Slyudyansk Mining Administration. Slyudyansk Mining Administration Slyudyansk Mining Administration in the 50s

Silantiev V. P. Slyudyantsy in the rear and at the front

Slyudyanka, 2000

Chapter 1. Slyudyansky district on the eve of the Great Patriotic War

Chapter 2. The first women's locomotive brigade

Chapter 3. Enterprises of the Slyudyansky district (for 1941)

Chapter 4. Master of high speeds

Chapter 5. The first days of the war

Chapter 6. Valiant Labor

Chapter 7. Slyudyansky hospital

Chapter 8. Japanese prisoners of war in Slyudyanka

Chapter 9. Fought for the Motherland

Chapter 10. Our Stars are Golden

Chapter 11. Brothers in Arms

Chapter 12. A reward awaits the hero

Chapter 13. Brest Red Banner...

Chapter 14. War heroes

Chapter 15. Road to Victory

Chapter 16. The song was born in Slyudyanka

Chapter 17. In the war with Japan

Chapter 18. Alive, stand up!

Chapter 1.

Slyudyansky district on the eve of the Great Patriotic War

What was the Slyudyansky district like on the eve of the Great Patriotic War?

The Slyudyansky district was formed in 1930 according to the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It included Kultukskaya, Listvenichnaya and Murinskaya volosts. Soon the volosts as administrative units were abolished and village councils and the Slyudyansky Village Council were formed.

Slyudyanka owes its name to the richest reserves of mica-phlogopite, the deposit of which in the basin of the river of the same name was discovered by Russian explorers back in the 17th century. With the construction of the railway, it became not only a center for the extraction of unique mica, but also a large railway settlement, and then a city.

In 1934 Listvenichnoye has been transformed into a workers' settlement.

In 1935, B. Goloustinsky and M. Goloustinsky village councils were included from the Irkutsk district into the Slyudyansky district.

In 1936, the working settlement of Slyudyanka was transformed into a city, and the village of Kultuk into a working settlement.

This territorial and administrative division existed for more than thirty years, until 1963. The area cut through by the railway resembled a steel horseshoe, framed by green taiga and white mountain peaks, and embraced the coastal strip of the entire Southern Baikal from the Snezhnaya River to Peschanaya Bay, including, naturally, the source of the Angara, and along the Tunkinskaya Valley the Cossack village of Tibelti.

According to official data, as of January 1, 1939, 25,343 people lived in the area, including in Slyudyanka - 12,231, in the territory of Listvenichny Village Council - 4814, Kultuksky - 5015, Marituysky Village Council - 1075, Utuliksky - 1316, Tibeltinsky - 564, B. Goloustinsky - 927, M. Goloustinsky - 401.

The 30s were the period of the Stakhanov movement. In railway transport, this movement was led by the driver of the Slavyansk locomotive depot, Petr Krivonos. In the summer of 1935, he carried out a heavy train at a record speed for that time. The methods of work of Pyotr Krivonos were widely introduced on the East Siberian Railway, including in the locomotive depot of the station. Slyudyanka. One of Krivonos’ followers among the Slyudyanites was driver Boris Nikolaevich Buivit. With his careful attitude to technology, he increased the mileage of the locomotive between lifting repairs, and in 1936 he brought this mileage to 100 thousand kilometers. At that time this was a record.

In May 1936, Boris Nikolaevich was among a large group of railway workers on the East Siberian Railway at a meeting in Moscow. The Siberians were met in the Kremlin by Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin. One of the participants in this meeting, a resident of Slyudyanka Konstantin Antonovich Zimmerman (in Moscow he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor) recalls that Kalinin asked with particular interest about the work of the Siberian railway workers, and at the end of the meeting he took a photo with them (photo not found). There, in the Kremlin, Buivit was awarded the Order of Lenin. He became the first holder of this honorary order among the Slyudyanites.

In response to the highest award of the Motherland, Buivit undertook to increase the mileage of his locomotive between turning tires to 120 thousand kilometers. The standard for the road at that time was 40 thousand. Buivit and his fellow drivers Nikolai Avtsin and Nikolai Okhotin carefully looked after the locomotive, preventing unnecessary slipping, weakening of springs, etc. In December 1936, they drove an empty train from the Petrovsky Plant to Taishet, the locomotive's mileage reached 90 thousand km. But the locomotive was still in good condition, and then they decided to ride it along an unfamiliar profile. The car passed this test too. The machinists set the task of bringing the route to 120 thousand kilometers. On April 10, 1937, the obligations were fulfilled.

The photograph that Buivit sent to the Museum of the History of the Slyudyansk Locomotive Depot shows the steam locomotive EM No. 740-47, which came out of lifting repairs after a 120-kilometer run without turning the tires. Near the locomotive is Buivit with the Order of Lenin on his chest, the head of the depot I.A. Vertyachikh, the teacher of the Federal Educational Institution A, I. Klimov, drivers N. Okhotin, N. Avtsin, assistant drivers Ershov and N. Sheiko.

During the Great Patriotic War, Boris Nikolaevich Buivit headed the depot team. In subsequent years, before retiring, he worked in the Irkutsk department of the railway, was awarded the second Order of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor, and was twice awarded the title of “Honorary Railway Worker.”

The years 1930-1940 are characterized by a further increase in mica mining, the introduction of machinery into production, and the development of socialist competition. Teams of miners led by G. I. Blyumov, G. A. Filimonov, S. S. Tumanov and others have proven themselves well.

In 1933, a power plant was built (now one of the buildings of Khimreaktiv), and the exploitation of the famous vein No. 6 began (50 thousand tons of mica were taken over the entire period). In 1937, mine No. 4 came into operation. During this period, the Stakhanov movement also developed among the miners. The followers of Alexei Stakhanov were miners S.I. Tumanov, F.I. Chupin, G.I. Blyumov, G.A. Tyumin. S. Nezameev, G. N. Filimonov, D. Ya. Pinigin, V. A. Dezhenkov and others.

On January 11, 1940, driller Dezhenkov drilled five faces instead of one, fulfilling the production rate by 571 percent, bringing the productive work time to 87 percent. A noble Stakhanovite, he died heroically in one of the battles with the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War. He was forever included in the lists of the staff of the Slyudyansk Mining Administration.

In 1939, the company employed 533 people. Mica mining is characterized by the following data: in 1933, 2630 tons of mica were mined, 1934 - 2526, 1935 - 4843, 1936 - 6934, 1937 - 5873, 1938 - 6200 tons.

At the end of 1939, to supply rubble stone to enterprises and construction sites of the Eastern Railway in the Slyudyansky district, a quarry was opened, which employed 75 people.

There were about 160 miners at the Baikalzoloto mines (B. Koty). For the Ulan-Ude PVRZ and the Irkutsk plant named after. Kuibyshev carried out the extraction of quartz sand in Khargino. Here in the summer there was a quarry, which employed from 46 to 85 people.

In the fall and winter, the slaughterhouse of the Irkutsk meat processing plant operated in Kultuk. The number of workers at the plant ranged from 156 to 408 people.

About 600 workers worked at the Listvenichnaya Shipyard named after. Yaroslavsky. The construction of new ships was carried out, as well as major, medium and current repairs of ships in the port of Baikal. 330 people worked directly at the port of Baikal.

In Kultuk there was “Sovmongtuvtorg”, which employed 320 people. This enterprise was engaged in the transportation of import-export cargo. In 1939 there were 40 cars here.

In January 1940, the Slyudyansky regional food processing plant was organized. Initially, confectionery production (gingerbread, drying) was established. In addition, fish was processed (smoked, salted), fruits and wild berries.

In 1940, it was planned to produce 72 tons of confectionery products, process 27.5 tons of fish and 50 tons of berries and fruits.

There was also agriculture in the area.

The first two communes, with 424 people, appeared in the Slyudyansky district in 1931. Soon six more agricultural associations were organized, uniting 822 people. However, the number of individual farms, in which there were 10,295 peasants, was even greater by the end of 1931 - 1,465. Individual farms had 44.9 percent of horses in the region, 94.7 of bulls, 64 of cows, 67 of sheep and goats, 15.1 – pigs. In addition, individual farms had significant land for sowing oats, wheat, winter rye and planting potatoes.

On May 1, 1939, there were 6 collective farms in the Slyudyansky district. Collectivization covered 84.7 percent of farms. Land cultivation was carried out only by horse traction. If in 1938 there were 141 traction horses on the collective farms of the region, then in 1939 there were 216.

In 1937, collective farms had 442 hectares of cultivated area for grains and legumes, in 1938 - 507, 1939 - 573.

In 1937, 30 hectares were sown with winter rye and wheat, in 1938 - 55 and in 1939 - 93 hectares.

On January 1, 1940, in the Slyudyansky district, across all categories of farms, there were 977 horses, 2829 heads of cattle, of which 1543 were cows.

Chapter 2.

The first women's locomotive brigade

Remember the song of the 30s “If tomorrow there is war, if tomorrow there is a campaign...”. Indeed, people felt the approach of a military thunderstorm. The country's leadership took large-scale measures to prepare labor reserves. Technical schools and technical training schools were opened throughout the country, and women mastered male professions.
In Slyudyanka, FZO and schools were also opened at the railway junction and at the mine. The first female locomotive brigade on the East Siberian Railway appeared in the Slyudyanka locomotive depot. Valentina Petrovna Grigorieva recalls:
“I was invited to the political department for a conversation with Anna Nikitichna Klimets. She started the conversation about my license to drive a steam locomotive. I found myself on the East Siberian as the only woman with a driver’s license.

I was in my fourth year when we girls heard the call from Muscovite Zinaida Troitskaya for women and girls to go work on steam locomotives. Six volunteers were found from our graduating class. During production practice, we asked to be appointed as assistant drivers. At the Liski locomotive depot of the South-Eastern Railway, I got on the heavy steam locomotive “FD”. During my internship, I managed to travel the required number of kilometers—twelve thousand—to obtain the license to drive a steam locomotive. I also took a test ride. The exams had to be taken at the road department, and I prepared for them alone. She left the institute as an engineer and locomotive driver.

Now Anna Nikitichna Klimets offered me to lead the women’s brigade at the Slyudyanka depot. “We need to prove that men’s work can also be done by us women,” she urged. I didn’t mind, I wanted to repeat the feat of Zinaida Troitskaya.

In February 1940, I applied to the head of the service to second me to the Slyudyanka locomotive depot as a driver to organize a women's locomotive brigade.

In the same month we accepted the EM series locomotive. Lida Maltseva, a young girl who already had experience working on a steam locomotive, was appointed assistant driver. Lida stood out among us for her tall stature and physical endurance. Shura Lyapchenko, plump and short, took over as fireman.

Our first train was a freight train. We had to deliver it from Slyudyanka to Mysovaya station. We were on the road for more than ten hours. In general, trips at that time lasted from eight to eighteen hours. During this time, it was necessary to shovel from twenty to twenty-eight tons of coal from the tender to the firebox. How much more slag can you unload from the furnace!

It was especially difficult for Shura Lyapchenko. It was difficult for her to move the firebox. In addition, she was obliged to provide the locomotive with lubricants and cleaning materials.

Lida Maltseva, in addition to heating, had to promptly lubricate rubbing parts and clean the locomotive. It was the driver’s responsibility to monitor the condition of the locomotive and the fastening of all its components. And of course, locomotive control, traffic safety, crew management.

And we conducted the first train safely, and the second, and the third... On the performance board, which reflected the results of each trip, out of 20-25 locomotive crews, ours always ended up in the top five. For high results we were awarded cash prizes, valuable gifts and certificates of honor... The Irkutsk newsreel studio captured the work of our team on film, and this documentary was shown in various parts of our country...”

Chapter 3.

Enterprises of the Slyudyansky district (for 1941)

1. Slyudyansk Mining Administration

2. Artel of disabled people.

3. Raizdrav

4. Rayono

5. Transport Club

7. Artel "Avangard"

8. Irobltorg

9. Raipchekombinat

10. Raitranstorgpit

11. Raisvyaz

12. People's Court and the Prosecutor's Office

13. City Council

14. Rayleskhoz

15. State Forestry

16. Slyudyanka station

17. Carriage repair point

18. Conductor reserve

19. Depot st. Slyudyanka

20. Material warehouse

21. Coal warehouse

22. Timber warehouse

23. Stone quarry

24. 10th distance of the journey

25. 4th communication distance

26. “Sovmongguvtorg” (Kultuk)

27. Livestock import

28. Meat processing plant

29. 9th distance of the path (Marituy)

30. Port Baikal (Baikal station)

31. Shipyard named after. Yaroslavsky (Listvyanka)

32. Vodtorgpit

33. Academy of Sciences

Chapter 4.

Master of high speeds

The famous writer Ivan Ivanovich Molchanov-Sibirsky (the Irkutsk Regional Library is named after him) visited Slyudyanka on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The meeting with the railway workers did not pass without leaving a trace. From his pen was born an essay about the Slyudyansk driver Georgy Pashkov - “Master of High Speeds”, which was published in East Siberian Pravda on June 26, 1941.
It was the fifth day of the war, there were difficult trials ahead, but the locomotive driver Georgy Ivanovich Pashkov withstood them with honor. During the war years, he was among the leading drivers, driving heavy trains at maximum speed and without accidents. Today he is no longer alive, but his children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren live in Slyudyanka. They are proud that their father and grandfather, together with other railway workers, brought Victory Day closer.

The station attendant hastily finished the phone conversation, hung up and ran to the platform. A loud whistle was heard, repeated by a polyphonic echo... A few minutes later, from behind the high Baikal mountains, steeply falling off the coast, a steam locomotive with a long line of freight cars flew onto the straight line.

The long beep sounded again. The locomotive screamed for good reason. The semaphore was closed. Having caught up with the duty officer, the train stopped. The driver leaned out of the window. The flushed face was alarmed.

“What happened, boss,” the driver turned to the duty officer. The station duty officer hesitated and did not answer immediately:

You see…

Yes, speak right away...

Well, they told me to check it out.

Check?.. - the driver asked in surprise as he descended onto the platform.

Yes, check it out. “You were traveling very fast... A freight train, the speed of an express train,” the attendant said, getting more and more irritated, upset by an order that he clearly did not like.

The driver looked knowingly at the duty officer. A bitter smile flashed for a moment, then he laughed and asked with a good-natured taunt:

Breathe?

No, what are you talking about, comrade. Pashkov. “I can see it that way,” the cheerful duty officer answered, “move on, have a nice journey.”

Happily…

Steam spread out like a white mane over the carriages, and the train sped away, and the attendant stood on the platform for a long time and looked after the quickly departing train. Deep in thought, the puzzled duty officer went to the station. He did not yet know what to call this event that excited him. And this innovation was called. Driver Pashkov was one of the first, having carefully calculated all the capabilities of the locomotive, and began to painstakingly and persistently achieve high speeds. When he succeeded for the first time, it was a big surprise for many - such a speed of movement of a freight train. That's when we decided to check it out.

In 1934, the son of a Slyudyansk carpenter, Komsomol member Georgy Ivanovich Pashkov, began driving as an assistant driver. A naturally inquisitive person with extraordinary abilities, Georgy Pashkov zealously took up the study of the steam locomotive. The knowledge gained at the factory apprenticeship school and work in the depot helped him. The rest was complemented by an ardent desire to master the technique; a year later, nineteen-year-old Georgy Pashkov received the right to drive a steam locomotive.

More than once Georgy wondered how to achieve great results from the machine, what could be done to make an ordinary freight locomotive produce high speeds? Reading the newspapers, Pashkov thought: it’s time for locomotives to start breaking the skills and traditions that have been established for decades.

The Slyudyanka-Mysovaya stretch became more and more familiar. Pashkov easily fit in on time. And this ease caused deep dissatisfaction. I wanted more, but the young driver did not yet know how to achieve this more. He was given a steam locomotive, which had previously had the humble destiny of driving ballast trains. Pashkov decided to restore the car's lost reputation. He himself spent many hours on repairs and did not leave the depot for days on end. But the locomotive turned out great, and the hours of voluntary work paid off. The car was distinguished by its obedience and great strength. And the driver began to achieve such results, such indicators that further strengthened Pashkov’s fame.

In 1938, Slyudyansk driver Georgy Ivanovich Pashkov was summoned to Moscow by the People's Commissar of Railways, Comrade. Kaganovich at the board meeting. Here Pashkov met the most famous people in railway transport. The heads of roads and employees of the People's Commissariat spoke. Soon Lazar Moiseevich said:

The floor is given to the driver of the Slyudyanka depot, comrade. Pashkov.

Pashkov was shy at first, but then he remembered what was worrying him, but he laid out everything in order: Our locomotives, they say, are good, but we just don’t use them inadequately. Georgy Pashkov also told how in distant Siberia the drivers carry out the instructions of the Lenin-Stalin party about the rise of railway transport.

Comrade Pashkov returned to Slyudyanka and took up the organization of heavy trains. In 1940, Pashkov's brigade took first place and held the Red Banner all the time.

A long time ago, the appearance of the locomotive changed. The entire team painstakingly looked after their car.

It’s easy to work on a serviceable, clean locomotive and carry out the most difficult tasks,” said Pashkov, himself showing an example of a loving attitude towards the locomotive. Long before winter, the team took care to warm the car and installed steam heating on their own. They insulated the booth, painted it, even installed a radio. For sixteen days, while the locomotive was being turned, driver Pashkov and his entire crew worked tirelessly.

A good driver has good assistants and good couplers. But before a good asset was created in this brigade, a lot of work had to be done. Georgy Pashkov developed the ability to recognize people and determine their abilities. Something happened to the locomotive Dudarev when he made a mistake. He was immediately taken off the locomotive and into the depot, and Pashkov came to the head of the depot and asked Dudarev to join his locomotive.

The head of the Vertyachikh depot resolutely replied: “Nothing will come of it,” but he made concessions.
The work was in full swing. Pashkov treated his comrade attentively. The car will stop, Pashkov will inspect everything himself, attach what is needed, then Dudareva will direct it. From that time on, Dudarev’s work began in a new way. Not a single case of marriage appeared again. Dudarev's noticeably improved work was noted by the NKPS with a prize - a personalized watch of the People's Commissar. Georgy Pashkov prepared his assistants for the machinist exams. Nikolai Gladyshev began working as his partner, Krivolapov also received management rights.

Pashkov did not forget the stokers. For them, he determined the path to becoming assistants. He himself studied both theory and practice with them, and as soon as the assistant passes the driver’s exam, the fireman moves to the highest level. Kopoplev, Fedotov and Ruzhitsky studied in this unique school.

Someone called Pashkov a mischievous person. Indeed, there is some kind of mischief in it, but in this mischief there is only a desire to find something new, to break old norms, to take from the car everything that it can give.

According to the locomotive mileage plan, there are 45 thousand kilometers between turnings. Pashkov achieved a doubling. But this is not the limit, there were other comrades who achieved better results. Drivers Morozkin, Tsapenko and Skorobogatov completed 110 thousand kilometers, and driver Klimov achieved even better results; he completed 121 thousand kilometers. Last year, Pashkov gave 98 thousand kilometers, and made a commitment to do 150 thousand kilometers without grinding.

Pashkov took on another obligation - to double the daily mileage. Having worked for more than five years on the EM 73290 steam locomotive, or simply on the ninetieth machine, I carefully took into account all the real possibilities.

At 12 o'clock Georgy Pashkov drove a freight train from the Slyudyanka station.

His partner said:

I’m waiting to come back in the morning,” and went hunting.

In the evening he listens and can’t believe his ears. I looked at my watch - 19. So, only seven hours had passed. Can't be. But here comes the beep again. And at ninety the buzzer is excellent. Pashkov chose it himself. Dudarev got ready and ran. He looks, and around the village the children are already shouting:
- The ninetieth has arrived.

Pashkov did not calm down on this. I calculated how much time it took to fill the water and decided to make a test ride without additional water. And usually two more such stops are required. I calculated, thought through everything to the smallest detail and went.

Before leaving he was asked:

Will you do it?

“I’ll do it,” Pashkov answered confidently and actually did it. Machinists Morozkin, Shtolman and others decided to adopt Pashkov’s experience. Pashkov willingly told how he achieved good results.

He brought me to Mysovaya, cleaned the car, pumped up the full boiler and tender. Pumped up to capacity. On the way, every drop of water is precious. When I was completely ready, I drove out in front of the train. He warned us not to tear off the stopcock. Well, I tightened up the press so that I could save steam. Then I went. You know the rest...

Pashkov's advice was useful. Many drivers began to make trips without additional water.

Every new movement in transport finds a follower and initiator in the person of Pashkov.

Pashkov was one of the first to join the Papavin movement, followed by many other brigades. And now Pashkov leads the Papavi brigade of 25 locomotives.

The Lunin movement also met with a friendly response among the Slyudyansk machinists.

As soon as the Gudok newspaper with the first article about Lunin’s work was received, Georgy Ivanovich assembled his team. Told. Then he asked:

Shall we do it?

Let's do it. Georgy Ivanovich,” answered Dudarev and Gladyshev. They immediately began to implement this unwritten decision. Pashkov went first. I wrote down two repair points and kept 15 for myself. The mechanics left the depot, and the locomotive crew of the ninetieth engine continued to work for a long time. Only when everything was finished and there was complete confidence that not a single bolt would come loose, did the locomotives go to rest.

A distinctive feature of the brigade of the ninetieth machine was that every driver, every assistant and fireman participates in socialist competition, and therefore the work is successful, there is no waste.

Young, energetic, inquisitive people work on a ninetieth machine. The highest demands can be placed on both Gladyshev and the son of the Slyudyansk fireman Dudarev, and especially the excellent driver-educator and advanced worker Pashkov. They cope with these requirements with dignity. A train driver near Lake Baikal requires a subtle skill. The lake-sea often meets brave drivers with winds. There are a lot of precipitous places on the site, a lot of curves, a lot of accidents that the nature of the Baikal region generously supplies. Pashkov firmly made it a rule to drive trains exactly on schedule, to prevent defects, at any time of the day or night and under any conditions.

And the main thing is that their work illustrates the wonderful words of A. M. Gorky that work in the Soviet Union is turning into creativity.

Iv. Molchanov-Sibirsky.

Chapter 5.

The first days of the war

The Slyudyansk regional newspaper “Leninskoye Znamya” dated June 22, 1941 reported that today, on a day off, i.e. On June 22, a mass exit of the city's workers is organized to its outskirts - the Pokhabikha pad. The purpose of the exit is to have a cultural and fun time...
The resolution of the 5th Plenum of the Irkutsk OK CPSU (b) “On the results of spring sowing, preparation and harvesting and procurement of agricultural products” was published on the first and second newspaper pages.

The next day of the war, June 23, 1941, the regular 9th session of the regional Council of Workers' Deputies took place. Speaking at this session, the second secretary of the district party committee, Comrade. Panin emphasized: “At such a crucial moment, when diplomatic conversations have turned into weapons, we on the ground must organize our work in the way that the country requires of us... Nowadays, more than ever, it is necessary to organize clear, Bolshevik work...”

On June 29, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (6) sent a directive to party and Soviet organizations, which most fully defined the tasks of the Soviet people to rebuild the entire life of the country in the conditions of the outbreak of war. This directive was the basis for the speech of I.V. Stalin, which he delivered on the instructions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Party on the radio on July 3, 1941.

“We must immediately,” said Comrade. Stalin, “to restructure all our work on a military basis, subordinating everything to the interests of the front and the tasks of organizing the defeat of the enemy.”

Get up, huge country!

As soon as the radio brought the alarming news about the treacherous attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union, a wave of mass rallies swept through our region, as well as throughout the country. The people of Slyudyansk angrily condemned them and branded them with shame The crime of fascism. The workers swore, sparing no effort and life, to defend their native Fatherland.
On June 23 at 5 a.m., rallies began at the Slyudyansky mine administration. 350 workers and employees gathered for a rally at the mica factory. Stakhanovka mica splitting shop comrade. Bibiluri was the first to speak out and called on the factory staff to complete the production program ahead of schedule and strengthen the defense of the Motherland. “If necessary,” said the workshop foreman, Comrade. Yakusheva, - we, women, will go to the front together with men. Now our duty is to increase labor productivity and achieve high quality products.” Head, economic workshop, former partisan of the civil war, comrade. Terentyev said at the meeting: “I have two sons serving in the border troops. Together with them, I am ready to defend our Motherland with arms in hand.”

The resolution of the mica factory team meeting states: “We have completed the seven-month program. In the remaining six days of June, we undertake to provide one thousand rubles in products above the plan.”

The locomotive depot workers pledged to reduce the repair time of steam locomotives and fight for strict adherence to train schedules.

The workers of the Khamar-Daban weather station wrote in their resolution: “Let our angry words fly from here - from the Baikal ridges - to the enemy’s camp, so that they feel the formidable power of our country.”

On the very first day of the war, the Slyudyansky military registration and enlistment office received many applications with requests to enroll as volunteers in the Red Army.

All statements are imbued with patriotic spirit and great anger. Political instructor of the reserve comrade. Khvoyny wrote in his statement: “I urge you to accept me into the ranks of the Red Army and give me the opportunity to take an active part in the defeat of the German fascists. “I am the son of the Lenin-Stalin party and I cannot help but participate in the destruction.”

In the mining workshop of the mining department, the head of the dynamite booth, a former partisan of the Civil War, Comrade. Balandin said at the rally that he considered himself mobilized and would go with his three sons to the Red Army.

Many applications were received from non-union youth. For example, a worker on a geological exploration expedition, Comrade. Zelentsov wrote in a statement: “By volunteering to join the ranks of the workers’ and peasants’ Red Army, I want to be a member of the Leninist Komsomol. I pledge to fight for our happy Motherland, and if necessary, I will give my life for it.”

The boys and girls studied even more persistently and diligently in defense circles, studied weapons, learned to shoot accurately and throw grenades. On the second day of the war, station activists called on the radio to all workers, employees and housewives of the city and region with an appeal to join defense circles and study military affairs. On the same day, the primary organization OSOAVIAKHIM at the car repair point alone received 28 applications.

In Slyudyanka, the villages of Kultuk and Listvenichny, military posts began operating on October 1, 1941. “Working people, especially young people, are eager to learn military science, trying to learn how to shoot accurately, throw grenades, and learn the techniques of modern combat as quickly as possible,” said Commissar of the Slyudyansk District Military Commissariat. Fokin at the regular session of the District Council held on October 6, 1941.

Military training in the Slyudyansky region in 1941 involved 695 people, in addition, 11,000 people were trained in air defense.

In May 1942, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 218, the head of the Slyudyansk military training center D. D. Evstigneev was awarded the “Excellent Worker of the Red Army” badge for successful work.

By November 1942, more than a hundred sanitary workers, nurses, and many PVHO and GTO badge holders had been trained in radon.

From the first days of the war, the district party committee and the district Council of Workers' Deputies obliged the heads of enterprises, secretaries of party and Komsomol organizations, and trade unions to reorganize all work on a war footing.

Chapter 6.

Valiant Labor

The war tore many Slyudyanites away from peaceful creative work. According to the surviving data of the district military registration and enlistment office, 3,461 people were drafted into the army in 1941-1945. At the call of the party, pensioners, housewives, and teenagers went to the railways and mines, replacing husbands, fathers and sons who had gone to the front. Nodal inspector-methodologist Rassokhatsky wrote in October 1941: “As the Patriotic War began, new Soviet patriots came to machine tools and machines. Many of the students have already mastered their chosen professions and are now working independently. These young personnel, last year’s schoolchildren, are now driving locomotives on their own, working as carriage workers, mechanics and turners.”

The Slyudyanites showed true labor heroism during the Patriotic War. The regional newspaper “Lenin's Banner” noted in 1941 that “war gives birth to heroes. And here, in the rear, as well as at the front, wonderful wartime Stakhanovites are growing.”

^ IN THE LOCOMOTIVE DEPOT

The team of the washing shop of the locomotive depot, headed by the communist S.A. Zimmerman, distinguished itself for its heroic work. At one of the meetings, a mechanic of the complex brigade of this workshop, M. S. Drozdov, said: “Our duty to the Motherland is to work better tomorrow than we worked today. The more we sweat at the machines, the less precious blood of our glorious defenders will be shed.”

Fitting fitter Belyakov did not leave the workshop for a day and a half until he completed an urgent task. According to pre-war standards, this work required 80 hours, Comrade. Belyakov completed it in 36 hours. On November 13, 1941, the district newspaper reported: “Complex brigades of Komsomol members of the t.t. Isaikova and Khramova (Slyudyanka depot) are known far beyond the Slyudyanka region. They are rightfully considered advanced on the East Siberian Railway. In the pre-October competition, the brigade of comrade. Isaikova was in first place, with the passing Red Banner of the road left behind her. All the Komsomol members of the workshop are two hundred members, and comrades Svezhentsev, Masterskikh and Shevchenko give three or four norms per shift.” At the beginning of 1942, a column of steam locomotives named after the State Defense Committee was created at the Slyudyansky locomotive depot. It was headed by the communist Fedot Rodionovich Ievlev.
The convoy crews repaired the locomotives on their own, treated the vehicles with care, and thereby increased their mileage between turning the tires.

In 1942, the lifting shop team, headed by Comrade. Mikhailov. On the eve of Railwayman's Day, this team was recognized as the best lifting shop on the railway network. The newspaper "East Siberian Way" published a welcoming telegram from the People's Commissar of Railways, in which the workshop staff was congratulated on the victory achieved.

On April 15, 1943, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, martial law was introduced on all railways. The work of railway workers has become more intense. During this period, the leading drivers of the Slyudyanka depot took the initiative to create a special fund for the People's Commissar using the saved fuel. In May 1943, a telegram was sent to the driver of the Slyudyanka depot, Florinsky, signed by the People's Commissar of Railways, Comrade. Kaganovich and the head of the Central Department of Locomotive Facilities of the NKPS Comrade. Garnyk. It said: “The NKPS warmly approves of your commitments to save fuel and the valuable initiative of putting saved fuel into a special fund for the People’s Commissar to create reserves for the winter. The transfer of the 114 tons of coal you have already saved into reserves for the winter shows the desire of the best people in railway transport to help the valiant Red Army in the fight against the German invaders. We wish you, Comrade Florinsky and the members of your brigade further success in your work.”

In total, in 1943, the drivers of the Slyudyanka depot deposited more than five thousand tons of coal into the special fund of the People's Commissar.

“Slyudyansk drivers did not limit themselves only to the fight for fuel economy,” noted the head of VSJD, Comrade, in his report. Sychev on February 11, 1944 at a party and economic asset. - Drivers of the column named after the State Defense Committee comrade. Kokora, Ryazantsev, Eremin and others were the initiators of driving heavy trains.

With their Stakhanov-like work in winter conditions, they showed that even on the Dekapot series locomotives it is possible to run trains quickly, on schedule, regardless of any natural difficulties. Following the Slyudyansk locomotives, heavyweight locomotives began to be driven by the drivers of the Irkutsk-2, Zima depot, and thanks to these heavyweight flights, the road gained a lot in terms of accelerating the turnover of rolling stock, improving the use of the useful power of the locomotives...”

1944 was a difficult year for the depot staff. Despite the dedicated work of the workers, the enterprise was considered unprofitable. However, by the fall it had emerged from the breakthrough and again took a prize place among the locomotive depots of the road.

During this period, coppersmith of the washing shop F.V. Ignatenko worked hard during this period, fulfilling three standards per shift. In September 1944, his name was included in the “Labor Glory” road book.

S. S. Malakhov was awarded the badge “Drummer of the Stalinist Conscription”. By order of the People's Commissar of Railways dated October 2, 1944, the master of the mechanical shop I. E. Yakovlev was awarded the “Honorary Railway Worker” badge, and the senior locomotive driver M. M. Evdokimov was awarded the “Excellent Locomotive Worker” badge. The leading driver of the Slyudyansk depot N.K. Sheiko also received the “Excellent Engine” badge.

A tense situation developed on the Trans-Siberian Railway in the summer of 1945. Over three months (May, June, July) 39 divisions and brigades, two corps, three air divisions, a large number of tank, artillery, engineering, medical, road and other units were transferred along this railway at a distance of 9 to 12 thousand km and connections. In the history of the Great Patriotic War, this is the result of not only remarkable transportation planning on the part of the General Staff and military communications authorities, but also an example of the exceptionally organized and dedicated work of Soviet railway workers. It was for this heroic work that in August 1945, the locomotive driver of the Slyudyansky depot, Nikolai Karpovich Sheiko, was awarded the Order of Lenin.

^ AT THE MINE

During the war, Slyudyansk miners also worked like a guard. The manager of the mine administration, M. Tolstoukhov, wrote on June 28, 1941 in the regional newspaper “Leninskoye Znamya” that the miners decided “to double the mica mining program of the second half of 1941 and produce mica products only of high quality, sharply increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of production, ensure high culture in production, increase revolutionary vigilance.
“We will carry out our production tasks in the same way that soldiers carry out the orders of the commanders of the Red Army,” said the workers of the mining workshop.

The workers of the mica factory pledged to fulfill the annual plan for crushed mica by the 24th anniversary of the October Revolution. The same obligations were assumed by miners and workers of other workshops for mining preparation, construction and repair.

And here is the collective statement of the workers of the machine shop: “We, the workers of the machine shop, ask to be allowed to join the socialist defense watch, we will work as we have never worked. At the same time, we ask for permission to work additionally every day until the enemy is completely destroyed, in addition to 8 hours, three hours a day for defense. Fully repay the subscription amount for the loan during July-October.

Comrades Itsuk, Terentyev, Simakov, Khudyakov, Filippov and others submitted applications to the military registration and enlistment office with a request to send them as volunteers to the active army.

26 people - wives of workers, engineers and office workers - went to production and helped their husbands exceed the mica mining program, and 30 multi-family workers' wives chopped mica at home. Even children expressed a desire to help their parents in mining mica. From June 23 to June 26, 1941, the mining workshop, factory, ore sorting, etc. significantly exceeded their assignment. The mica factory and dismantling completed their task one and a half times, and their individual teams completed their task twice as much.

More than two standards were developed by workers Dolbina T., Ivleva I., Savina D., over one and a half standards were given by Sorokovikov K., Khotyev I., Melnikov I., Serditovs and others.
The newspaper also reported about the famous Stakhanovite of the mining administration, Comrade. Dezhenkov, who on a day off, working in a mine, gave 250 percent of the daily norm in 3 hours. His student, the young miner Chukhnin, gave two standards in 4 hours.

Mica ringer Tatyana Dolbina was also ahead of the competitors. Its daily output for seven months averaged 216 percent, and for August 1941 - 245 percent.

On November 6, at the party-Komsomol meeting of the Slyudyansky mine administration, the secretary of the Komsomol committee T. Dolbina said: “On holidays, I worked out three norms per shift, but now this is not enough. I give my word: give three and a half norms daily.”

Summing up the results of the work for the first year of the war, M. Tolstoukhov informed through the newspaper that the team of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration had significantly exceeded the annual plan in all respects. Over the past year, production costs have been reduced by 29 percent. Received 1,203,600 rubles in profit from production and economic activities. Labor productivity increased by 18 percent. In the mine administration, 80 percent of the workers were shock workers and Stakhanovites.

The People's Commissar of Industrial Construction Materials appreciated the work of the team of Slyudyansk miners. The 25 best initiators of production were awarded with an excellent student badge, diplomas and certificates of commendation. Among them are the drillers, the Tyumin brothers Egor and Timofey, the master of mica splitter Faina Puchienko (later awarded the Order of Lenin), the chief mechanic Mikhail Ivanovich Krushinsky, the chief accountant Viktor Mikhailovich Larichev and others.

In March 1942, mica factory workers gathered for a rally in connection with the end of the quarterly plan. The resolution adopted at the meeting states: “During the Patriotic War, the Stakhanov movement developed widely at the factory. There is not a single employee who does not comply with the standards. From our midst, we raised production guards who produce 2 or more norms, such as Dolbnina, Smolentsova, Novikova, Lunina, Maziy and others.

The best of the best at the factory is the team of master Puchienko. The brigadier was awarded the badge of excellence in socialist competition. Dolgopolova, Protsenkova, Petrova N., Maziy M., Dolbina T. were also awarded with badges and certificates of commendation.

On March 1, 1942, the newspaper “Leninskoe Znamya” published an appeal from the mining shop driller F. Vagina. She wrote:

“When I first went down into the mine, I was struck by the huge difference between working on the surface and underground. Frankly, such an unusual environment even scared me a little. There is twilight everywhere, the dull blows of pickaxes, the crackle of pneumatic hammers, a whole network of underground corridors, barely illuminated by light bulbs. Here I first became acquainted with the work of drillers and saw a pneumatic hammer. The work of miners interested me and I, along with my female friends, decided to definitely master this “male” profession.

Women and girls! I encourage you to follow my example. Don’t be afraid of difficulties, master the profession of a miner... By selfless work in the rear we will bring closer the hour of the final defeat of the enemy.”

On December 29, 1942, the mine management team completed the annual plan for the extraction of raw materials and the production of disassembled and ground mica ahead of schedule. Costs were reduced by 8.2 percent. The annual plan for gross output was fulfilled on November 6th. By order of the People's Commissar of Construction Materials of the USSR, Zaidigalov, Parkhomenko, Sinko, Filimonov, Shipitsyn were awarded badges of excellence in socialist competition, and Certificates of Commendation were awarded to Balandin, Kuzmin and Smirnova.

The Luninsky turner Chertovskikh worked front-line in the mechanical shop; the mechanic Glushkov and the electric welder Melnikov systematically overfulfilled their tasks. The blacksmith Shchipitsyn repeatedly received awards and thanks for his dedicated work. When carrying out urgent tasks, he did not take the time into account and did not leave the workshop until all the work was completed.

Outside the area, the drilling teams of Tyumin, Pushkarev, Filimonov, Toptunov, Pobezhimov, and Svinarenko were known.

Women did not lag behind the men. Under the guidance of her mentor, driller Filimonov, the girl Karpova carried out her shift assignments.

Navalshitsa Khodyeva, despite the fact that her work required great physical strength, completed the tasks at 130-150 percent.

One and a half to two shift tasks were carried out by a team of hauler-haulers (foreman Sofparova).

The young 13-year-old raw coal dismantler, Vasya Eremin, produced 150 percent of the norm, exceeding the norm of an adult worker.

During the war, many girls came to the slaughterhouse to learn complex professions. In the mining workshop it was not uncommon to meet a girl driller, igniter and hauler.

During the war years, the mine management team repeatedly emerged victorious in socialist competition, holding the challenge banner of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat. So, for example, in May 1944 the following telegram was sent to the mine administration:

“t.t. Tolstoukhov, Anakiev, Petrova.

By the decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat of Construction Materials, based on the results of the pre-May socialist competition, the team of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration retained the banner of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat of Construction Materials with the award of the first prize - twenty-five thousand rubles, including seventeen for bonuses for those who distinguished themselves in the socialist competition. Congratulations on your high award. The People's Commissariat believes that your team has the opportunity in May to win the challenge Red Banner of the State Defense Committee, awarded to the Asbestos Factory in April. To do this, it is necessary, along with a further increase in mica production, to ensure the overfulfillment of the mining preparation plan, as well as the full shipment of mica to the Zoozernovsk and Irkutsk factories. Good luck.

Ivanov, deputy People's Commissar of Construction Materials."

In May 1944, front-line brigades led by foreman N.V. Ryabova, K.M. Prikhodko, A. Puzikov, and A. Utkina worked especially well. The mining workshop teams (head of the workshop engineer Martynenko, shift foremen) coped with their new social obligations Sinko, Yarovykh), ore sorting (manager Pushkareva), factory (director Egorova F., masters Stupa, Zaichanova).

The team of Slyudyanka miners, with their dedicated work, brought the desired hour of Victory closer.

^ Heroines of the Home Front

Yes, can you tell me about this?

What years did you live in?

What an immeasurable burden

It fell on women's shoulders!..

You took on everything without fear

And, as in the saying,

You were both a weaver and a spinner,

She knew how to use a needle and saw.

I chopped, transported, dug -

Can you really re-read everything?

And in letters to the front she assured,

It's like you're living a great life...

M. Isakovsky.

The evening “We Are Reliving the Past”, held by journalists and cultural and educational workers in the city House of Culture, was dedicated to the people of Slyudyanka, who at the front and in the rear brought Victory closer. And when those who forged Victory in the rear took the stage, those sitting in the hall involuntarily noticed that on the stage, with the exception of the former locomotive driver K. A. Zimmerman, there were women. And Konstantin Antonovich, recalling the years of the war, spoke about women, on whose shoulders in the hour of severe trials lay all the burdens of the hard times of war.

“I will not forget those alarming minutes of Sunday, June 22, 1941, when Moscow radio reported that fascist hordes had invaded our country,” says Tatyana Pavlovna Mosyakina, former head of the personnel department of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration. - The men went to the front. Their jobs were taken by women and teenagers. They worked as drillers, blasters, and trolley haulers. These are the Tsyganov and Saveleeva sisters; Gutya Smolenkova and Maria Kuznetsova worked as bombers. Teenage boys of 14-15 years old were clay carriers and pipeline workers. I remember Vasya Skurikhin, Petya Bragin.

Working women and mothers brought small children with them to work and left them in the entrance booth. A specially designated cab driver put the children in a sleigh, and in the summer on a cart, and took them to the kindergarten, which was located on Lenin Street. And in the evening he brought them again to the entrance booth. I had to work eight to ten hours a day. Working conditions were difficult. There was no electric lighting in the mines. Everything was lit with bat kerosene lamps.

There was a canteen in the mine administration where the workers were fed lunch. Usually they cooked noodles, prepared a tank of boiling water... Those who exceeded the production quota were given additional rations. But, as a rule, women rarely got it. There were always hungry children standing near the dining room, and the women, out of pity for them, swallowing tears, gave pieces of bread to the children.

Konstantin Antonovich Zimmerman spoke at the evening about one memorable trip:

This was already at the end of the war. Upon arrival at the station. In Irkutsk, our locomotive was urgently put in for inspection. The very fact that the senior inspector Khmyrov and the driver-instructor Aleksandrov took over the inspection indicated that a responsible flight was ahead. After a short rest, we were ordered to stand at the head of a special train; we later learned that famous Soviet commanders were traveling on it.

Before departure, assistant Kostyukhin offered his help to fireman Maria Mezentseva, but she flatly refused.

I would like to note that the work of a fireman was very labor-intensive, because... Fuel supply was manual; during one flight alone, 20 tons of coal had to be burned. In addition, the track profile on the Irkutsk - Slyudyanka section was complicated by numerous tunnels, bridges and other structures of the Circum-Baikal Railway. But due to the shortage of men, as a rule, women and teenagers worked as stokers.

Our train to Slyudyanka arrived strictly on schedule. Here we were met by a representative of the Ministry for the Promotion of Military Trains, the head of the depot Kuzmin, the deputy head Novikov, and the party organizer of the Chernysh depot. They thanked the crew for the successful flight.

A kind word must be said to our women - participants of the labor front - N. Shchelokova, A. Ignatieva, L. Plotnitskaya, D. Khramova, M. Mezentseva, M. Linskaya. During the difficult years of the war, they forged victory for the rear.

To what has been said, I would like to add some messages published during the war years in the regional newspaper “Lenin’s Banner”.

In July 1941, mica ringer Tatyana Dolbina took first place in the socialist mining competition. Its daily output for 7 months averaged 216 percent, and for August 1941 - 245 percent.

On November 6, at the party-Komsomol meeting of the Slyudyansky mine administration, the secretary of the Komsomol committee Tatyana Dolbina said: “On holidays I worked out three norms per shift, but now this is not enough. I give my word - to give three and a half norms daily.”

In 1942, the newspaper “Leninskoye Znamya” published an appeal from Vagina, a driller at the mining department: “Women and girls! I encourage you to follow my example. Don’t be afraid of difficulties, master the profession of a miner... By selfless work in the rear we will bring closer the hour of the final defeat of the enemy.”

During the war days, L.P. Pecherskaya came to the car repair center to replace her husband, who had gone to the front. Working as an automatic mechanic, from the very first days she became one of the leading workers.
V. Zhukova, a milling machine operator in the mechanical shop of the locomotive depot, produced no less than two standards per shift; the milling operator Nikolskaya, a mechanic at the procurement workshop Karelova and others significantly exceeded shift assignments.

In 1945, 1,908 Slyudyanites were awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945,” of which more than 600 were women. A number of our fellow countrymen were awarded orders for their hard work, including the Order of the Badge of Honor, awarded to Kultuk school teacher Lidia Petrovna Bogdanova.

And how much warmth, care and sometimes health the women gave to the soldiers who were being treated in the Slyudyansk evacuation hospital. At the evening, doctor Yulia Mikhailovna Mantsevod, teachers Nadezhda Ivanovna Pyatochkina and Maria Georgievna Napolskikh, former Komsomol and Pioneer workers Valentina Nikitichna Tyklina and Valentina Timofeevna Musaeva-Somova remembered the atom.

^ FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TANKS AND AIRPLANES

The appeal of the team of the Moscow plant Krasny Proletary to all workers, engineers and technical workers, employees, science and art workers in the country every month until the end of the war to contribute one day's earnings of each worker to the defense fund was warmly supported in the Slyudyansky district. The regional newspaper "Lenin's Banner" reported:

“In response to the appeal of the youth of the city of Moscow, the entire staff of the locomotive depot pledged to work in these menacing days only in the Stakhanov style, to far exceed all production tasks. Immediately, the brigade of Komsomol locomotives decided to donate the money earned during one trip to the defense fund. The washing shop team undertook to repair two locomotives at inopportune times and donate the money to strengthen the Motherland. The workers of the mechanical shop agreed to work for two or three people and to produce more than the plan every month.

Master of the railway school No. 3 at the carriage repair point comrade. V. Stankevich reported that future specialists repaired the car on their own, releasing it from average repair with excellent quality. They donated the money they earned to the defense fund. Students Shekhina and Sharafutdinova repaired three devices of the Matrosov system and 20 end valves.

Locomotives of the Slyudyanka depot vol. Shibunin, Merkuryev, Savchenko, Koehler, Dydykin conducted trains with earnings deducted to the Motherland Defense Fund. Brigade of locomotive depot driver member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) comrade. Florinsky repaired a steam locomotive for the Motherland Defense Fund. 52 conductor reserve workers Art. Slyudyanka made one trip to the Motherland Defense Fund. The team of the boiler shop of the Slyudyanka depot, foreman of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) member Comrade Soroka, numbering 9 people, contributed their one-day earnings to the Motherland Defense Fund.

The advanced drivers of the column named after the State Defense Committee of the East Siberian Railway were the initiators of a broad movement for the creation of a special fund for the People's Commissar using saved fuel. This movement became powerful, and dozens of locomotive crews took part in it. As a result, more than 5 thousand were pledged to the fund.

On August 2, 1942, the Leninsky Znamya newspaper reported: “The 70-year-old old woman Stepanida Aleksandrovna Aslamova (the village of Bystroe) paid off the entire subscription of 40 rubles. At the meeting, she said: “Let the workers make ammunition with my savings, and let my sons fighting at the front kill 100-200 Nazis. If my tickets end up with winnings, I will donate them to the defense fund. Let the fascist bastards know that we, the old men, are also helping our dear Red Army to defeat the German invaders!”

And here is a note published on January 18, 1943: “We, teachers and technical workers of school No. 46 Art. Baikal, contributed their January salary to the fund for the construction of a tank column. Let our rubles turn into a formidable force bringing death to the fascists. Chemyanina, head school."

Supporting the initiative of the Komsomol members of the Irkutsk Kuibyshev plant, the youth of our region contributed 6 thousand 546 rubles to the fund for the construction of the Irkutsk Komsomolets tank column.

1 million 200 thousand rubles were contributed by Slyudyanites for the construction of the Irkutsk Collective Farmer tanks.
In general, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, the workers of the region contributed about three million rubles to the defense fund and handed over government bonds worth 1 million 600 thousand rubles. The assistance provided to the front was highly appreciated by the government. Three government telegrams signed by I.V. Stalin arrived in the region.

TELEGRAMS
Chairman of the State Defense Committee

Kultuk, secretary of the party organization comrade. Kletkina.

I ask you to convey to the workers, workers, engineering and technical workers and employees of the management of the Tunkinsky tract “Sovmongtuvtorg”, who collected 87,628 rubles and 68,000 rubles in bonds for the construction of a tank column, my fraternal greetings and gratitude to the Red Army,

I. Stalin.

Tt. Bogdanova, Shulgina, Shipko, Zubova.

Please convey to the students and teachers of the Kultuk Junior High School, who collected 9,000 rubles in money and 16,000 rubles in government bonds for the construction of tanks and aircraft, my warm greetings and gratitude to the Red Army.

I. Stalin.

Kultuk. "Skotimport", comrade Shulgina.

I ask you to convey to the workers, workers and employees of the Kultuk base “Skotimport”, who collected funds for the construction of a structure for the Red Army, my fraternal greetings and gratitude to the Red Army.

I. Stalin.

^ For your favorite fighters

The Lenin Banner newspaper reported on December 18, 1941 that “a wave of rallies dedicated to organizing New Year’s gifts for the active Red Army has now swept across the entire region. At rallies, workers express their ardent love for the dear soldiers and commanders of the Red Front.” Further in the newspaper it was written that at a meeting at the depot, the distinguished Luninets driver Comrade. Chernysh, on behalf of the column of Komsomol locomotives, said: “The Red Army made a historic campaign against the enemy who was trying to capture the heart of our Motherland. Each of us knows how pleased and inspired our glorious fighter is by the gift sent to him. All possible assistance and care for our front-line soldiers invite glorious fighters to new heroic deeds. I give 30 rubles for the purchase of gifts, my assistant - 20 and the fireman - 15 rubles.”

The duty officer at the Baikal station, Torzhesmekh, pledged to work strictly according to schedule, prepare his own shift and additionally hand over warm clothes in order to fully clothe one soldier.

By the new year of 1942, only the railway workers of the Slyudyansk junction sent 362 parcels worth 8 thousand 510 rubles to the valiant defenders of the Motherland and collected 1 thousand 750 rubles for the purchase of smoked meats and other products.

In addition, the locomotives donated 4 thousand rubles for gifts, relying on special soap, which they refused to receive. The transtortpit team collected 1 thousand 295 rubles for gifts for the fighters.

A member of the district commission for collecting New Year's gifts, M. Chubai, reported on December 21, 1941 that 1 thousand 100 parcels had already been sent, including 66 from the mine management team, 60 from the travel distance, 44 from the coal warehouse and 30 parcels from workers each. Sovmongguvtorg" and a track construction office.

The soldiers of the Red Army responded with a feeling of deep gratitude to the care of the rear workers; in their response letters they swore, sparing no effort and life, to smash the hated enemy. Here is one of these letters, published in the Lenin Banner newspaper on February 8, 1942:

“Dear comrade. Chekanova. I congratulate you on the New Year and wish you success in your work for the benefit of the Motherland. Let me thank you for your New Year's gift. We were very glad that the people of our country and, in particular, you, took care of us. Only in our beautiful country can there be such concern for the Red Army. Our main task is to defeat hated fascism together with you. We assure you that victory will be ours. With greetings, commander of the medical battalion, military doctor 2nd rank V. Ermakov.”

^ Remembering the stormy years

"CORK"

On August 26, 1941, I was appointed driver-instructor of the locomotive column of the Slyudyansky depot. When the German hordes began to approach Moscow and a large transfer of our military formations from Siberia and the Far East to the west began, by order of the deputy. the Minister of Railways, sixteen driver-instructors from the entire East Siberian Railway were sent to the Omsk depot, where due to a large increase in the transportation of military cargo, a “traffic jam” was created. Georgy Pashkov, Alexey Evdokimov and I were sent from our depot.

At the Omsk depot we worked as driver-instructors. For three months I had to travel around the clock. When the traffic jam was cleared, we returned to Slyudyanka.

N. Nikitin.

^ SPECIAL ORDER

At the end of 1941, the country's railways began to experience an acute shortage of cars. At the beginning of 1942, by order of the Commissariat of Railways, roads were instructed to organize the construction of platforms with wooden frames, which would be used to transport local goods.

The Slyudyansk locomotive depot was given instructions to supply the car repair point with bolts. However, there were only six pairs of blacksmiths working in the forge, who were unable to carry out this order. I had to organize 24 pairs of blacksmiths in a short time. The workshop worked around the clock, and the order was carried out.

It should be said that during the war the forge shop at our depot was repeatedly noted as the best on the East Siberian Railway.

V. Dubasov.

^ AS COMPOSITION OF THE DEPARTMENT

In December 1941, I was drafted into the army and enrolled in military operational department No. 10. This department was formed on the East Siberian Railway, it included railway workers of various professions: movers, locomotive workers, carriage workers, railway workers, signalmen, water supply workers, etc. .d.

The squad followed the front, provided the front line with ammunition and other military supplies, restored the destroyed railway facilities, and saved military trains during bombing.

I had to go a long way as part of the department. We worked in Kaluga, Vyazma, Smolensk, Velikiye Luki, Tartu (Estonia), and in some cities in Poland and Germany.

Victory Day was celebrated in the German city of Schneidemuhl. After the end of the war, our department was sent to Moscow, and then to Irkutsk, where it was disbanded on June 23, 1945.

For good work as part of the military operational department, I was awarded the medal “For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”, “For the Victory over Japan”, and the badge “Excellent Engine Engineer”.

D. Zimmerman.

^ IN DIFFICULT YEARS

In the first days of the war, I worked as deputy head of the Slyudyanka depot for operation. The hard days of work began, the commander's working day, especially associated with the movement of trains, the flow of which increased every day, as a rule, lasted 15-20 hours a day.

At the depot, many stokers and assistant drivers were drafted into the army; instead, girls and boys aged 16-17 were recruited, who began working on manually heated locomotives.
The situation became more complicated every month, insufficient and limited food, a shortage of spare parts and repair personnel forced the drivers with these children, after 18-20 hours of hard work upon arrival at the depot, to begin repairing the locomotives. But, despite the difficulties, people did not murmur or complain; everyone understood the mortal danger looming over the Motherland.

I am still amazed at the hardships our workers endured, especially these kids who sometimes had to be put on the locomotive, such as Avdonkin, Efremova, Lyapchenko, Savonkin, Evdokimova and many others.

In 1941, when the enemy approached the walls of Moscow, I joined the ranks of the Communist Party. There is no need to list the incentives and awards for 53 years of work on the East Siberian Railway, I have enough of them. But two government awards - the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" and the Order of Lenin are dear to me; I was awarded them for my honest work during the war.

V. Andryukhin.

IT WAS

The war found me in the village. Utulik, where I worked as a track foreman. Many workers were drafted into the army, and there were only three people left in our brigade.

The track facilities were very poor: the rails were of the light type. And in winter, especially in cold weather, they often burst. There was nothing to replace them with. To prevent train downtime, the rails had to be assembled from two pieces. We worked 12 hours a day.
Our team collected funds for the Defense Fund, and I alone donated 12 thousand rubles.

S. Shepilov.

^ Figures and facts

During the war years, the Order of Lenin was awarded to locomotive driver Nikolai Karpovich Sheiko, the Order of the Badge of Honor was awarded to driver Fedot Rodionovich Ievlev, mechanic, Komsomol organizer of the locomotive depot Grigory Sergeevich Ivanov, and Kultuk school teacher Lidia Petrovna Bogdanova.

During the war, a school of military divers was evacuated from Balaklava to Slyudyanka. It was located in the buildings of school No. 51, the military registration and enlistment office and the railway workers' club. One of her former cadets, a writer from Leningrad, Leonid Sobolev, dedicated many of his works to his combat diver friends.

During the war, the Slyudyansky district included the following settlements: the city of Slyudyanka, the villages of Kultuk, Baikal, Listvenichny, the villages of Snezhnoye, Murino, Utulik, Bystroe, Tibelti, Marituy, M. Goloustnoye, B. Goloustnoye, Koty, Nikola.

On January 1, 1939, 25,343 people lived in the Slyudyansky district, including 12,231 people in the city of Slyudyanka.

From 1941 to 1945 2021 people died in the region, including in the city of Slyudyanka - 1388 people.

According to the registry office, in 1940, 298 people died in Slyudyanka, in 1941 - 267, 1942 - 528, 1943 - 316. 1944 - 154, 1945 - 123. 1946 - 116 people.

For 1941-1945 2,569 people were born in the region, including 1,479 people in Slyudyanka.

In nine volumes of “Memory”, published in Irkutsk, the names of more than 2,000 natives of the Slyudyansky district, as well as natives of other localities who lived in our region before the war and were recognized by the Slyudyansky district military registration and enlistment office, who died and went missing on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, are immortalized.

During the war years, 3,461 people were drafted into the army from the Slyudyansky district (according to the surviving data in the district military registration and enlistment office), many of them fought near Moscow and Leningrad, at the walls of Stalingrad and on the Kursk Bulge, took part in the defeat of the enemy in East Prussia, and liberated Poland from the Nazis , Czechoslovakia, Hungary, took Berlin.

In 1941-1945. The Slyudyansk district party organization accepted 1,067 members and candidates for party membership into its ranks. In 1946, 72 percent of the party organization were communists who had joined the party during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period.

During the war, the district's collective farms significantly reduced the sown area and grain yield, as well as potato yields. The land was cultivated without observing agrotechnical rules and was neglected. Crop rotations were not used on collective farms; there were large losses of grain during harvesting. This applies to collective farms named after. M. Gorky (village Tibelti), “Taiga” (village Bystroe), named after. Comintern (Kultuk village).

Despite this, during the wartime collective farms fully coped with the implementation of government supplies for all types of agricultural products.

Bloody battles were taking place in the West, and in the mountains near Lake Baikal, builders were building a new railway from Irkutsk to Slyudyanka. In 1942, a large group of workers and engineers building tunnels on the mountain site were awarded government awards. Among them, two - Deputy Head of Construction Alexey Leontyevich Yaremchuk and Deputy Head of Political Affairs Vasily Alekseevich Butkin - were awarded the Order of Lenin. Moreover, Yaremchuk was awarded the second Order of Lenin, he received the first in 1935.

During the Great Patriotic War, workers of the Slyudyansky district contributed about 3 million rubles to the defense fund and handed over government bonds worth 1 million 600 thousand rubles. The assistance provided to the front was highly appreciated by the government.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 6, 1945, 1908 workers of the Slyudyansky district were awarded the medal “For valiant labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”

The industry of the Slyudyansky region grew significantly during the war years. The volume of gross output of state industry increased by 107.3 percent compared to 1940. The volume of gross output of fishing and disability cooperation over the same period increased by 59 percent.

In 1946, several hundred front-line soldiers returned to the Slyudyansky district, 600 of them were awarded orders and medals for the courage and courage shown in battles with the Nazi invaders.

In September 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued “On the approval of badges: “Excellent locomotive worker”, “Excellent mover”, “Excellent traveler”, “Excellent signalman”, “Excellent carriage worker”, “Excellent restorer”, “Excellent administrative worker” ", "Excellent builder." During the war years, 97 railway workers at the Slyudyanka station were awarded these badges.
The women of our region made a worthy contribution to the victory. More than 600 of them were awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”

During the war years, the network of medical and preventive institutions in the region increased, a nursery, an orphanage, a maternity hospital, an X-ray room, a paramedic station, and a dairy kitchen were reopened.

Silantiev V. P. Slyudyantsy in the rear and at the front

Slyudyanka, 2000

Chapter 1. Slyudyansky district on the eve of the Great Patriotic WarChapter 2. The first women's locomotive brigadeChapter 3. Enterprises of the Slyudyansky district (for 1941)Chapter 4. Master of high speedsChapter 5. The first days of the warChapter 6. Valiant LaborChapter 7. Slyudyansky hospitalChapter 8. Japanese prisoners of war in SlyudyankaChapter 9. Fought for the MotherlandChapter 10. Our Stars are GoldenChapter 11. Brothers in ArmsChapter 12. A reward awaits the heroChapter 13. Brest Red Banner...Chapter 14. War heroesChapter 15. Road to VictoryChapter 16. The song was born in SlyudyankaChapter 17. In the war with JapanChapter 18. Alive, stand up!

Chapter 1.

Slyudyansky district on the eve of the Great Patriotic War

What was the Slyudyansky district like on the eve of the Great Patriotic War? The Slyudyansky district was formed in 1930 according to the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It included Kultukskaya, Listvenichnaya and Murinskaya volosts. Soon the volosts as administrative units were abolished and village councils and the Slyudyansky Village Council were formed. Slyudyanka owes its name to the richest reserves of mica-phlogopite, the deposit of which in the basin of the river of the same name was discovered by Russian explorers back in the 17th century. With the construction of the railway, it became not only a center for the extraction of unique mica, but also a large railway settlement, and then a city. In 1934 Listvenichnoye has been transformed into a workers' settlement. In 1935, B. Goloustinsky and M. Goloustinsky village councils were included from the Irkutsk district into the Slyudyansky district. In 1936, the working settlement of Slyudyanka was transformed into a city, and the village of Kultuk into a working settlement. This territorial and administrative division existed for more than thirty years, until 1963. The area cut through by the railway resembled a steel horseshoe, framed by green taiga and white mountain peaks, and embraced the coastal strip of the entire Southern Baikal from the Snezhnaya River to Peschanaya Bay, including, naturally, the source of the Angara, and along the Tunkinskaya Valley the Cossack village of Tibelti. According to official data, as of January 1, 1939, 25,343 people lived in the area, including in Slyudyanka - 12,231, in the territory of Listvenichny Village Council - 4814, Kultuksky - 5015, Marituysky Village Council - 1075, Utuliksky - 1316, Tibeltinsky - 564, B. Goloustinsky - 927, M. Goloustinsky - 401.
The 30s were the period of the Stakhanov movement. In railway transport, this movement was led by the driver of the Slavyansk locomotive depot, Petr Krivonos. In the summer of 1935, he carried out a heavy train at a record speed for that time. The methods of work of Pyotr Krivonos were widely introduced on the East Siberian Railway, including in the locomotive depot of the station. Slyudyanka. One of Krivonos’ followers among the Slyudyanites was driver Boris Nikolaevich Buivit. With his careful attitude to technology, he increased the mileage of the locomotive between lifting repairs, and in 1936 he brought this mileage to 100 thousand kilometers. At that time this was a record. In May 1936, Boris Nikolaevich was among a large group of railway workers on the East Siberian Railway at a meeting in Moscow. The Siberians were met in the Kremlin by Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin. One of the participants in this meeting, a resident of Slyudyanka Konstantin Antonovich Zimmerman (in Moscow he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor) recalls that Kalinin asked with particular interest about the work of the Siberian railway workers, and at the end of the meeting he took a photo with them (photo not found). There, in the Kremlin, Buivit was awarded the Order of Lenin. He became the first holder of this honorary order among the Slyudyanites. In response to the highest award of the Motherland, Buivit undertook to increase the mileage of his locomotive between turning tires to 120 thousand kilometers. The standard for the road at that time was 40 thousand. Buivit and his fellow drivers Nikolai Avtsin and Nikolai Okhotin carefully looked after the locomotive, preventing unnecessary slipping, weakening of springs, etc. In December 1936, they drove an empty train from the Petrovsky Plant to Taishet, the locomotive's mileage reached 90 thousand km. But the locomotive was still in good condition, and then they decided to ride it along an unfamiliar profile. The car passed this test too. The machinists set the task of bringing the route to 120 thousand kilometers. On April 10, 1937, the obligations were fulfilled. The photograph that Buivit sent to the Museum of the History of the Slyudyansk Locomotive Depot shows the steam locomotive EM No. 740-47, which came out of lifting repairs after a 120-kilometer run without turning the tires. Near the locomotive is Buivit with the Order of Lenin on his chest, the head of the depot I.A. Vertyachikh, the teacher of the Federal Educational Institution A, I. Klimov, drivers N. Okhotin, N. Avtsin, assistant drivers Ershov and N. Sheiko. During the Great Patriotic War, Boris Nikolaevich Buivit headed the depot team. In subsequent years, before retiring, he worked in the Irkutsk department of the railway, was awarded the second Order of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor, and was twice awarded the title of “Honorary Railway Worker.”
The years 1930-1940 are characterized by a further increase in mica mining, the introduction of machinery into production, and the development of socialist competition. Teams of miners led by G.I. Blyumov, G.A. Filimonov, S.S. Tumanov and others have proven themselves well. In 1933, a power station was built (now one of the buildings of Khimreaktiv), and the exploitation of the famous vein No. 6 began (behind 50 thousand tons of mica were taken all the time). In 1937, mine No. 4 came into operation. During this period, the Stakhanov movement also developed among the miners. The followers of Alexei Stakhanov were miners S.I. Tumanov, F.I. Chupin, G.I. Blyumov, G.A. Tyumin. S. Nezameev, G. N. Filimonov, D. Ya. Pinigin, V. A. Dezhenkov and others. Driller Dezhenkov on January 11, 1940 drilled five instead of one face, fulfilling the production norm by 571 percent, bringing the productive work time to 87 percent . A noble Stakhanovite, he died heroically in one of the battles with the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War. He was forever included in the lists of the staff of the Slyudyansk Mining Administration. In 1939, the company employed 533 people. Mica mining is characterized by the following data: in 1933, 2630 tons of mica were mined, 1934 - 2526, 1935 - 4843, 1936 - 6934, 1937 - 5873, 1938 - 6200 tons.
At the end of 1939, to supply rubble stone to enterprises and construction sites of the Eastern Railway in the Slyudyansky district, a quarry was opened, which employed 75 people. There were about 160 miners at the Baikalzoloto mines (B. Koty). For the Ulan-Ude PVRZ and the Irkutsk plant named after. Kuibyshev carried out the extraction of quartz sand in Khargino. Here in the summer there was a quarry, which employed from 46 to 85 people. In the fall and winter, the slaughterhouse of the Irkutsk meat processing plant operated in Kultuk. The number of workers at the plant ranged from 156 to 408 people. About 600 workers worked at the Listvenichnaya Shipyard named after. Yaroslavsky. The construction of new ships was carried out, as well as major, medium and current repairs of ships in the port of Baikal. 330 people worked directly at the port of Baikal. In Kultuk there was “Sovmongtuvtorg”, which employed 320 people. This enterprise was engaged in the transportation of import-export cargo. In 1939 there were 40 cars here. In January 1940, the Slyudyansky regional food processing plant was organized. Initially, confectionery production (gingerbread, drying) was established. In addition, fish was processed (smoked, salted), fruits and wild berries. In 1940, it was planned to produce 72 tons of confectionery products, process 27.5 tons of fish and 50 tons of berries and fruits.

There was also agriculture in the area. The first two communes, with 424 people, appeared in the Slyudyansky district in 1931. Soon six more agricultural associations were organized, uniting 822 people. However, the number of individual farms, in which there were 10,295 peasants, was even greater by the end of 1931 - 1,465. Individual farms had 44.9 percent of horses in the region, 94.7 of bulls, 64 of cows, 67 of sheep and goats, 15.1 – pigs. In addition, individual farms had significant land for sowing oats, wheat, winter rye and planting potatoes. On May 1, 1939, there were 6 collective farms in the Slyudyansky district. Collectivization covered 84.7 percent of farms. Land cultivation was carried out only by horse traction. If in 1938 there were 141 traction horses on the collective farms of the region, then in 1939 - 216. In 1937, the collective farms had 442 hectares of sown areas for grain and legumes, in 1938 - 507, 1939 - 573. Winter rye and wheat in 1937, 30 hectares were sown, in 1938 - 55 and in 1939 - 93 hectares. On January 1, 1940, in the Slyudyansky district, across all categories of farms, there were 977 horses, 2829 heads of cattle, of which 1543 were cows.

Chapter 2.

The first women's locomotive brigade

Remember the song of the 30s “If tomorrow there is war, if tomorrow there is a campaign...”. Indeed, people felt the approach of a military thunderstorm. The country's leadership took large-scale measures to prepare labor reserves. Technical schools and technical training schools were opened throughout the country, and women mastered male professions.
In Slyudyanka, FZO and schools were also opened at the railway junction and at the mine. The first female locomotive brigade on the East Siberian Railway appeared in the Slyudyanka locomotive depot. Valentina Petrovna Grigorieva recalls:
“I was invited to the political department for a conversation with Anna Nikitichna Klimets. She started the conversation about my license to drive a steam locomotive. I found myself on the East Siberian as the only woman with a driver’s license. I was in my fourth year when we girls heard the call from Muscovite Zinaida Troitskaya for women and girls to go work on steam locomotives. Six volunteers were found from our graduating class. During production practice, we asked to be appointed as assistant drivers. At the Liski locomotive depot of the South-Eastern Railway, I got on the heavy steam locomotive “FD”. During my internship, I managed to travel the required number of kilometers—twelve thousand—to obtain the license to drive a steam locomotive. I also took a test ride. The exams had to be taken at the road department, and I prepared for them alone. She left the institute as an engineer and locomotive driver. Now Anna Nikitichna Klimets offered me to lead the women’s brigade at the Slyudyanka depot. “We need to prove that men’s work can also be done by us women,” she urged. I didn’t mind, I wanted to repeat the feat of Zinaida Troitskaya. In February 1940, I applied to the head of the service to second me to the Slyudyanka locomotive depot as a driver to organize a women's locomotive brigade. In the same month we accepted the EM series locomotive. Lida Maltseva, a young girl who already had experience working on a steam locomotive, was appointed assistant driver. Lida stood out among us for her tall stature and physical endurance. Shura Lyapchenko, plump and short, took over as fireman. Our first train was a freight train. We had to deliver it from Slyudyanka to Mysovaya station. We were on the road for more than ten hours. In general, trips at that time lasted from eight to eighteen hours. During this time, it was necessary to shovel from twenty to twenty-eight tons of coal from the tender to the firebox. How much more slag can you unload from the furnace! It was especially difficult for Shura Lyapchenko. It was difficult for her to move the firebox. In addition, she was obliged to provide the locomotive with lubricants and cleaning materials. Lida Maltseva, in addition to heating, had to promptly lubricate rubbing parts and clean the locomotive. It was the driver’s responsibility to monitor the condition of the locomotive and the fastening of all its components. And of course, locomotive control, traffic safety, crew management. And we conducted the first train safely, and the second, and the third... On the performance board, which reflected the results of each trip, out of 20-25 locomotive crews, ours always ended up in the top five. For high results we were awarded cash prizes, valuable gifts and certificates of honor... The Irkutsk newsreel studio captured the work of our team on film, and this documentary was shown in various parts of our country...”

Chapter 3.

Enterprises of the Slyudyansky district (for 1941)

1. Slyudyansk Mining Administration 2. Artel of Disabled People. 3. Raizdrav 4. District 5. Transport Workers' Club 6. Promartel "Zabaikalets" 7. Artel "Avangard" 8. Irobltorg 9. Raipishchekombinat 10. Raitranstorgpit 11. Raisvyaz 12. People's Court and Prosecutor's Office 13. City Council 14. Rail Forestry 15. State Forestry 16. Slyudyanka station 17. Carriage repair point 18. Conductor reserve 19. Depot st. Slyudyanka 20. Material warehouse 21. Coal warehouse 22. Timber warehouse 23. Stone quarry 24. 10th travel distance 25. 4th communication distance 26. “Sovmongguvtorg” (Kultuk) 27. Livestock import 28. Meat processing plant 29. 9 -th distance of the journey (Marituy) 30. Port Baikal (Baikal station) 31. Shipyard named after. Yaroslavsky (Listvyanka) 32. Vodtorgpit 33. Academy of Sciences

Ancient history

The first people appeared on the territory of Slyudyanka in the Eneolithic era. This can be judged from the burials found in 1962 on Shamansky Cape. Burials of ancient people were discovered there, which archaeologists dated to the Chinese Chalcolithic era. Drawings and rock paintings of ancient people were found in caves on the Shamansky Cape, but after the level of Lake Baikal rose due to the start of operation of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, they found themselves under water. In addition, there were legends among the local population that in the Uluntui valley there were graves of ancient people, in which, in addition to the actual remains, iron spearheads were found. It is now impossible to verify this data.

The territory of Slyudyanka before the arrival of the Russians

It is believed that in the 1st century BC. e. The Huns lived on the territory of the Southern Baikal region. Then they were replaced by Kurykans. In the 11th century they were supplanted by Mongol tribes, including the Buryats. They settled on the southern, southeastern, eastern and southwestern coasts of Lake Baikal, including the territory of Slyudyanka. In addition to the Buryats, Evenks lived on the territory of the Southern Baikal region. As the Decembrist Lorera noted, at the time of his arrival in 1813, Kultuk was still a village inhabited mainly by Evenks, and when the Russians arrived, their camp was located on the site of Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka from 1647 to 1890s

In the middle of the 17th century, Russian colonization of Siberia began. There were several prerequisites for the creation of settlements in the south of Siberia in those days. One of them is mica mining. Mica was one of the most valuable goods for explorers, in addition to furs and salt. The Cossacks who arrived in southern Baikal began searching for this particular mineral. Their search was crowned with success. In the middle reaches of one of the small mountain rivers, later called Slyudyanka, mica was found. At the mouth of the river next to it there was an Evenki camp. In its place, it was decided to organize a small fort in order to mine mica and protect the miners and miners from the Evenks. Its founder was the explorer Ivan Pokhabov, a Yenisei Cossack, a boyar's son. The creation of the fort was reported to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The river at the mouth of which the fort stood was named after him. The fort at this place did not last long and was moved a few years later by the Russians to the place where Kultuk now stands.

After the transfer of the fort, there were no settlements on the territory of Slyudyanka until 1802. This territory was of no agricultural value, and the main Russian outpost in the south of Lake Baikal was Kultuk, located two kilometers from Slyudyanka. Despite this, the territory was very sparsely populated and undeveloped. In 1766 and 1780s. Traveler Eric Laxman visited the territory of Slyudyanka. He became interested in minerals in the vicinity of Slyudyanka and discovered deposits of jade, lapis lazuli and rediscovered mica deposits, which by that time had been forgotten and not developed. The impetus for the increase in population and the beginning of the development of the south of Eastern Siberia was the decree of Paul I “On the population of the Siberian region adjacent to the Chinese borders, retired soldiers, criminals, subject to exile and handed over from the landowners by serfs with the inclusion of recruits, and on the benefits for these settlers " After the decree was issued, settlers from the central provinces of the Russian Empire began to populate the previously undeveloped backward border region. Mica mining has been revived. In 1802 the Slyudyansk winter hut was founded. The next impetus for the development of Slyudyanka was the decision to build a wheeled road from Irkutsk to Kyakhta. This decision was necessary, since the center of Eastern Siberia was not connected with the main center of international trade in Russia at that time. The first road was built by 1805 and passed through Khamar-Daban, however, it was inconvenient and was used only during the period when it was impossible to transport goods along Lake Baikal. In the 1830s of the 19th century, the Kyakhta merchant Igumnov built the Circum-Baikal Road at his own expense, which was named Igumnovskaya in his honor. But, according to the descriptions of engineers and officials, it was not ideal and in some places it was practically impassable. A postal station was organized at the Slyudyansky winter quarters. In the 1850s N.N. Muravyov-Amursky approved the idea of ​​​​building the Circum-Baikal Highway along the shore of Lake Baikal. By that time, Kyakhta began to lose its former significance. Verkhneudinsk became its competitor, and it was decided to build a road along the very shore of Lake Baikal, first to Posolsk, and then to Verkhneudinsk. In 1856 N.N. Muravyov-Amursky gives the order to begin construction of the new Circum-Baikal wheel road. Construction was carried out through the efforts of exiled Poles, who rebelled in 1866. Wheel and postal service along the road was opened in 1864.

Slyudyanka from the 1890s to 1917

In 1899, land was allocated from the lands belonging to the Kultuk rural assembly for the construction of a railway settlement. This is how the village of Slyudyanka was founded. It housed the First and Second sections of the Construction Administration of the Circum-Baikal Railway. The surprise of many historians is why it was necessary to create the Slyudyanka railway junction, and not make it in the then largest settlement in the south of Lake Baikal, Kultuk. There is an assumption that the construction of Slyudyanka was the personal wish of the then Minister of Railways Khilkov. According to another version, the village assembly of Kultuk refused to allocate land on the territory of Kultuk itself for the railway station, since in this case the already small lands suitable for agriculture would be occupied by the station and the locomotive depot. The Circum-Baikal Railway was a strategically important and very expensive link of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The locomotive depot, as well as the world famous Slyudyansky station made of white marble, were commissioned in 1904, and in 1905 traffic was opened on the Circum-Baikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1912, an initiative was put forward to transform the village into

« ...the city of Slyudyanka, because in terms of the number (4072 souls of both sexes), class composition and occupation of the population, this village, which currently has the character of an urban settlement, in the future, due to natural geographical conditions: the proximity of many useful minerals (mica, white clay, alabaster, marble) and the convenience of selling them along the railway and waterways adjacent to the village should inevitably expand and develop».

Goldfarb S., Kobenkov A., Kharitonov A. Travel to the land of marble mountains. Chapter 4.// Library of historical knowledge

The village developed rapidly. By 1916, 5,109 people lived in Slyudyanka, there was a church, 6 schools, 4 inns, a tavern and about 60 shops.

Revolutionary events

In 1903 – 1904 a Social Democratic group appeared in the city. With the beginning of the revolutionary movement of 1905 in Irkutsk, unrest began along the entire railway. In December 1905, the Council of Deputies of Railway Workers and Employees was created in Slyudyanka. To support the rebels in Irkutsk, the Bolsheviks, led by Babushkin, captured a train with weapons in Chita, but at the Slyudyanka station Babushkin was captured by a punitive expedition, taken to Mysovsk and executed there with his comrades. In memory of this event, a memorial plaque was installed on the pediment of the Slyudyansky station. The famous revolutionary figure Sergei Kirov conducted propaganda work in Slyudyanka. The October Revolution of 1917 took place in Slyudyanka in the form of spontaneous strikes. Soviet power was established almost in the first days after the revolution. In the spring of 1918, the Czechoslovak Corps began to march in the Irkutsk province. In July, the Slyudyansky Revolutionary Committee announced the introduction of martial law. On July 17, the train of the commander of Centrosibiria arrived in Slyudyanka, and on July 19, military clashes began. The White Guards met desperate resistance from a detachment of Slyudyansk Red Guards, troops of Nestor Kalandarishvili. The icebreaker "Angara" was brought to the aid of the Reds, but on July 23 the city was abandoned. The front rolled back to Verkhneudinsk. The power of the Russian government with its center in Omsk was established in Slyudyanka. A red underground was immediately organized. He carried out sabotage at the shipyard in Listvenichny and other actions. On January 8, 1920, after the dramatic events in Irkutsk, the Slyudyansk partisans finally decided on an open armed uprising against the local government garrison. The Bolsheviks, led by Georgy Rzhanov, emerged from the forest and entered the battle. Soviet power was re-established in Slyudyanka.

Soviet period

After the establishment of Soviet power, the negative consequences of the Civil War and devastation were revealed. In Slyudyanka in 1924 there was only one school and one club. The only cultural and entertainment center was the propaganda train “Blue Blouse”, which traveled with concerts for residents of railway villages. Despite the government's statements about the eradication of homelessness in the USSR, homeless children still remained. There were many of these in Slyudyanka, and therefore in 1936 funds were allocated from the regional budget for the construction of an orphanage in Slyudyanka.

The class struggle intensified. Immediately after the Civil War, confiscation of property from the wealthy segments of the population began in Slyudyanka. Also, under the pretext of storing weapons, the Slyudyanskaya St. Nicholas Church was closed. It was transformed into a club named after May 1.

Disputes arose regarding the volost administration. As a result, until 1930 the administration of the volost committee was carried out from Kultuk, which caused discontent among the Slyudyanites. In 1930, the Slyudyansky district was founded, and it was decided to make the working village of Slyudyanka its center. In 1928, Slyudyanka was granted the status of a workers' settlement, and in 1936 - the status of a city.

The industry of that time in Slyudyanka was represented by railway enterprises, mainly a locomotive depot, a brick factory, mica mining (the Slyudyanka mine was opened in 1927) and local crafts - fishing, berry and pine nut picking.

In 1939, 12,331 people lived in Slyudyanka.

During the Great Patriotic War, 3,461 people were mobilized from Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka was a deep rear area during the war. The production of mica and the operation of the railway were carried out with shock labor. East Siberian Pravda has repeatedly written about workers on the labor front, Slyudyansk workers - the head of the Slyudyansk mining department Berteneva, mica factory worker Anastasia Stupa, Stakhanovite miners, machinists who achieved significant savings in coal by caring for their machines, fishermen of the Baikal fishing collective farm, who received the All-Union Prize for shock work, about the women of Slyudyanka who cleared the paths. At the same time, financial assistance was provided to the army. The locomotives of the depot alone collected about 23 thousand rubles. The Slyudyanka military hospital was also opened in Slyudyanka. V.P. Snedkov became the head physician. Many fighters here were cured and returned to duty. Local enterprises and the pioneer organization took patronage over them. The famous Baikal scientist Gleb Vereshchagin gave lectures at the hospital.

In September 1945, a train accident occurred near Slyudyanka. A train carrying soldiers returning from the Japanese front derailed. 15 people died. In memory of them and the wounded who died in the hospital, a memorial was opened on June 22, 1989 in Uluntui Pad.

In memory of the Slyudyanites who did not return from the front, another memorial was created in the city - a memorial in Pereval Park. The sculptural composition consists of a monument to the soldier-liberator and plates with the names of the dead. On one of them are the names of Heroes of the Soviet Union I.V. Tonkonoga and G.E. Beresnev. Every year a local Victory Parade is held near the memorial.

After the war, Slyudyanka continued to develop. During the war and in the post-war years, a geological study of the territory was carried out. Samples of about 200 minerals were found, and new mica veins were explored. But the main event was the discovery of a deposit of marbled limestone. The thickness of the productive horizon here reached 350 m, and its length was about 10 kilometers. The possibility of using it as a raw material for cement production was considered. Raw material reserves at that time were estimated at 200 million tons. In 1955, construction began on the largest construction materials quarry in the Irkutsk region at that time. By 1957 it was completed, and the quarry, named after the deposit, Pereval, produced the first tons of raw materials. Along with the quarry, a residential area for 1,500 people was built, consisting of panel apartment buildings.

Mica mining developed. It was used in various industries, including radio engineering and aerospace. To process mica, a mica factory was organized in Slyudyanka. Mining in the post-war period was in full swing. Nine mines were in operation. The mined out adits were abandoned and mining began. In 1958, one of the mines was flooded. Unprecedented engineering studies were carried out to drain the water. A five-kilometer-long mine was created to drain underground water into Baikal. However, mica mining was suddenly stopped in 1973. It was necessary to ensure sales of Aldan phlogopite mica in order to justify investment in the project.

After the war, Slyudyanka became a major railway junction. It was decided to build a section of the Slyudyanka - Bolshoy Lug - Irkutsk railway. Construction was completed by 1949. Slyudyanka II and Rybzavod stations (near the fish canning plant) were also built at the same time. By 1960, the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Mariinsk to Slyudyanka was electrified. In 1961, the city's locomotive depot was converted into a locomotive depot. In 1980, the depot was transferred from the Irkutsk branch of the Eastern Railway to Ulan-Udenskoye.

In 1975, mica mining was completely stopped. It was necessary to repurpose the mine management to save jobs. It was decided to extract building materials. The Slyudyansk Mining Administration became part of the Rosmramorgranit industrial association of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR and began mining marble, gneiss and granodiorites at the Burovshchina (in the village of the same name), Dynamite and Orlyonok deposits. During mining, a stone-processing workshop and a mosaic slab workshop were organized. 30% of the products were exported from the region, mainly to Moscow and other cities, where work was carried out on lining metro stations. In 1985, the mine administration produced 45 thousand m² of facing slabs and 50 thousand m² of mosaic slabs.

Modern period

With the advent of the Russian Federation, the decline of industry in the city began. As a result of privatization, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration was transformed into JSC "Baikal Marble" in 1993, and then it split into various JSCs, such as JSC "Baikalpromkamen", JSC "Baikal Stone Processing Plant", JSC "Burovshchina Quarry". At the same time, the South Baikal Fish Canning Plant was privatized and named JSC South Baikal Fish Factory and Co.

In 1994–1995, the residents of Slyudyanka were terrorized by the serial killer Boris Bogdanov. He was a forester and a professional hunter. he lay in wait for his victims in the forest, usually these were people picking wild garlic or mushrooms in the forest. According to official data, the criminal had fifteen victims, according to unofficial data (taking into account the homeless people living in the forest) - 20 people. The police were unable to detain the sadist, since he professionally confused his tracks in the forest and had phenomenal instincts, each time escaping from pursuit at the last moment. He miscalculated on May 22, 1995. The house where he was hiding was surrounded. One of the operatives, Alexander Kutelev, was shot dead by a maniac during the storming of the house. When Bogdanov realized that he could not escape, he shot himself

In 1998, the South Baikal Fish Canning Plant ceased to exist. Its closure was associated with the general crisis of the fishing industry in the Irkutsk region. A strict tax policy, as well as serious competition from Far Eastern fish, undermined the development of the fish processing industry in Slyudyanka. It is also important that the fish catch in Baikal is negatively affected by water discharges from Lake Baikal to increase electricity production at hydroelectric power stations. An attempt to revive the plant by processing chicken and pork meat into semi-finished products failed.

In 2005, as part of the celebration of the centenary of the Circum-Baikal Railway, the Slyudyanka I station was reconstructed. A new landing platform was built (from the city side). The main platform of the station was tiled. Repairs were also made to the station building. Its appearance was changed, and an exhibition display appeared in it, telling passengers about the Circum-Baikal Railway.

In 2011, Slyudyanka celebrated the 75th anniversary of receiving city status. For this anniversary, housing construction for Slyudyanka residents has resumed. A residential complex is being built for veterans of the Great Patriotic War as part of the Federal program to provide them with housing. A sports and fitness complex is being completed. Large-scale work was carried out to equip the city's outdoor sports facilities.

And processing of facing materials from natural stone. The administrative and industrial center is the city of Slyudyanka, Irkutsk region. It is part of the industrial association "Rosmramorgranit" of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR. Created in 1927 as an enterprise for the extraction of mica (muscovite) on the basis of the Slyudyansky deposit, known since the 17th century. In 1975, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration completely stopped mica mining and switched to deposit development. The Slyudyansky Mining Administration includes: quarries "Burovshchina", "Dynamite", "Orlyonok", a stone-processing workshop, a workshop for the production of mosaic slabs, etc.

The Burovshchina deposit is located on the northern wing of the Bezymyannaya syncline and is composed of lower metamorphic rocks (various gneisses and). The useful stratum is marble with a thickness of 20-140 m. There are 2 sections at the deposit - North-Western and South-Eastern. The dip of the formation is from 45 to 90°. The internal structure of the useful strata is heterogeneous (with lens layers of calciphyres, white marble and granite-pegmatites). The marble is karst and covered on the surface with loose Quaternary sediments. The marble is pink, predominantly coarse-grained with a transition to medium- and rarely fine-grained. The texture is massive, often banded. Cracked marble. Average density 2670 kg/m3, 0.4-2.1%, water absorption 0.07-0.34%, dry tensile strength 53.3-92.5 MPa, abrasion 0.08-0.11 g /cm 2. Explored reserves of the field are 2.2 million m 3 (1986).

The Orlyonok granodiorite deposit is confined to a large massif of igneous rocks of the Sayan Proterozoic-Sinian complex. The useful strata are granodiorites (average thickness 45 m) with rare veins of granites and pegmatites. In the upper part of the intrusion, the granodiorites are weathered (the average thickness of the weathering zone is 3.5 m). Overburden rocks are sandy-clayey deposits with an average thickness of 5.4 m. Granodiorites are gray, medium-grained, massive, and are broken into blocks up to 19 m 3 by a system of cracks. Average density 2720 kg/m3, porosity 1.49%, water absorption 0.19%, abrasion 0.16 g/cm2, dry tensile strength 129.7 MPa. Explored reserves 7.9 million m 3 (1986).

Dynamitnoe (explored reserves 1 million m 3, 1985) is being developed for marble crushed stone for decorative finishing of reinforced concrete products.

When developing deposits of facing stone, for the first time in the practice of domestic stone mining, large-sized excavators, methods of contour cutting and powder breaking of blocks from the massif were used. The annual capacity of the "Burovshchina" quarries is 5 thousand m 3 blocks, "Dynamite" - 134 tons of decorative crushed stone (1985). Delivery of raw materials from quarries using road transport and electric forklifts. About 30% of the volume of mined blocks is used to produce facing slabs in the stone processing shop of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration, the rest is sent to stone processing plants in Moscow, the Urals and foreign countries.

In the stone processing workshop, blocks are cut, granite and marble slabs are grinded and polished. To make more complete use of waste, areas for the production of consumer goods and decorative laminated boards were built at the workshop. When making mosaic slabs, presses and grinding equipment are used. In 1985, 45 thousand m 2 of facing slabs and 50 thousand m 2 of mosaic slabs were produced.

The city, whose name was given by mica-phlogopite, inherited from the mining administration the purest, underground, and therefore strategically safe, source of fresh water. In 1956, two horizons of the fourth phlogopite mine were flooded with water from an underground river. There is no way to abandon the mine - the country needs strategically important raw materials. It was decided to drain the water from the horizons. How? Geologists developed a project for an adit running through the entire city underground, through which water was supposed to go to Baikal. The length of this adit turned out to be 2800 meters. The water was caught and released into the lake, and the horizons were modified. And Slyudyanka is still fed with water from this adit, which has become the new bed of an underground spring.

By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of March 20, 1936, the working village of Slyudyanka in the East Siberian Territory was transformed into a city of regional significance. Going back decades, Slyudyanka could be described as two cities: one on the surface, the other underground. The first stretched from the coastline of Lake Baikal to the south, where 4-story comfortable houses were built, sweeping away the small wooden buildings of the townspeople. The second city arose on the southern outskirts of the first, at the mouth of the valley in 1927. The underground city was built deep into the bowels of the earth until 1973. This invisible city remained as a monument to those who worked for the good of the fatherland.

1. Mine shaft. Below, 6 horizons and about 150 meters in depth await us.

More than three hundred years have passed since the discovery of the first mica plate in the Slyudyanka Mountains by Kultuk hunters until our time. For many millennia, the earth stored in the layers of its rocks a rare mineral that splits into the thinnest translucent plates. The first capital geologists climbed the slopes of local mountains at the beginning of the 20th century. So they returned to Moscow and St. Petersburg with small hexagonal crystals. When revolutionary perestroika began, in 1925 Moscow entered into a trade agreement with England for the supply of Baikal mica from a still truly unexplored, unexplored deposit. But knowledge, significant investments and hard work did their job - the earth discovered its precious depths.

5. Horizon 130 meters, depth about 70 meters.

The first attempts to carry out mining operations by deepening each individual vein were complicated by the lack of lifting mechanisms. Therefore, we had to start digging adits. Given the existing terrain, this solution was the most reasonable. The situation in the country did not allow the use of mining equipment - drill hammers, compressors, metal trolleys, rails, pipes and much other equipment and devices. The country was in a difficult economic situation and it so happened that there were workers, but everything else was missing. But the work had to be done and with hard work the miners began to lay the foundation of the future underground city. Its construction lasted 47 years...

In 1927, Sibslyudtrest was formed - an industrial enterprise for the extraction and processing of mica. Omitting the details of the stagnation stage, we move on to the third stage. Beginning in the summer of 1939, after the crushing destruction of the engineering and development workers and the workers of the Slyudyansky mine in 1935-1938, the trust administration began a decisive attack in the construction of the foundation of the underground city - deep exploration. Funding for this type of work has also been increased. After approval of the mining plans at the First “Main” mine, the excavation of shafts No. 2, 3, 4 began.

10. Ore chamber.

13. Sixth horizon, 140-150 meters underground. The end of a mine shaft, an underground river flows here. View of the mine shaft from the horizon.

14. The phlogopite vein is clearly visible, zigzagging around the rock.

Mine No. 4 was located on the flank of the productive platform. Its depth then was 100 meters. work began on the mountain. 110 meters to the cross-cut with cross-cut No. 2 of the mountains. 11 meters of shaft No. 1. During the war, only clearing work was carried out on veins prepared for excavation, and dumps from previous years were moved through. Only in the late forties was it possible to begin deep exploration. Three crosscuts were laid from the shaft of mine No. 4 along the strike of pyroxene-amphibole gneisses at intervals of 20 meters with a horizon of 130 and 110 meters. The cross-cuts in the northwest direction were assigned numbers 2, 4 and 6, in the south-west - 1, 3, 5. From the forward cross-cuts, after 150-160 meters, field drifts were cut through, from which core drilling wells passed (a type of fast-rotary drilling in which rock destruction occurs along the ring, and not over the entire face area), as the cheapest type of work, were included in the scheme of heavy-type workings.

When the crosscuts crossed the calcite-phlogopite veins, they began driving drifts in the southwestern and northwestern directions. Samples were taken in the drifts at intervals of 5 meters. The sample included one explosion, and the rock was exposed to the surface, where mica was sampled. After processing the sample in the Quality Control Department (technical control department), the obtained data was entered into graphs by geologists. This was a voluminous work, since there were more than two thousand exposed veins in the deposit. Based on the samples received for each individual vein, reserves were calculated.

17. Crossroads with trolleys standing in a row. The chain consists of 24 trolleys in total.

18. Feet begin to get stuck in river silt, strewn with mica plates. The plates cast a glare, reflecting the light of the lantern and it seems that you noticed a shekel, but this is just an optical illusion.

In the spring of 1947, it was decided to change the methodology for calculating reserves. After two years of work, the Moscow State Reserves Commission (State Commission for Reserves) approved phlogopite reserves for the Slyudyanskoye deposit at 40 thousand tons. The State Bank has increased annual funding for the mining enterprise by 6-7 times. This contributed to successful work in the mines. The first mine began cutting horizons from the shaft of mine No. 4, mastering the depth and exploring the southeastern flank of the deposit.

If you look from the surface, where the underground city lies, you will not see anything except steep mountain slopes overgrown with forest. Your attention will be attracted only by narrow quarry cracks on the left slope of the valley at its mouth. In the dry riverbed there is a huge pit - a quarry for vein No. 6 and its neighbors. Further along the watershed, in the valley, through the thick brush of alder trees, one can see the Strelka quarry. And finally, behind the hill of the second mine is a quarry represented by brown biotite gneisses... Underground, everything looks different. The northwestern flank of the exploration workings adjoins the bed of the Slyudyanka River, and the southeastern flank borders the foot of the Stanovik ridge. The distance is 3 km, the width is 250-300 meters and the height at some points reaches 300-350 meters. The two components of the facility - Mine No. 1 and Mine No. 2 - are the basis for the entire underground city. The first mine was explored at 10 horizons, the second at 11. This entire combination of horizons and main connecting workings could previously be traced on a block diagram compiled by the mine department, which, unfortunately, is now lost.

On October 17, 1961, the Slyudyansky Mining Administration was awarded the title of “Communist Labor Collective.” In mine No. 4 on the mountain. 152 meters in vein No. 64 during the excavation of a sublevel drift by the team of V.V. Wilkoit uncovered a phlogopite crystal that reached a long axis of 2.2 meters in size. Preparatory work in the mountains. 89 meters of shaft No. 4 in one of the blind veins, M. Zhabin’s team uncovered barrel-shaped phlogopite crystals measuring from 40 to 60 cm in diameter.

22. Here the noise of the river reaches its climax. The dust stands in a column and the cry of a comrade will no longer be heard here.

23. Having passed along the drift, the source of the noise becomes visible. The river brought down hundreds of liters of groundwater from the upper horizon like a waterfall.

As the underground mining system developed to a depth, for the first time in 1939, at mine No. 1, groundwater was discovered in the shaft of mine No. 2 at a horizon of 42 meters. The organization of a drainage installation did not bring results. 17 years passed and on a horizon of 29 meters in the 4th shaft in the mine workings a “second” water appeared, the influx of which amounted to about 50-100 cubic meters. m/hour. Water also appeared in the shaft of the second mine.

25. Arrow.

26. The first deposits of the mineral adjacent to phlogopite - apatite. Its green splashes are visible in the huge calcite blocks.

It was necessary to take action. A drainage system was installed in shaft No. 4 to pump out water. Then they decided to go through drainage excavation for the mine workings of mine No. 2. When calculating the option of drainage through the shaft of mine No. 4, the annual cost of work was determined at 150 thousand rubles (excluding the increase in water inflow) as the mining system developed.

28. Drill hammer.

On September 20, 1956, a proposal was submitted to BRIZ to drain the field of the lower horizons of mines 1, 2, 4, 8 through a drainage adit planned from the eastern storm railway bridge to the crosscut No. 1 of the horizon + 4 meters of mine No. 4, with a total length of 2675 linear meters. in 1957, a comparative calculation was made of two options: organizing drainage along the shaft of mine No. 4 with a horizon of +4 meters and driving a drainage adit from Lake Baikal to the shaft of mine No. 4. The main disadvantages in carrying out such work were the difficult ventilation conditions for a very long mine and the duration of the work (5.4 years). It was decided to pump out the water anyway. On September 1, 1957, they began to drill chambers for the installation of drainage pumps, and on September 18, 1958, a breakthrough of fissure water occurred into the chambers being prepared. The option of pumping water through the mine shaft was no longer available.

Baikal adit... It took three years of going through all the authorities to prove the need to go through it. November 19, 1962 brigade A.M. For the first time, Pestova began to carry out excavation of such a significant length and complexity of a mine working. From the very beginning, the progress of the Baikalskaya adit was quite successful. The face reached a distance of 1200 meters in a year and a half. In some months the adit moved at a speed of 100-200 meters. Upon reaching 1200 meters, water gushed out from the opened gaping crack. To avoid such incidents, core drilling wells were drilled, which greatly slowed down the process of passing the adit. The water level kept rising, which made it difficult for haulage trains loaded with rock to move. It seemed that the electric locomotive, sparkling with lights, was floating, and not rolling on its small wheels.

31. The train consists of already 25 trolleys.

32. Rock loading trolley.

Upon reaching a distance of 2850 meters, the influx of water at the face increased sharply. But in mine No. 4 the level dropped by 25 meters, thereby freeing the +29-meter horizon with all the flooded equipment from water. And immediately the opportunity arose to begin exploration and production work, which was stopped 5 years ago.

The last stage was the passage of an oncoming field drift 300 meters long from the fourth shaft at a horizon of +49 meters. It was connected by the shaft of a blind shaft to the Baikal adit. This urgent task was completed in 6 months. The Baikal adit was supplied with compressed air and electricity, and the rock mass was lifted through the shaft of mine No. 4. A natural draft of the air stream was formed along the mine workings knocked down from the adit. There are only 250 linear meters left before the breakdown with the mine yard of mine No. 4 at the horizon of +4 meters.

40. Electric locomotive.

43. Some trolleys can still be pushed along the rails.

44. We approached the shaft of another mine, the structure of the building is very reminiscent of the shaft of the Central mine. Perhaps this is it and they connect on this horizon.

47. From the blind trunk we return to the ore chamber.

48. Huge apatite vein. Apatite is one of the most common minerals in the Slyudyansky region. As a trace mineral, it is found in all rocks and mineral deposits. The most significant accumulations of apatite are associated with quartz-diopside rocks, in which it sometimes displaces diopside.

50. Traces of the last visitors.

51. We returned to the mine shaft and walked along the horizon towards Baikal, where the river goes. But to our surprise, the river sank into the ground, and the cross-cuts here were covered with ice.

56. A very narrow and damp drift of unknown purpose.

58. This concludes our underground journey.

59. And somewhere above, on the shore of Lake Baikal, behind the iron green door you can hear the sound of the river.

60. Outside the boundaries of a small town, she found the strength to break out from underground, through soil and stone.

61. The city, whose name was given by mica-phlogopite, inherited from the mining administration the purest, underground, and therefore strategically safe, source of fresh water. Two horizons of the fourth mine were flooded with water from an underground river. There is no way to abandon the mine - the country needs strategically important raw materials. How to drain water from horizons? Geologists developed a design for a 3,200-meter-long adit through which water would flow into Baikal. In reality, the length of the adit was 2800 meters, completed in 1970. The water was caught and released into the lake, and the horizons were modified. And Slyudyanka is still fed with water from this adit, which has become the new bed of an underground spring.

62. Through the horizons, through the sweat and blood of Slyudyansk miners, through years of work. And its name is the Baikal adit.