ventilate the apartment

Open the windows, make a draft, which should blow away everyone present in the apartment, except for you. There shouldn't be any extras. Let them go and meet the gasmen. And it is better to turn off the intercom and the bell (see point 1).

IF GAS FIRES AT A LEAK

If it is possible to shut off the supply before the leak, shut it off and everything goes out. If not - by no means do not mascara! At most, you can try to remove combustible objects from the area affected by the flame. But in this case, the fire is less dangerous than the open gushing of gas. The consequences of the explosion will be huge - there have been cases when, due to a gas leak, half the house was blown apart. Therefore, take all your people out of the apartment and run yourself, calling the emergency gas service and fire department on the run by calling 112.

With a balloon, everything is, of course, easier. But the principles are exactly the same.

If there is a leak from the cylinder, disconnect it from the fittings (if there is nothing, cut off the rubber hose) and take the cylinder outside. Be sure to take an assistant. In order not to drop it, it is fraught with at least ignition. Call the emergency gang on 112, and if the cylinder is not working, ask them for a conclusion in order to exchange it for a new one.

If suddenly gas caught fire at the site of a leak from a cylinder, try calling the “fire department” by calling 112, wrap your hands in a wet towel and turn off the valve. If the flame is small, throw the same wet towel over the spouting site, extinguish the flame, take the cylinder outside and wait for the emergency gang to arrive.

If the flame is large - it is not worth extinguishing it, so as not to let gas into the room - an explosion is possible.

However, no matter what decision you make - to run or to put out fire - you must act quickly. Otherwise, the balloon will heat up and explode anyway.

In addition to the explosiveness of gas, there is another important aspect - its toxic effect on the body. Not the last role in this process is played by the so-called carbon monoxide.

If there is a gas water heater in your apartment, you simply must know everything about it.

CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide - carbon monoxide (CO) - a compound familiar from school. And it is extremely dangerous also because in everyday life there are too many options for its formation. In most cases, they are all associated with combustion. CO is one of the products of incomplete combustion of any substance. And, unlike household gas, it cannot be noticed without special devices - carbon monoxide has no color and smell.

During the combustion of almost all types of fuel in conditions of lack of oxygen, CO begins to actively form. Therefore, in stoves and household gas water heaters with impaired ventilation, the formation of this poison is inevitable. If the damper is closed prematurely or too much, it will be dangerous to be in the room.

WHAT IS CARBON MONOXIDE DANGEROUS?

Inhaling carbon monoxide is tantamount to cutting your veins. No, you don't lose blood in the strict sense. However, it loses its main property - to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Carbon monoxide tightly binds to hemoglobin and makes it impossible for an oxygen molecule to attach to it. So with each breath, the efficiency of the blood decreases. The brain will be the first to suffer from oxygen starvation, which will not be able to control the body. And then - death.

FIRST AID FOR CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

If you or someone around you has a dull headache, dizziness, vomiting, chest pains, confusion, lack of coordination, and bright red or bluish skin, all signs of poisoning are present.

The victim must be moved to a well-ventilated area (or better on the street), do not force him to go himself. And immediately call an ambulance. Provide him with the opportunity to breathe easily, calm. In no case do not give alcohol - it will cause even more toxicity.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide poisoning- an acute pathological condition that develops as a result of carbon monoxide entering the human body, is dangerous to life and health, and without adequate medical care can lead to death.

Poisoning is possible:

during fires;

· in production, where carbon monoxide is used for the synthesis of a number of organic substances (acetone, methyl alcohol, phenol, etc.);

In garages with poor ventilation, in other unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms, tunnels, as the car exhaust contains up to 1-3% CO according to the standards and over 10% with poor adjustment of the carburetor engine;

When you stay on a busy road or near it for a long time. On major highways, the average concentration of CO exceeds the poisoning threshold;

at home in case of leakage of lighting gas and in case of untimely closed stove dampers in rooms with stove heating (houses, baths);

when using low-quality air in breathing apparatus.

Symptoms:

For mild poisoning:

o headache appears,

o knock in the temples,

o dizziness,

o chest pain,

o dry cough,

o lacrimation,

o nausea,

o visual and auditory hallucinations are possible,

o reddening of the skin, carmine-red coloration of the mucous membranes,

o tachycardia,

o increase in blood pressure.

In case of moderate poisoning:

o drowsiness,

o motor paralysis is possible with preserved consciousness

In case of severe poisoning:

o loss of consciousness, coma

o convulsions,

o involuntary discharge of urine and feces,

o respiratory failure that becomes continuous, sometimes of the Cheyne-Stokes type,

o dilated pupils with a weakened reaction to light,

o sharp cyanosis (blue) of the mucous membranes and skin of the face. Death usually occurs at the scene as a result of respiratory arrest and a drop in cardiac activity.

When leaving a coma, the appearance of a sharp motor excitation is characteristic. Possible re-development of coma.

Severe complications are often noted:

cerebrovascular accident,

subarachnoid hemorrhage,

polyneuritis,

phenomena of cerebral edema,

vision impairment,

hearing loss,

Possible myocardial infarction

Often there are skin-trophic disorders (bubbles, local edema with swelling and subsequent necrosis), myoglobinuric nephrosis,

With prolonged coma, severe pneumonia is constantly noted.

First aid

carbon monoxide poisoning man

1. Remove the victim from a room with a high content of carbon monoxide. If poisoning occurs while using a breathing apparatus, it should be replaced.

2. In case of weak shallow breathing or its stop, start artificial respiration.

3. Contribute to the elimination of the consequences of poisoning: rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the legs, short-term inhalation of ammonia (a swab with alcohol should be no closer than 1 cm, the swab should be waved in front of the nose, which is very important, since when the swab is touched to the nose, due to the powerful effect of ammonia on the respiratory center, its paralysis may occur). Patients with severe poisoning are subject to hospitalization, as complications from the lungs and nervous system are possible at a later date.

Treatment

It is necessary to immediately eliminate the source of polluted air and provide breathing with pure oxygen at an increased partial pressure of 1.5-2 atm or, preferably, carbogen.

In the first minutes, the victim should be injected intramuscularly with a solution of the antidote "Acyzol". Further treatment in the hospital.

For the relief of seizures and psychomotor agitation, antipsychotics can be used, such as chlorpromazine (1-3 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, previously diluted in 5 ml of a 0.5% sterile solution of novocaine) or chloral hydrate in an enema. Contraindicated: bemegride, corazole, analeptic mixture, camphor, caffeine.

In case of respiratory failure - 10 ml of a 2.4% solution of aminophylline in a vein again.

· With a sharp cyanosis (blue), in the 1st hour after poisoning, intravenous administration of a 5% solution of ascorbic acid (20-30 ml) with glucose is indicated. Intravenous infusion of 5% glucose solution (500 ml) with 2% novocaine solution (50 ml), 40% glucose solution into a vein drip (200 ml) with 10 units of insulin under the skin.

Prevention

Work to be carried out in well-ventilated areas

Check the opening of dampers when using stoves and fireplaces in homes

· Taking the antidote "Acyzol" 1 capsule 30-40 minutes before contact with carbon monoxide.

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Why is this gas so dangerous?

It replaces oxygen in the blood. As a result, the blood carries too little oxygen to nourish body tissues. Inhalation of even a small amount of it can cause serious illness, and in some cases, death.

slide 4

Know When There's Danger

slide 5

Carbon monoxide is released into the atmosphere during any type of combustion.

slide 6

POISONING IS POSSIBLE

Slide 7

IN THE FIRE

Slide 8

When you stay on a busy road or near it for a long time (on major highways, the average concentration of gas exceeds the poisoning threshold).

Slide 9

Having closed the stove damper until the firewood, coal is burned (in a house with stove heating or a bath).

Slide 10

In winter, in the interior of cars with a faulty internal combustion engine, when people are trying to warm themselves in the cabin, waiting for something. I fall asleep and don't wake up again.

slide 11

Poisoning is most likely in garages with poor ventilation, in other unventilated or poorly ventilated areas, tunnels, since this gas is found in car exhaust.

slide 12

At home, with a leak of lighting gas, a faulty gas stove in an unventilated room.

slide 13

Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs due to violation of the rules for the operation of gas appliances, stove heating and neglect of elementary rules of life safety.

Slide 14

The main signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are headache, nausea; choking, confusion, muscle weakness, red complexion. Prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide can cause death.

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immediately go out into the fresh air and call an ambulance - check that the gas equipment is turned off and open the windows. Never light a light or fire, as this may cause an explosion. -when going outside, call the fire department or the gas network repair service

Slide 17

If you are helping a victim of poisoning

Slide 18

Make sure you have support (someone is waiting for you outside and ready to help you) - entering the room you yourself may become a victim of poisoning - Entering the room where the victim is located - open windows and doors, do not turn on the light or fire -Try to take the victim outside as soon as possible, put him on his back, free him from tight clothes, let him smell the ammonia. - if the victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration immediately - call an ambulance

View all slides

The air we breathe is a mixture of gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and others. Special gases are used in the household and in various industries. Synthetic materials are made from gases. Some types of vehicles run on gas.

Some facts

The gas that people use at home and at work is natural gas. Natural gas is a mineral. It is formed in the bowels of the Earth and is a mixture of various gases.

Gas, like fire, helps a person, but in some cases it becomes dangerous:

if there was an uncontrolled leakage;
if a lot of gas has accumulated in a closed room.

In nature, there are different gases with different properties: some gases rise up, while others collect below, near the surface of the earth. Some gases are harmless, others are life-threatening. Situations may arise when, in order to save your life, as well as to help the victim, you must know what kind of gas you are dealing with.

In high school chemistry lessons, you will learn all the properties of various gases, but for now let's get acquainted with them from the point of view of life safety.

Let's talk more about dangerous gases, the most common in everyday life.

Carbon monoxide destroys many human lives in fires, as well as in baths, country and rural houses with improper use of stove heating. It is extremely poisonous, and since it is odorless and colorless, it does not irritate the eyes and is difficult to detect. In a dwelling, in a bathhouse, the source of carbon monoxide is incomplete combustion of fuel in stoves, premature closing of the stove valve. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a more common cause of death in fires than fire and heat. The same gas is the cause of death in the cold season of people basking in a car with the engine running. Carbon monoxide is also formed during the incomplete combustion of household gas. Therefore, poor ventilation in the kitchen and bathroom (with a geyser) can also lead to death. Carbon monoxide gas rises, and, therefore, in the room where this gas has accumulated, one must crawl.

In addition to carbon monoxide, car exhaust contains and accumulates along highways and another toxic gas - nitrogen oxide. Therefore, it is best to avoid walking on busy streets and close windows facing the road, especially during rush hours. And also never pick mushrooms and berries near roads where cars often drive!

Toxic gases are also emitted during the combustion of synthetic finishing materials, carpets. In order not to get poisoned, it is better to move low crouching. More air is stored at the bottom.

You should be aware of the poisonous gas that forms in the ground - the uppermost layer of the earth's surface, and which can accumulate in depressions in the terrain. For example, in old landfills, in swamps, in sewer wells, basements, mines. This gas also has no taste and smell, it is heavier than air. In such cases, it is necessary to approach the victim in protective equipment.

city gas. It can be of two types: main gas, more often used in large cities, and liquefied gas in cylinders, consisting of a mixture of two gases - propane and butane. Propane is lighter than air and therefore rises; butane is heavier and therefore, when leaking, it fills first of all basements and underground utilities.

Household gas has neither color nor smell. Therefore, a strongly smelling substance is added to it, giving it a special “gasy” smell. Thanks to him, we can detect a "leak" of gas.

Causes of household gas leakage:

malfunction of gas pipes, stoves, columns, cylinders;
improper installation of gas equipment;
weak fastening of the rubber hose between the cylinder (pipe) and the stove;
incomplete closing of the gas stove tap;
flooding the fire of a gas burner with boiling water;
blowing out a weak fire with a draft.

Explosion, fire and poisoning of people can result from gas leakage.

If you are heating or cooking food yourself, stay close to the gas stove and keep an eye on the gas burner.

It is very important to ensure good ventilation in the room where the gas stove is installed. If there is no exhaust installation, then during long-term operation of the gas stove, you must always keep the window or window ajar. If there is a ventilation hole in the kitchen, it is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of the filter installed in it, as it gradually becomes clogged with dust and soot.

Know that the flame of burning gas should be even, blue. If it is red or yellow, and carbon deposits appear on the dishes, the gas does not burn completely. We need to call the master.

Remember! If there is a smell of domestic gas in the house or entrance, you can not use electricity: turn on the light, ring the electric bell, call the elevator, as well as matches and lighters. Any spark can cause a gas explosion throughout the house. If you smell the gas, quickly open the doors and windows to let the draft blow out the accumulation of poisonous gas. Shut off the gas pipe. All this must be done while holding your breath and covering your mouth and nose with any tissue. If the cause of the gas contamination is unclear and it is not possible to eliminate it on your own, then you should quickly leave the dangerous place and call the emergency gas service by calling “04”.

When poisoned with any gas, a person first begins to get very sick and dizzy, there is tinnitus. Then it darkens in the eyes, nausea begins. If this happens to you, you need to quickly leave this room and inform adults about your condition and the danger that has arisen.

With more severe poisoning, consciousness is disturbed, muscle weakness and drowsiness appear. Loss of consciousness, convulsions and death are possible.

First aid for a victim of carbon monoxide or household gas: immediately take (take out) him to the street. If breathing is weak or stops, artificial respiration should be applied. Rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the legs, short-term inhalation of ammonia vapors help in such cases. If a person has signs of severe poisoning, then an ambulance should be called urgently.

Questions

What dangerous gases do you know?
Where does carbon monoxide accumulate in an enclosed space? Why?
What should a person do if he feels signs of gas poisoning?
Which rescue service should I contact in case of a household gas leak?
What can not be done in the event of a household gas leak in an apartment or other enclosed space?
situational task.
- Misha came home and smelled gas. He immediately went to the kitchen and turned on the light... Did Misha do the right thing?
How to help a person if he was poisoned by household or carbon monoxide gas?
Where and under what conditions in everyday life can you encounter carbon monoxide?

Subject: Carbon monoxide. Household gas.

First aid for gas poisoning.

Objectives: to familiarize students with the sources of carbon monoxide, symptoms of gas poisoning "

Learn to provide first aid for gas poisoning.

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Checking homework.

What is a fire. Causes of a fire.

Fire safety rules.

Factors of fire and its impact on the human body.

Rules of conduct in case of fire.

3 Post the topic of the lesson.

During holidays and festivities, balloons are sold on the streets of the city.

and inflatable toys that must be held tightly in your hands, otherwise they will fly away.

Who knows how they inflate balloons and toys?

Why do they behave like this?

These toys and balloons are inflated with a special gas that is lighter than air.

Therefore, balls and toys rush up.

Today our conversation is about various gases. We will learn where the gas is used, what harm it can do to a person and how to provide first aid in case of gas poisoning.

4. Work on the topic of the lesson.

Tell us what you know about this topic?

Carbon monoxide.

The scientific name for carbon monoxide is oxygen oxide.

In addition to its usual name, this gas has others, it is also called "invisible poison" and "humane killer."

Carbon monoxide is released during fires, in baths, in country and rural houses with stove heating. It turns out as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel in furnaces, when the furnace valve is prematurely closed.

Carbon monoxide can also form in urban kitchens when natural gas is not completely burned.

Carbon monoxide is highly toxic, colorless and odorless, making it impossible to see or feel. It is lighter than air, so it rises.

That is why when evacuating in a fire, you should move around by bending low or crawling.

Notebook entry.

Carbon monoxide, its characteristics.

Lighter than air.

Has no color and smell.

Poisonous.

The second gas we encounter on a daily basis is household gas, which enters gas stoves. Household gas has practically no color or smell, but in order to determine its presence in the apartment, microdoses of odoranite are added to it at the gas station to give it a specific smell.

Gas poisoning is dangerous.

Symptoms of gas poisoning.

Severe headache and dizziness.

Noise in ears.

Darkness in the eyes.

Nausea.

Muscle weakness.

Loss of consciousness.

5. Work on the textbook.

Selective reading and answering questions, pages 46-49.

Find and read where else you can get carbon monoxide poisoning?

(This gas is the cause of death of people in the cold season, who fell asleep in a car with the engine running).

Read where underground (ground) gases accumulate, which also have no color or smell ?.

(They accumulate in basements, mines, water and sewer wells, landfills and swamps.)

Read What are the steps to take first aid for gas poisoning?.

First aid for gas poisoning.

Remove victim to fresh air.

Rub the body, wrap the patient, put heating pads at the feet.

Short-term inhalation of ammonia.

When breathing stops, give artificial respiration.

Call for an ambulance.

If there is a gas leak, you can't.

Touch electric switches, ring electric bells, use the elevator.

Use matches and lighters.

Check for gas leaks with fire (matches). Leakage can be checked with soapy water.

Necessary:

Shut off the gas, do not turn on the light.

Open windows and doors.

If the cause of gas contamination is not clear, call the gas service by calling 04.

6. The result of the lesson.

Why is carbon monoxide called "invisible poison", "humane killer"?

(A person dies in a dream, does not experience pain and suffering.)

You have set to warm up dinner. The draft blew out the burner, and the kitchen filled with gas. Your actions?

(Hold your breath. Turn off the gas. Open windows and doors for ventilation)

7. Homework.

Textbook, page 46-49. Answer the questions on page 49.

Notes in a notebook.

Reference

Lecturer-organizer OBZH.

Akopdzhanyan Nikolay Ivanovich

on the topic: "Carbon monoxide and household gas. First aid for gas poisoning.

I used the following materials during the lesson.

Life safety textbook, grade 5,

Methodological guide on life safety,

used the resources of the Internet,

Microsoft Office/

Preview:

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Slides captions:

Subject: Carbon monoxide. Household gas. First aid for gas poisoning Objectives: to acquaint students with the sources of carbon monoxide, symptoms of gas poisoning ”Teach them to provide first aid for gas poisoning.

Carbon Monoxide The scientific name for carbon monoxide is oxygen oxide. In addition to its usual name, this gas has others, it is also called "invisible poison" and "humane killer." Carbon monoxide is released during fires, in baths, in country and rural houses with stove heating. It turns out as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel in furnaces, when the furnace valve is prematurely closed. Carbon monoxide can also form in urban kitchens when natural gas is not completely burned. Carbon monoxide is highly toxic, colorless and odorless, making it impossible to see or feel. It is lighter than air, so it rises. That is why when evacuating in a fire, you should move around by bending low or crawling.

Carbon monoxide is lighter than air. Has no color and smell. Poisonous.

Symptoms of gas poisoning Severe headache and dizziness. Noise in ears. Darkness in the eyes. Nausea. Muscle weakness. Loss of consciousness.

First aid for gas poisoning Remove the victim to fresh air. Rub the body, wrap the patient, put heating pads at the feet. Short-term inhalation of ammonia. When breathing stops, give artificial respiration. Call for an ambulance.

No gas leak! Touch electric switches, ring electric bells, use the elevator. Use matches and lighters. Check for gas leaks with fire (matches). Leakage can be checked with soapy water.

It is necessary: Shut off the gas, do not turn on the light. Open windows and doors. If the cause of gas contamination is not clear, call the gas service by calling 04.

Lesson summary Why is carbon monoxide called "invisible poison", "humane killer"? (A person dies in his sleep, does not experience pain and suffering.) You have set to warm up dinner. The draft blew out the burner, and the kitchen filled with gas. Your actions? (Hold your breath. Turn off the gas. Open windows and doors for ventilation)