How was the development of the mining industry in the Urals?
Her birth took place in the era of Peter I. In the XVIII century. many deposits of iron and copper ores, precious and ornamental stones were discovered. The first metallurgical plants, which became the core of the entire Ural industry, appeared on the eastern slope of the middle Urals.
Already by the middle of the XVIII century. so much metal was smelted in the Urals that part of it was exported abroad. The Urals became the largest metallurgical region in the world. This was facilitated by a number of favorable factors: the abundance and easy accessibility of deposits of high-grade iron ore, huge forests and the availability of "gratuitous" labor (serfs were attached to the factories).
With the abolition of serfdom and the advent of new technologies in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. The Urals entered a period of crisis. The local, very expensive, although often high-quality, metal, produced by more than 100 small factories using backward technology, has already ceased to be competitive.
What are the features of the current stage of development of the Ural region?
A new stage in the development of the economy began in the 1930s. The development of high-quality coking coal from Kuzbass made it possible to revive the metallurgical industry. Ural ore went east to the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (now Novokuznetsk) under construction. The coal was transported back to the Urals with the same trains. The giant Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works was built, which eventually became the world's largest producer of ferrous metals. Later, other large plants were built and small plants were reconstructed, some of them were redesigned for metal processing.
Modern ferrous metallurgy remains one of the leading branches of specialization of the Urals, but it develops mainly on imported raw materials: almost all coking coal is imported (from Kuzbass and the Kazakh Karaganda basin), about half of the ore used (again from Northern Kazakhstan and the KMA).
Rice. 121. Industry of the Urals
Non-ferrous metallurgy is also the oldest branch of the district. It is represented by the smelting of almost all types of non-ferrous metals produced in Russia (except for tin). The most developed industries are copper, aluminum, nickel and zinc. This industry is also increasingly based on imported ores.
In terms of the level of development of the machine-building complex, the Ural region ranks second in Russia after the Central region. In civil engineering, heavy, including metallurgical, and the production of mining equipment (the giant plants Uralmash in Yekaterinburg, Yuzhuralmash in Orsk), the production of turbines and generators, and chemical equipment stand out. They also produce trucks (Miass and Novouralsk), cars (Izhevsk) and buses (Kurgan).
Almost all branches of the military-industrial complex are developed in the Urals. The area is literally “stuffed” with enterprises that produce weapons (small arms, artillery and missiles). In the 1950s in the Urals, a network of cities involved in the production of nuclear weapons was formed.
Rice. 122. Kalashnikov assault rifle - the most famous product of the Ural factories in the world (Izhevsk)
Agriculture cannot fully provide the large population of the region with its products. Only in the southern part of the Urals are natural conditions favorable for the development of grain farming, represented mainly by spring wheat and millet. Of the industrial crops, sunflower, sugar beet (in Bashkiria), and flax (mainly in Udmurtia and the Perm region) are cultivated.
In the north, dairy cattle breeding stands out, in the south - beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding and horse breeding. The Orenburg region is famous for the production of the famous downy shawls from the down of local goat breeds. The famous Bashkir honey is obtained in apiaries in the linden forests of the Cis-Urals.
conclusions
Over time, the specialization of the Urals became more complicated: from the extraction of salt and gems to metallurgy, mechanical engineering, the military-industrial complex and the chemical industry. The role of the Urals in all the wars waged by Russia was extremely important. As an old industrial region, the Urals combines the "industries of yesterday" and modern, high-tech industries of the military-industrial complex. The predominance of heavy industries in the structure, the limited resource base, and the lack of water resources are the most important problems in the development of the economy, with which the Urals enter the 21st century.
Questions and tasks
- Study on the map in the atlas which industrial centers of the region "have the most complete set of "typically Ural industries" - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and others. In which regions and republics of the Urals is their concentration observed? Which territories "fall out" from such a list? directions of the economy received a predominant development there?
- Compare the ferrous metallurgy of the Urals and the Central Black Earth region. What are their similarities and differences? Does each region have its own strengths and weaknesses? What are they due to?
- In your opinion, to which regions of Russia and foreign countries it is convenient to supply products of the timber industry complex of the Urals, using the possibilities of the geographical location of the region?
- Compare the agricultural specialization of the southern regions of the Urals and the regions of the Volga region and the center of Russia, located in the same latitudes. What industries are common? How can this be explained?
One of the largest geographic regions on the map of Russia is the Urals. Its territorial location includes the West - and East - Siberian Equals, which are located on both sides of the Ural mountain system. The southern border of the region in terms of territorial division is part of the Ural River basin, which is in the Caspian Sea.
Region population
In the list of all large regions of the Russian Federation, it is the Urals that ranks second in terms of population. This figure today is about 20.4 million. Changes in this indicator increase every year, due to the active development of the industrial activity of the region.
Over the vast area of the region, the distribution of local residents is uneven, even with an average density of 24.8 people/km 2 . The most populated administrative unit according to statistics is the Chelyabinsk region, in it per 1 sq. meter is home to 41 people. The lowest rates were recorded in the Kurgan region, where there are 15.7 people per 1 km2.
Of the total population, about 75% are urban residents, such statistics are due to the result of the industrial development of the region. The largest cities in the Urals, with a population of more than 1 million, are 4 settlements: Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Perm and Yekaterinburg. The region is inhabited by people of many nationalities. The largest national group is occupied by the Russians, slightly inferior in number to the Tatars. In the northwest of the Urals there are Udmurts, Permians, Komi, and also Bashkirs.
Industry of the Urals
The presence of rich mineral deposits and other predominant geographical features of the territory of the Ural Territory allowed this region to make a significant contribution to the metallurgical, petrochemical, machine-building and other industrial complexes of Russia.
Ferrous metallurgy
The most developed and oldest branch of the region is ferrous metallurgy, whose products account for more than 20% of the entire industrial output of the Urals. If we consider the share of the Ural Territory in the Russian Federation in terms of ore mining, then it is about 21%, but the production of pig iron and the manufacture of rolled metal is even more, about 40%. Production volumes cannot provide raw materials for many large full-cycle manufacturing enterprises, such as the Novotroitsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk metallurgical plants. Therefore, the supply of the missing volume of ore to these enterprises is carried out from Kazakhstan.
Ferrous metallurgy of the Urals is an industrial sector that is mainly export-oriented.
mechanical engineering
This industry of the Urals annually produces 17% of finished products from the total throughout the country. More than 150 large machine-building enterprises are operating and actively expanding in the region. The largest of them are: "Uralmash", "Uralelektorotyazhmash" and others.
As for the enterprises whose activities are aimed at the production of transport engineering, there are also quite a lot of them. The most productive in this direction is the Chelyabinsk region, where trucks, wagons, as well as various types of specialized road equipment come off the conveyors: auto-faders, bulldozers and even wagons. In general, the range of engineering products is quite large, which allows not only to fully meet the needs within the country, but also to export a significant part of the goods to neighboring countries.
Fuel and energy complex
It rightfully occupies an honorable third place in the country in terms of electricity production. More than 90% of all enterprises of the fuel and energy complex account for thermal power plants, there are also two large state district power plants and only one Beloyarsk nuclear power plant.
The oil refining industry is slightly less developed in the region, it is represented by several large oil refineries located in Orsk, Ufa, Perm and other cities. The gas production branch in the industry is most developed in Orenburg, where the largest gas chemical complex in the Urals is located. But coal mining in the region is rapidly declining due to low profitability.
The chemical industry and the timber complex also play an important role in the industry of the Urals. They are represented by many enterprises located throughout the region.
Agriculture in the Urals
The importance of the agro-industrial complex for the economy of the Urals is undeniable. After all, about 15% of the country's agricultural products come from the Urals. Particular attention of the region is directed to grain growing, most of which is occupied by the cultivation of spring wheat.
As for other areas of agriculture, the fertile lands of the Urals provide excellent indicators of vegetable yields. Animal husbandry is also well developed, which provides about 15% of dairy and meat products.
1. Study on the map which industrial centers of the region have the most complete set of "typically Ural industries" - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc. In which regions and republics of the Urals is their concentration observed? What territories "fall out" from such a list? What areas of the economy have received predominant development there?
On the socio-economic map of the Urals, only Chelyabinsk has a complete “typically Ural set of industries” (ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering). The concentration of these industries is observed in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. In the western parts of the region (Perm Territory, Udmurtia and Bashkiria), instead of non-ferrous metallurgy, light and timber industries are developed. Completely "falls out" of this composition Kurgan region (engineering and food industry).
2. Compare the ferrous metallurgy of the Urals and the Central Black Earth region. What are their similarities and differences? Does each region have its own strengths and weaknesses? What are they caused by?
The Urals and the Central Black Earth region provide the bulk of Russia's ferrous metals, the Urals - almost half. Both of these areas were originally based on their own raw materials. Only the Ural deposits have been developed for a long time, since the 17th century. and are almost exhausted. There are almost no own raw materials and technological fuel in the Urals, so everything has to be imported from other regions of the country and from Kazakhstan. The equipment is also getting old. Converting metallurgy is significantly developed in the region, many small old factories have been preserved. In addition, there are many auxiliary industries (ferroalloys, refractories).
The Kursk magnetic anomaly was discovered in 1931. The enriched KMA ore is sent not only to local enterprises, but also outside the region. Converted metallurgy in the Central Black Earth region is practically not developed. The equipment is relatively modern. There is also the only electrometallurgical plant in Russia (Stary Oskol), where iron is restored directly from ores, that is, bypassing one stage of production - blast furnace.
3. In your opinion, to which regions of Russia and foreign countries is it convenient to supply the products of the timber industry complex of the Urals, using the possibilities of the geographical location of the region?
These should be closely located (border) countries and regions located in forest-deficient areas. For example, the south of the European territory of Russia: the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth region; from foreign countries - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.
4. Compare the agricultural specialization of the southern regions of the Urals and the regions of the Volga region and the Center of Russia, located in the same latitudes. What industries are common? How can this be explained? material from the site
On the map of agricultural regions, these territories fall into one region - grain and livestock breeding with significant crops of potatoes, vegetables and industrial crops. This is no coincidence, because the main features of the climate are common to these territories, only from west to east does its continentality increase. A significant part of the agricultural products of the Urals is consumed within the region, since the urban population of the region is significant. Of the branches of specialization, one can single out the production of flax in Udmurtia, sugar beet and honey in Bashkiria, durum wheat in the southern regions.
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On this page, material on the topics:
- compare the ferrous metallurgy of the Urals and the Central Chernozem region. what are their similarities and differences? does each district have
- economy of the urals briefly
- compare the agricultural specialization of the southern regions of the Urals and the regions of the Volga region and the center of Russia, located in the same latitudes. what industries are common?
- stages of development and modern economy of the Urals
- mini essay topic Stages of development and modern economy
Type of lesson - learning new material.
Form of UD - practical work.
Goals:
Tutorials:
Studying the features of specialization of the economy of the Ural economic region;
Formation of skills and abilities to work with maps and tables;
Developing:
Develop geographical thinking and cognitive interest of students;
Educational:
To educate geographical culture and aesthetic perception;
UMC:
Geography of Russia. economy and geographical areas. 9 cells / ed. A.I. Alekseev.
Atlases of the 9th grade.
Lesson plan.
Organizational moment (2 min)
Repetition of previously studied material (10 mi)
Learning a new topic (25 min)
Reflection (3 min)
During the classes
Organizing time.
Repetition of previously learned material.
Teacher : First, let's remember what we studied in the last lesson.
Please answer the questions:
What are the natural boundaries of the Urals and do they correspond to the boundaries of the Ural economic region? (The natural border of the Ural Mountains is stretched from North to South, and the Ural economic region covers only the southern part of the Urals).
Is the economic and geographical position of UER favorable? (Profitable)
Exploring a new topic.
Setting the topic of the lesson.
"Ural! The supporting edge of the state,
Her earner and blacksmith,
The same age as our ancient glory
And glory to the current creator!
Today in the lesson we will find answers to these questions by studying a new topic: "Stages of development and the modern economy of the Urals."
Our purpose of the lesson: To identify the features of the development of the economy and to study the geography of the most important sectors of the economy.
Lesson plan:
Stages of development of the WER economy;
The Urals is currently a major metallurgical region of the country, as well as the nuclear center of Russia. The economic development of the Urals began withXVcentury, but mass settlement and development of the region continued inXVIIIcentury, under PeterI.
Exercise 1. Using the text of the textbook, fill in the table "Stages of development of the economy"
PeriodDevelopment of the WER industry
XVcentury
Salt mining in Usolye (Solikamsk)
XVII-XVIII
The development of metallurgy under PeterI. The first metallurgical plants appeared.
middleXVIIIcentury
Export of metal to the world market. More than 100 factories have been built.
XIXcentury
The crisis in the market due to the lack of new technologies.
1930
Creation of the second metallurgical base (after the South in Ukraine).
1941 - 1945
UER became the main industrial region of the USSR.
Modern economy of WER (industrial and agricultural specialization)
The current specialization of the UER economy is ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the military-industrial complex, and heavy engineering.
Task 2. Using table 2 of the applications "Sectoral structure of industry", display on the bar chart of the industry of industrial specialization UER in% ratio, taking into account 0.5 cm - 10%.
Diagram "Sectoral structure of the industry of energy efficiency"
37%Metallurgical complex
19%
MSC
15%
Fuel industry
10%
Electricity
food industry
Chemical industry
Task 3 . Using the UER map, write down the major industrial centers and their industrial specialization.
Task 4. Using table 4 of the appendices, determine the types of products for the production of which UER ranks 1, 2, 3, 4 in Russia and calculate its share in the total Russian production.
Agricultural productsPlace
Share in total Russian production
Corn
Sugar beet
Sunflower
Potato
Meat
Milk
Consolidation of the studied (5 min)
Having studied the history of development and the modern economy of the WER, we will draw conclusions and answer the questions posed above:
Why is the Urals given such a big role in the life of the country?
Why did this particular region, and no other, receive such a high rank?
The answers to these questions are related to the history of settlement and development of the Urals, the presence of huge reserves of various natural resources.
Reflection.
Well done, they coped with the tasks, learned a lot of new things, everyone felt like a researcher. Thank you.
Grading.
Brief review of the history of the Urals from ancient times to the XX century.
Stone Age in the Urals
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age) is the earliest and longest period in human history. It lasted from the beginning of the use of stone tools by man (on Earth this happened 2.5 million years ago) until the retreat of glaciers in the northern hemisphere (10 thousand years ago).
The settlement of the territory of the Urals by an ancient man began during the early Paleolithic - 300-100 thousand years ago. The climate at that time was milder and warmer, which contributed to the resettlement of people. There were two directions of resettlement: one - from Central Asia, the second - from the East European Plain, Crimea and Transcaucasia. Scientists determined this by the similarity of tools.
The earliest sites of ancient man in the Urals are Mysovaya (Republic of Bashkortostan) and Elniki II (Perm Territory). At the Elniki II site, bones of a trogontherian elephant were found, which made it possible to date the monument. Also, the Early Paleolithic sites include Ganichata I and II, Borisovo, Sludka, Tupitsa, the Bolshoy Glukhoy grotto on the Chusovaya River and others.
The Middle Paleolithic (200-40 thousand years ago) includes the archaeological sites of Bogdanovka (Chelyabinsk Region) and Cave Log (Perm Territory). In the Upper (Late) Paleolithic (40-10 thousand years ago), a person appeared even in the Subpolar Urals (Byzovaya site), the sites of the Bear Cave and Garchi I in the Northern Urals are also known, the site to them. Talitsky and Zaozerye in the Middle Urals and Gornovo V in the Southern Urals. Monuments of this period are more numerous. The end of the Upper Paleolithic includes unique monuments of cave painting in the Kapova and Ignatievskaya caves (14-13 thousand years ago). In total, 41 sites of the Paleolithic era are now known in the Urals.
Paleolithic sites were located in grottoes and in the entrance parts of the caves. People at that time made tools of labor from stone - quartzite, jasper, flint. By chipping pebbles, a tool called a chopper (chopping) or a chopper was obtained. Also, scrapers for processing skins, scrapers for processing wood were made from stone. Later, they began to make a core, from which thin plates were chipped off, which were used as a prefabricated cutting tool.
Ancient people survived by hunting. The obtained skins and bones were used for the construction of dwellings. They also collected berries and roots.
Mesolithic
In the Mesolithic era (9-7 millennium BC), mass settlement of the Urals began. By that time, the glacier had retreated, a modern river network had formed, the climate was changing, and new natural zones were being formed.
People settled along the banks of rivers and lakes. Numerous Mesolithic monuments have been found in the basins of the rivers Kama, Ufa, Belaya, Tura, Iset, in the upper reaches of the Urals. People invented insert tools, bows, arrows, skis, sledges, boats. They lived in semi-dugouts, huts or tents. In the Mesolithic era, the first domestic animal appeared - a dog (the bones of two individuals were found at the Koksharovsko-Yurinsky site). At the same time, many large animals died out: mammoth, woolly rhinoceros and others. In addition to hunting and gathering, ancient people mastered fishing.
The sanctuaries in the Dyrovaty stone on the Chusovaya River and on Mount Naked Stone belong to this period.
A rich collection of tools has been collected at the Shigir peat bog in the Sverdlovsk region. The most unique of those finds is the Shigir idol, the oldest wooden sculpture in the world.
Neolithic
This was the last stage of the Stone Age (6-4 millennium BC). At this time, the climate in the Urals (warm and humid) was the most favorable for flora and fauna, forests spread. In the Neolithic, man mastered the manufacture of pottery. Thanks to various ornaments on dishes, archaeologists distinguish between archaeological cultures and date monuments. New stone processing technologies have also appeared: sawing, drilling, grinding. Stone axes, adzes, chisels, chisels appeared. Large dwellings of logs began to be built.
Due to various natural conditions (taiga, forest-steppe, steppe), there was a difference in the development of the ancient cultures of the Southern, Middle and Northern Urals. In the Neolithic, the division of the Finno-Ugric language and the formation of the ethnic basis of the modern Ural peoples began. At that time, sanctuaries appeared in the northern Trans-Urals. These include bulk hills (Koksharovsky, Ust-Vagilsky), during excavations in which pottery was found, painted with ocher, sometimes with stucco animal heads. The burial of the shaman in the Dozhdev stone on Chusovaya is attributed to the same time.
Eneolithic (Copper Stone Age)
Transitional era from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). The climate at this time became cooler. The heterogeneity of the development of the population of different regions of the Urals is increasing. Metallurgy has already begun to develop in the Southern Urals. The earliest metallurgical center is associated with the Kargaly copper mines (Orenburg region). Early metal tools were obtained by forging, although the main material for tools was still stone. By way of exchange, the first copper tools get into the Middle Trans-Urals.
The art of wood carving arose (examples were preserved in the Shigirsky and Gorbunovsky peat bogs). Cattle breeding appeared in the southern part of the Urals. Horses are being domesticated.
In the Neolithic-Eneolithic era, most of the inscriptions were made on the coastal rocks on the rivers Vishera, Tagil, Tura, Rezh, Neiva, Irbit, Iset, Serga, Ufa, Ai, Yuryuzan, Zilim, Belaya. They reflect the mythological worldviews of ancient people and reproduce ritual scenes. The unusual monument-sanctuary Savin in the Kurgan region also dates back to this time.
Bronze Age
In the II millennium BC. in the Urals, mass development of bronze metallurgy began, tools, weapons, and jewelry were made from it. The metal obtained as a result of melting was poured into casting molds or subjected to forging.
In the Southern Urals, copper was mined mainly at the deposits of Tash-Kazgan, Nikolskoye, Kargaly. Bronze products are widely distributed, trade relations are being strengthened. In the same place in the Southern Urals, the so-called "Country of Cities" arose, the most famous of the settlements of which are Arkaim and Sintashta. It is believed that they invented war chariots and developed the tactics of chariot combat.
The Bronze Age in the Urals contains many archaeological cultures. Movements of the population led to the mixing, and even to the disappearance of a number of groups. At the same time, in the Bronze Age, the uneven development of the population of different archaeological cultures increased. In the steppe and forest-steppe zone, pastoral cattle breeding, and possibly agriculture, developed. In the north of the forest-steppe and in the south of the forest zone, the inhabitants combined hunting, fishing, cattle breeding, and agriculture. Hunting and fishing developed in the taiga and tundra areas.
In the forest Trans-Urals at the beginning of the Bronze Age, the population of the Tashkov culture lived. The first copper tools, crucibles, drops of copper, and ore were found at the settlement of Tashkovo II. In the mountain-forest Trans-Urals, the Koptyakov culture, the Cherkaskul culture, the Mezhov culture replaced each other, and the Velvet culture came from the middle reaches of the Tobol River. The early stage of the formation and interaction between the peoples of the Finno-Ugric (forest zone) and Indo-Iranian (steppe and forest-steppe zone) language families began.
The population of the Bronze Age developed a cult of the dead. Burial mounds began to appear in the steppe zone, and earth burials in the forest zone. By the things that were placed next to the deceased, one can understand what he did and what position he occupied in society.
The Seima-Turbino transcultural phenomenon dates back to the Bronze Age - random finds in the forest Trans-Urals and monuments with these finds cast using a new technology of thin-walled casting using a core. The trace of this phenomenon stretches from Altai, through the Urals, the Volga region, Karelia.
In the transitional period to the Early Iron Age, a population of the Gamayun culture came from the northeast of Western Siberia to the Trans-Urals. They began to build the first fortified settlements in the forest zone. Historians associate them with the ancient proto-Samoyeds.
iron age
Gradually, people mastered the manufacture of tools and weapons from iron. Such products were much stronger than bronze, they could be sharpened. There was a decomposition of the primitive communal system and a transition to a class society.
Historians divide the Iron Age into two stages: early iron age(VIII century BC - III century AD) and late iron age(from the 4th century AD to the middle of the 2nd millennium AD).
Due to the cooling in the era of the early Iron Age and as a result of the reduction of food resources in the steppe part of the Southern Urals, semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding arises. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC. warming begins and the establishment of a drier climate, as a result of which the nomads move north, into the Ural forest-steppes. In the Southern Urals, an original Savromatian culture was formed, which was then replaced by the Sarmatian culture. The mounds became the main source for their study.
In the Middle Trans-Urals, the copper foundry flourished. At the beginning of the era, iron products appeared only in the Ural steppes among the nomadic tribes of the Sauromatian culture. In the forest-steppe and in the south of the taiga zone, iron products appeared no earlier than the 5th-4th centuries BC. and were associated with the Itkul and Ananyino centers of non-ferrous metallurgy and metalworking.
In the early Iron Age, the population of the Itkul culture (VII-III centuries BC) lived on the territory of the mountain-forest Trans-Urals. The Itkul casters smelted copper, made tools and weapons, exchanged copper items for the Ananyino culture that lived in the Kama region, and weapons for the Sauromat and Sarmat tribes in the Southern Urals. A fur trade route is being formed, linking the south and north. Treasures of cult castings with images of birds, animals, and people that come across in the Urals belong to this time. At this time, the Permian animal style appeared (cast copper images of animals, birds, people), sanctuaries-bones appeared. Because of the threat of military attacks from the south, fortified settlements are being built.
In the late Iron Age, the Great Migration of Peoples happened - the movement of tribes in the II-VI centuries AD. It all started with the advancement of nomadic steppe tribes, which prompted the movements of the forest-steppe and even forest tribes of the Trans-Urals and the Urals.
In the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Nomadic Ugrians-horse breeders passed through the territory of the forest and mountain-forest belt of the eastern slope of the Urals, which had an impact on the economy and life of the local population. In the VI-IX centuries, three archaeological cultures developed in the forest Trans-Urals - Petrogromskaya, Molchnovskaya and Tynskaya, which became the basis of the Yudin culture (X-XIII centuries), these are the ancestors of the Mansi.
At this time, the Bashkir people arose, the formation of the modern peoples of the Urals took place, the fore-foundation of the proto-Mansi ethnos was formed. In the 7th-10th centuries, the stabilization of the Ural societies and the formation of tribal unions took place, which led to the flourishing of cultures and the restoration of ancient trade ties with Central Asia, the Kama region and Veliky Novgorod. From the middle of the 2nd millennium, "arable Tatars" (Turks) began to come to the eastern slope of the Urals, who settled along the Nice River and peacefully coexisted with the Mansi for a long time.
Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries)
Novgorod merchants and free ushkuiniki were the first of the Russian people to penetrate the Urals. They exchanged their goods for furs from the "Ugra" (ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi), and also levied tribute. Since the XII century, such trips to the Urals and the Northern Trans-Urals have become regular.
However, the Russian colonization of the Urals during this period was held back by the opposition of the Volga Bulgaria. Of decisive importance was the Mongol invasion, which conquered the tribes of the Ob and Irtysh basins, the Bashkirs, the southern Udmurts, and defeated Bulgaria. At the end of the 13th - 14th centuries, part of the Bulgars and nomadic Polovtsy moved to the territory of the Urals.
Over time, Great Perm passed into the hands of the Moscow princes and became part of the Russian state. During this period, Orthodox missionaries launched activities to strengthen Moscow's positions in the Kama region. They destroyed pagan sanctuaries and converted local peoples to Orthodoxy.
The process of resettlement of the Mansi from the western slope of the Urals to the eastern began. This process intensified when the mass resettlement of peasants from Pomorye to the Urals began. By the 15th century, the Mansi, who lived on the rivers Konda, Pelym and the lower reaches of the Sosva River, united into the Pelym principality, the center of which was in the Pelym town near the confluence of the Pelym and Tavda.
From time to time, raids were made on Russian lands. During one of them, in 1481, Prince Mikhail of Great Perm died, and a number of settlements were destroyed. Moscow also organized military campaigns in the Trans-Urals (in particular, in 1465, 1483, 1499). Yugra joined Moscow, but the citizenship was not strong.
In the XIV century, the Siberian Tatars had their own statehood. The Tyumen Khanate arose with its center in the town of Chimgi-Tura (later Tyumen arose on this site). Later it expanded and became the Siberian Khanate with its capital in the town of Siberia, or Kashlyk (near modern Tobolsk). The Tatars set up the Mansi against the Russians, and they themselves staged raids.
The defeat of the Kazan Khanate by Ivan the Terrible in 1552 led to the voluntary entry into Russia of the main part of Bashkiria.
In the development of the Middle Urals, the Stroganov family was of great importance. The founder of the family, Anika Fedorovich Stroganov, in 1558 asked for permission to engage in salt production on the Kama River, pledging in return to defend the land from raids and founding fortified towns. The royal charter granted the Stroganovs vast lands from the mouth of the Lysva to the mouth of the Chusovaya. Later, Stroganov's possessions became even larger. The population of the Kama region began to increase rapidly, new settlements arose.
Of the indigenous peoples of the Urals, by the 16th century, the peoples of the Urals - Bashkirs, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, had the largest number, there were fewer representatives of the peoples of the Trans-Urals - Mansi, Khanty, Siberian Tatars.
In the 1570s, the Siberian Khanate, led by Khan Kuchum, raided the Stroganov towns. To fight them, the Stroganovs hired Volga Cossacks, led by Ataman Yermak. Thus began the famous campaign of Yermak, who “took Siberia”. The Siberian Khanate finally fell in 1598. The conquest of Siberia opened the way for Russia to the east.
Yermak's campaign. Painting by P. Shardakov. Ethnopark of the History of the Chusovaya River
On the rivers of the Urals and Trans-Urals, Russian cities and prisons began to appear, the Urals were more and more actively mastered by the Russians. At first, they got beyond the Urals by river. In 1597, construction began on the first land road across the Urals, explored by the peasant Artemy Babinov. The road was named Babinovskaya. In 1598, the city of Verkhoturye arose.
The development of the Urals gradually proceeded mainly from north to south. In the 17th century, Russian colonization of the Urals became widespread. Basically, peasants and townspeople of the Russian North moved to the Urals of their own free will, but there were also those who were sent by royal decree.
In the 1730-50s, the Zakamskaya and Orenburg fortified lines were built, which created the conditions for even more active settlement, including the Southern Urals.
The majority of the population of the Urals belonged to the peasantry. For example, in the last quarter of the 17th century there were about 80% of such people. Approximately 60% of them had to pay cash or grain dues to the treasury (black-eared peasants). Serfs lived in the Stroganov estates, who carried out both quitrent and labor duties.
In the XVII century, the main occupation of the population of the Urals was agriculture. The main crops were rye and oats, although barley, wheat, spelt, buckwheat, peas, and millet were also sown.
Then, in the 17th century, the first small factories began to appear in the Urals. In 1631, the first state-owned iron-working plant (Nitsinsky) appeared on the Nitsa River (the territory of the Sverdlovsk Region). Iron was obtained by raw-blowing method in four small blast furnaces. Peasants who worked out the factory duty were obliged to work at the factory. The factory closed half a century later.
Finds from the Nitsa plant. Museum of History and Archeology of the Middle Urals
In 1634, the Pyskorsky state-owned copper smelter (Perm Territory) began operating until the end of the 1940s. In 1640, a state-owned iron-working plant (Krasnoborsky) also arose on the Vishera River in the Cherdyn district, but due to the depletion of ores, it did not work for long.
In 1669, a private iron-working plant of the Tumashev brothers appeared on the Neiva River (closed in 1680). There was also a small factory in the possession of the Dalmatovsky Monastery, on the Zheleznyanka River at its confluence with the Iset.
However, salt production was the best developed at that time. The largest salt-producing center of the country was Sol Kamskaya (Solikamsk).
New time (XVIII - XIX centuries)
The first quarter of the 18th century was marked by the administrative reforms of Peter I. At the same time, factories began to appear in the Urals. The first, almost simultaneously, in 1701, the Nevyansk and Kamensky factories were launched, soon the Alapaevsky and Uktus state-owned factories were founded. Then the number of factories increased rapidly. Private entrepreneurs participated in the construction of factories. In 1702, the Nevyansk plant was transferred to Nikita Demidov, from whom a large dynasty of Ural industrialists began. The Stroganovs and Yakovlevs also became the largest plant owners. The population of the Urals grew, new settlements arose abundantly. There were many Old Believers in the Urals who moved here from the central part of the country, hiding from persecution. The construction of the Yekaterinburg plant in 1723 was of great importance.
In the 18th century, the Urals became a major mining and metallurgical center. Craftsmen worked at the factories (they performed all production and technical work at the factories) and working people (together with assigned peasants, they were involved in auxiliary work, they included miners, coal burners, carpenters, lumberjacks, carters, masons, etc.) . They were obliged to work in factories "forever", released from work only due to old age or serious illness.
With the advent of factories, the importance of waterways increased. Along the rivers Chusovaya, Belaya, Ufa, Ai and others, factory products were rafted. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Urals produced 4/5 of Russian pig iron and iron, and Russia was in first place in the world in the production of ferrous metals.
In the 1730s, a network of fortified lines - fortresses (old and new Zakamsky, Orenburg (Yaitskaya), Sakmarskaya, Isetskaya) was created in the Southern Urals. Cossacks also served here. The Orenburg expedition arose with the aim of developing the southern part of the Urals. This contributed to the shift of the Russian population from north to south.
In 1704-11, 1735-37, 1738-39, 1740, large Bashkir riots broke out in the Urals. The Bashkirs attacked villages and settlements, burned houses, smashed factories. In 1773-74, the Peasant War broke out under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III.
In the 18th century, the first educational institutions began to appear, but education began to receive real development only towards the end of the 19th century. However, most of the children did not attend school.
When the industrial revolution began in the West in the 19th century, Russian industry began to lag far behind.
The adoption of the decree of 1812 on the permission of gold mining to private individuals led to the discovery of numerous mines in the Urals, and soon a gold rush broke out. The gold mining control center was located in Yekaterinburg. The Ryazanovs, Kazantsevs, Balandins, and Zotovs were major gold miners. By 1845, Russia's share in world gold production was 47%. Before the discovery of Californian and Australian deposits, it overtook all countries of the world. Rich deposits of platinum (95% of world production) were also discovered in the Urals.
Trade flourished in the 19th century. The annual turnover of the Ural fairs nationwide exceeded 20%, of which 80% of the fair turnover in the Urals was provided by the Irbit fair - the second in Russia after the Nizhny Novgorod fair.
At the same time, uprisings often broke out in the 19th century, the Ural peasants fought for their rights. The Urals and Trans-Urals became a place of exile for the Decembrists.
An important stage in the development of the country was the abolition of serfdom on February 19, 1861. Legally, the peasants gained freedom, but in reality everything turned out to be more complicated. According to the law, the artisans were provided only with a homestead and mowing, but no allotments. By this they were attached to the factories. For the use of artisans mowing, pasture, forest, the possibility of working out at factories was provided. Breeders continued to be masters of considerable farmland and vast territories.
Thanks to the reforms of Alexander II, people began to be involved in an active social life, and the intelligentsia played a prominent role.
By the end of the 19th century, the Urals began to lose competition to the new large metallurgical center in the Donbass. The enterprises were technically backward, poorly reconstructed, the ore and fuel base was depleted. As a result, an industrial crisis broke out in the Urals. To find ways out of the crisis in 1899, on the instructions of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, an expedition of a group of scientists and engineers headed by D.I. Mendeleev.
Soon an era of upheavals began: the first world war, revolution, civil war ...
References:
Panina S.N. Ancient history of the peoples of the Urals. - Yekaterinburg, publishing house "Kvadrat", 2017.
History of the Urals from ancient times to the end of the XIX century. - Yekaterinburg, 2002.
Materials of the Museum of History and Archeology of the Middle Urals
