15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern psychologist G.G. Granik: “In oral speech, feelings are conveyed not only by words, but also by facial expressions, gestures, and the sound of a voice. In written speech, the exclamation mark serves as a carrier of a wide variety of feelings "...
The means by which we express our feelings differ depending on the type of speech. In oral communication, facial expressions, gestures, raising and lowering the voice are used for this purpose. In written speech, the transmission of human feelings is carried out using the means of punctuation. So, an exclamation mark can express a whole range of emotions, moods, experiences. I think that's the meaning of the sentence. G.G. Granik.
The psychologist's idea can be illustrated with examples from the text. Yuri Yakovlev. The writer actively uses exclamatory sentences to convey the feelings of the characters.
Taborka's mother is against the fact that her son sheltered a four-legged friend in the house. “Dogs are nothing but dirt!” the woman says. In this sentence, her dislike of animals is expressed with an exclamation point.
Oddly enough, Taborka found understanding with the headmaster. A man unexpectedly offers a student a gift - a German Shepherd. The exclamation mark in sentence 49 conveys the sudden outburst of emotion the director experienced while listening to the child's story.
So, the above examples confirm the idea that the exclamation mark in written speech serves "bearer of a wide variety of feelings».
15.2. Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the final text: - What will you do when you grow up? - I will protect the dogs» …
Taborka's father killed a stray dog, which the boy managed to love with all his heart. The child is shocked. It is unlikely that he will ever forget about this inhuman act, although external reconciliation with his father may occur. The principal asks what Taborka will do when she grows up. The boy replies: "I will protect the dogs." He will not become as cruel as his father, and, having matured, he will rebuff everyone who offends animals. I think this is the meaning of the final phrases of the text. Yuri Yakovlev.
The answer to the director characterizes Taborka as a caring person, capable of sympathy and compassion towards animals. He is fully aware of the responsibility for the dog. This is confirmed in sentence 7: the boy, not wanting to leave his four-legged friend alone, takes him to school with him at his own peril and risk. And in sentences 41-44 it is told about the love with which the child took care of the dog: he constantly thought about it, fed it.
So, in the final phrase of Taborka one can feel determination and firmness. And as an adult, he will undoubtedly fight against cruelty and inhumanity.
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word HUMANITY? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: What is humanity?«…
What is humanity?
Humanity can be called the ability to sympathy and compassion. This is one of the best character traits. The one who takes someone else's grief to heart is worthy of respect.
In the text Yuri Yakovlev Taborka shows humanity. He takes care of a homeless dog, sympathizing with her with all his heart. “I couldn't kick the dog out,” the boy says. “She was kicked out once already.”
Recently, in one of the TV shows, they talked about volunteers who organized a free shelter for animals abandoned by their owners. People, at the behest of their hearts, save homeless dogs and cats from hunger, cold and disease. This is also a manifestation of humanity.
By empathizing with others, we fight evil and injustice. Humanity is one of those qualities that help us make the world kinder.
Option 13 (compositions based on the text by K. Osipov)
Task 15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern linguist I.I. Postnikova: "Possessing both lexical and grammatical meaning, a word can be combined with other words, be part of a sentence" ...
Words do not exist in the language separately: being connected with each other in meaning and grammatically, they are part of syntactic units - phrases and sentences. The ability of words to combine is due to the fact that each of them has a lexical and grammatical meaning. In my opinion, this is the meaning she put into her statement. I.I. Postnikova.
The lexical meaning is the meaning of the word. Grammatical meaning includes signs that allow the word to change its form.
We illustrate the role of the lexical and grammatical characteristics of a word with examples from the text K. Osipova. Sentence 3 uses the epithet "unquenchable" (thirst), which very accurately characterizes the young Suvorov's desire for knowledge. The word has the lexical meaning "very strong, constant" and in meaning is combined with the concept of "thirst". From a grammatical point of view, the adjective "unquenchable" is in the feminine, singular, nominative form. At the same time, it is connected with the defined noun “thirst” according to the principle of agreement.
The word "started" (conversation) in sentence 25 is used in a figurative sense - "began". This is a metaphor to help the reader better imagine the communication between Suvorov and Hannibal. From a grammatical point of view, “began” is a reflexive perfective verb, standing in the past tense, singular, feminine. Combining with other words, the word is part of a sentence in which it plays the role of a predicate.
So, the examples given confirm the idea of I.I. Postnikova. " Possessing both lexical and grammatical meaning« , the word really can be combined with other words, be part of a sentence».
Task 15.2. Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentence number 11: "" ...
K. Osipov talks about the childhood of Alexander Suvorov. The future commander was a weak, sickly child, and it seemed that a military career was an impossible dream for him. However, Alexander did not give up and stubbornly went to achieve his cherished goal.
In sentence 11, the author writes about this: “ With perseverance and perseverance, manifested already in childhood, he began to prepare himself for military activity.". I understand the meaning of this phrase as follows: Alexander from an early age did everything possible to fulfill his dream of becoming a commander.
The guide for the boy was the biographies of the great military leaders of the past: "Spending whole days in his father's library, Sasha found rich food for his mind in these books" (sentence 8).
The ten-year-old child managed to develop a "whole system of self-education", thanks to which he grew up as a person, strong morally and physically. This is stated in sentences 12-14.
So, the above examples prove that the perseverance and perseverance that he showed from childhood on the way to his goal helped Suvorov become a famous commander.
Task 15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word SELF-EDUCATION? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: What is self-education?» …
Essays for option 12
Task 15.1
H write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of a modern psychologist
G.G. Granik: "In oral speech, feelings are conveyed not only by words, but also by facial expressions, gestures, the sound of the voice. In written speech, the exclamation mark serves as a carrier of a wide variety of feelings."
Let's look at the keywords in this sentence.
Exclamation point - this is a special punctuation mark, it is placed at the end of a sentence, which is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation. We speak with an exclamatory intonation when it is necessary to express certain emotions, feelings(joy, anger, admiration, surprise, etc.) and give the statement a special meaning, focus the attention of listeners on it.
Now let's find all the exclamatory sentences in the text. There are 4 of them: 3), 11), 33), 49). And three of them are spoken by the principal of the school. We will base our discussion on these three examples.
Please note that at first, for the headmaster, the boy Taborka is just "another visitor" who has done something there. "Do you remember everything!" What feelings does the exclamation point express in this sentence? Irritation, annoyance, fatigue. These feelings of an adult are intensified when he hears the word "police". "Hour by hour is not easier!" he exclaims indignantly to himself.
But the sad story of the boy, his grief echoed in the director's heart: "Listen, Taborka! Do you want me to give you a dog?" Calls are often marked with an exclamation point. But here it has a special meaning. The exclamation point at the end of this sentence conveys the director's compassion, his ardent sympathy for the boy, whose grief he understands.
If you get carried away with this topic, then you can write that a characteristic feature of the boy’s speech in the author’s transmission is just absence exclamatory sentences. The child is killed, defeated by the heartlessness of his father. But it is probably not necessary to write about this. 90 words is enough.
We discussed everything. Now write yourself!
Use speech clichés.
By the way, the name of the modern psychologist Granik is Henrietta Grigoryevna.
Therefore, it is necessary to write like this: "The modern psychologist G.G. Granik wrote A: .."
Task 15.2
Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the final text: "- What will you do when you grow up? - I will protect the dogs."
Let's write together!
(What is the text about?) Taborka brought home a dog abandoned by someone. His father first kicked out the dog and then killed it. The boy is shocked by what happened. At the end of the text, Yu. Yakovlev conveys Taborka's conversation with the school director: " - What will you do when you grow up? - I will protect the dogs".
(Your interpretation of the meaning of the phrase) This answer of the boy means that he will never allow himself cruelty towards ... that he, becoming an adult, will fight with ... and protect ....
(Move to the evidence). Yu. Yakovlev's text does not give us any doubt that Taborka will keep her promise. He is already ready to take a homeless animal under protection ... (example from the text).
Even now he cannot understand the cruelty of adults towards the dog... (see sentences 33 - 35, 8).
(We write the conclusion). Taborka's final phrase "I will protect the dogs" sounds like an oath of allegiance to the path that the boy has chosen for himself. This road is followed by people ... (what?), who consider it their duty ... (what?)
Task 15.3
How do you understand the meaning of the word HUMANITY?
Formulate and comment on your definition. Arguing your thesis, give two examples-arguments that confirm your judgments: give one example-argument from the text you read, the second - from your life experience.
The task is the same as in Choose the definition that can be argued with examples from the text of Yu. Yakovlev.
Which of the characters in the story showed humanity? Certainly, Taborka, who took pity on the dog, abandoned by the owners to the mercy of fate, and took responsibility for it.
Pay attention to the fact that the only person from among the adults around the boy who showed understanding and sympathy was head teacher. He wanted to give Taborka a German Shepherd so that she would brighten up the bitterness of loss for him.
Watch a wonderful presentation just on the topic of HUMANITY:
Please send your essay to my email [email protected]
200. 1. Read the text and explain how intonation is related to the rules of speech etiquette.
But speech etiquette is not limited to memorizing special etiquette words, expressions and their appropriate use in speech.
Speech behavior is a mirror that reflects the level of upbringing, the internal culture of a person. After all, only a sincere benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, true concern for his well-being encourage a person to express his friendliness, favor with the help of verbal signs of attention.
Intonation plays a huge role in observing the rules of speech communication. Without it, there can be no oral speech at all. Thoughts, feelings, moods are consciously or involuntarily transmitted with the help of intonational means (melodics, logical stress, pauses, tone, voice timbre, speech tempo). The role of intonation is so great that it can even change the meaning of a word. "Good!" - we exclaim approvingly at the sight of a luxurious bouquet of flowers. The same word in a different speech environment can express a completely different meaning. When we meet a dirty, shaggy boy on the street, we will mockingly say, lowering our voice on a stressed vowel and holding out this sound: “Ho-ro-o-osh!” Depending on the speech situation, the intention of the speaker, his state of mind, the sentence Thunderstorm is coming can be pronounced indifferently, calmly, restrainedly, with fear, anxiety, horror or joy, delight. Intonation, like facial expressions, gestures, can sometimes tell more than words. That is why we often trust the intonation than the direct meaning of the phrase.
The special role of intonation in communication has been recognized by people for a long time. So, evidence has been preserved that the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates expressed his opinion about a person only after he heard his voice. The observations of another scientist who lived in the 13th century, Abdul-Faraj, are interesting: “The one who speaks, gradually lowering his voice, is undoubtedly deeply saddened by something ...; who speaks in a weak voice is as timid as a lamb; he who speaks piercingly and incoherently is stupid as a goat.” Without a doubt, intonation carries extremely important information about a person, and not only about his character, mood, upbringing, but even about his profession. This is evidenced by an experiment once conducted by British radio. Nine readers spoke on the air, the listeners were asked to determine their gender, age and profession. The actor, the judge and the priest were unmistakably recognized, since their voice has a professional setting and specific intonations.
2. Plan the text and retell it in parts.
201. Thanks to intonation, we can catch the meaning of the statement, even without knowing the words that make it up. At the same time, the role of intonation increases as the emotionality of speech increases.
Read the text first silently. Think about the intonation with which the host pronounced the highlighted sentence. Expressively read the text aloud, trying to convey this intonation.
And here's a little story. My friend in Losiny Ostrov had a young dog of a hound breed. The dog always wanted to run, and she poked her nose into the knees of those sitting, inviting them to leave the house. The words "In place!", "In the corner!" didn't work. Then the master spoke softly, but sternly: "Who killed Kennedy?!" And the dog, embarrassed, looking around guiltily, crawled away on his stomach to his corner and froze for a long time. Intonation! Both people and animals feel intonation very subtly.
(AT. Peskov)
202. Have you ever witnessed how animals reacted correctly to the intonation of human speech? Tell about these cases.
203. Read the text and explain the evidence given in it. Is it possible to say that intonation is capable of expressing meaning independently, without relying on the content of the statement? What role does intonation play in language acquisition?
Scientists who study the development of speech in children have found that if words are replaced in a statement addressed to a ten-month-old child, while the intonation remains the same, then the child's reaction to speech will not change. The situation is different with children older than 10 months: their reaction changes if the same intonation is preserved in the statement addressed to them, but the sound structure changes. It is also known that infants, even without speaking, often turn to loved ones, uttering a stream of meaningless words, and such speaking in intonation and rhythm is very similar to real speech.
204. The remarkable Russian linguist L. V. Shche-rba wrote that it seems to Russians that the French, speaking, seem to sing. But the Russians, according to the scientist, actually “sing” even more than the French, although they don’t notice it behind them. Moreover, they “sing” in different ways: in Moscow it is more sweeping, at ease, and in Leningrad it is monotonous singing, since unstressed vowels are less shortened in the speech of Leningraders.
Express your thoughts on this opinion. Argument your point of view.
The bird is red with a pen, and speech with a word
Russian dialects have not only phonetic, lexical and grammatical features, but also intonation features that do not coincide with the norms of the literary language. The original beauty of the northern dialects was noted by many writers. So, Fedor Abramov, admiring the northern “speak”, northern speech, where the word sings, plays, amuses and heals a person, wrote: “I have always been attracted by the opportunity to catch the beauty and inexplicable charm of Russian folk speech, fix it, understand it.”
205. 1. Read and explain what the first friend wanted to say and what the second friend wanted to say.
Two friends are standing in the hall of the art gallery. One of them exclaimed: “What a picture!” And the other said, "What picture?"
2. What means of oral speech influenced the meaning of what was said by friends? What means of writing is used to convey the different meanings of these sentences? Make a conclusion.
206. 1. The famous linguist Karl Vossler called intonation “the soul of the word” (instead of the term intonation he used the word accent). Read carefully the passage from the book of this scholar. Explain how you understand the linguist's statement.
To understand what an accent is, take it away from the language. What will be left? Nothing will remain of oral speech. From the graphically fixed one, there will remain empty shells piled up in a heap, which are called letters. In this case, there is absolutely no need to pronounce at least a single sound; you can use an accent without resorting to the help of speech organs - the accent is so spiritual and inherent in the language.
2. In your opinion, is the linguist right in considering that intonation is present not only in oral speech, but also in written text (“you can use an accent without resorting to the action of speech organs”)? Conduct an experiment that can confirm or refute this statement.
207. Read and retell the text.
In oral speech, the role of the organizer of the sound flow into meaningful statements is played by intonation. Without intonation, there can be no oral speech.
It is the intonation, like the colors in the picture, that gives our “speech canvas” a picturesque flavor. After all, even the most common question What time is it now? can be said so gloomily that no one will want to answer it. Intonation also plays an etiquette role in speech.
Intonation is a complex phenomenon. It consists of several elements: melodics(raising and lowering the tone of the voice) logical(semantic) accents, loudness(strength) of sounding of different parts of the utterance, pace speech, timbre(“coloring” of the voice, which depends on the individual characteristics of the work of the vocal cords), pauses(breaks in sound). Each element of intonation is indicated by special signs: /, //, /// - pauses of different length (short, medium length, long), ……. - logical stress, ...... .. - enhanced logical stress, ^ - voice increase, v - voice decrease.
Intonation elements, like pieces of glass in a kaleidoscope, can be combined with each other in different ways, forming a large number of intonation patterns.
The intonation in Russian is distinguished by its richness and exceptional diversity.
208. Read the dialogue aloud expressively and explain why there is irritation between the participants. What norms of speech etiquette are violated? Now change the dialogue so that the tone of communication becomes friendly.
- I'm going! - answers the son, unable to tear himself away from the computer game.
- Well, are you going?
- I'm going! - Vanya repeats, continuing an interesting game. He is in a hurry to finish the game with all his might, but that is why he starts making mistakes, the game drags on.
- Why don't you go? Everything will cool down!
I'm coming! I'm coming!
– How do you talk? Do not be rude!
– What did I say? I said "I'm going!"
209. It is established that an experienced lecturer speaks approximately 100-120 words per minute. And what is the pace of your speech, you want to know? To do this, take a passage from any exercise, consisting of 100-120 words, and read it aloud. If you read it in a minute, then the pace of your speech is normal. If you read faster, you need to take care of yourself in order to speak more slowly, if you did not meet the minute, work on making your speech faster.
With a smart talk, what to drink honey
In the 19th century, Russian composers drew attention to the fact that human speech, like music, is very melodic. The speech of a person seems to be filled with "melodic juice", therefore, speech intonation gives the composer rich material for his works.
Later, this discovery was confirmed by linguists who studied intonation. Indeed, verbal and logical stresses associated with a change in pitch create a combination of sounds of different pitches - a kind of melody. Melody is an important component of intonation. If we carefully listen to the spoken phrases, we can fix the melody, that is, the movement of the voice up or down, as well as the place of the melodic break - the point where this direction changes: the tone of the voice begins to rise or fall.
210. 1. Get acquainted with fragments of the memoirs of contemporaries about the lectures of the great Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. What intonational features of this scientist's speech especially struck his contemporaries?
I. The intonation of his voice was constantly changing: now he spoke in high tenor notes, now in a low baritone voice, then in a patter, as if small stones are rolling down a mountain, then he stops, pulls, looks for a figurative expression for his thought and always finds such that in two - three words clearly express what he wanted to say. We soon became accustomed to this original method of presentation, which harmonized with the original appearance of Mendeleev and at the same time helped to assimilate what he said.
(V. Tishchenko)
II. If I were a musician, I think I could set Mendeleev's lecture to music, and any of those who had the good fortune to listen to him would unmistakably recognize the sounds of this powerful voice, passing from a whisper clearly audible in the last corner of the audience to thunderous exclamations.
(B. Weinberg)
2. Try to describe your impressions about the intonation features of your favorite actor (singer, teacher, TV or radio host).
Without a tongue and a dumb bell
In 1878 M. P. Mussorgsky worked on the opera The Marriage. “My music,” he wrote, “should be an artistic work of human speech in all its subtlest bends, that is, the sounds of human speech ... must ... become music.”
The composer visits the Alexandrinsky Theater and writes down the intonation of the actors with notes in order to achieve the reproduction of “simple human speech” in his opera. It was the first recording of Russian intonation. Since then, musical signs have been used more than once to convey the melodic pattern of speech, to indicate the duration of speech sounds.
211. 1. Read each proverb first to yourself, thinking about its content. Write off, denoting logical stress, increase, decrease in voice, pauses. Read the proverbs aloud, pay attention to the correct intonation.
1) A polite word humbles a violent head. 2) Ringing is not a prayer, a cry is not a conversation. 3) An affectionate word is better than a soft pie. 4) An unkind word that fire burns. 5) Language is a banner, leads a squad. 6) The road is a spoon for dinner, and a word - for an answer. 7) If you say - you won’t turn it back, if you write it - you won’t erase it, if you cut it off - you won’t put it on.
2. Using materials ex. 38 and this exercise, prepare a message on the topic "Russian proverbs about the rules of speech etiquette."
212. In the "Dictionary of epithets of the Russian language" by K. S. Gorbachevich to the word tone more than 250 epithets are given. How many can you name?
213. Try to pronounce the sentence Have brought with an expression of threat, joy, admiration, indignation, anger, surprise, indecision. Let your listeners try to determine the mood that you wanted to convey with your voice in each case. This task will help you check if you have a good command of Russian intonation.
214. 1. Scientists have found that the word hello can be pronounced in 40 ways, and a variety of intonation helps in this. Try to pronounce this word in different ways. Let your comrades determine what semantic connotation (subtext) you put into this greeting in each case.
2. Read each etiquette formula of address in a different tone, conveying different semantic and emotional shades of the speech situation: joy, indifference, irony, anger, pride, etc.
Ladies and Gentlemen! Friends! Dear guests! Madam! Sir! Citizens! How are you? What's up? How are you? How are you feeling? How are your parents? See you. Till Monday. Goodnight.
215. 1. How do you understand the meaning of the following statements? Do you agree with them? Justify your point of view.
1) The point is not in the word, but in the tone in which this word is pronounced ... (V. Belinsky) 2) People are not offended by the meaning, but by intonation, because intonation reveals a different meaning, hidden and main. (YU. Trifonov) 3) The culture of feelings and emotional interpersonal relationships is inextricably linked with the culture of intonational "decoration" of the statement. (B. Golovin)
2. Formulate the thoughts expressed in these statements in the form of rules of speech etiquette.
216. Say each sentence, expressing different feelings and moods in your voice. Observe what intonation features the pronunciation options of sentences differ in (voice movement, tempo, tone of speech, voice power), how intonation, facial expressions and gestures are combined.
I do not remember(horror, despondency, indifference, mockery, amazement, fear, triumph). I will go(consent, doubt, threat, daydreaming, determination, fear, joy). Come(order, plea, challenge, indifference, irony). Ivan Matveevich(affection, threat, request, shock, censure, surprise, doubt).
As you know, the impulse to any action can be expressed in the form of an order, demand, request, advice, wish. Track which of the indicated shades receives an impulse to the same action in each sentence. Try to pronounce each phrase in a different tone, conveying a variety of moods. In what speech situation is each of the sentences appropriate? Which of these phrases should be avoided in speech and why? Make a conclusion.
Come tomorrow! Please come tomorrow. Excuse me, can you come tomorrow? Be sure to come tomorrow! May I ask you to come tomorrow? Why don't you come tomorrow? I advise you to come tomorrow, otherwise we will leave for the country. I would really like you to come tomorrow. Are you coming tomorrow or not?! I think we should come tomorrow. Please come tomorrow. If you don't mind, come back tomorrow. Do me a favor, come tomorrow. You would have come tomorrow! Won't you come tomorrow? Let's come tomorrow!
218. You came to visit ...; you meet guests ...; you are talking on the phone…; you get on the bus ... How should a well-mannered person behave in these situations? Formulate a few rules of conduct using incentive sentences.
Sample: Do not enter the apartment without knocking. Say hello politely to the owners, take off your outer clothing.
219. How to encourage a person to stop his speech, stop talking? There are a huge number of language options. Here are some of them.
Read each statement, explaining in which speech situation it is appropriate. Watch the tone of the speech. What expressions should not be used in speech and why?
Shut up! Briefly speaking! I think it should be over now. Stop talking! Enough, thanks. Please finish your story. I know about it. Maybe that's enough?! Speak shorter.
Get to the point. Stop! Stop it! Your time is up. Sorry, I'll have to interrupt you.
Do not get tired of talking, it would be something to say
Scientists believe that in the process of communication, intonation is more important than words. According to the French psychologist François Sulger, those who speak the content of statements pay only 7% of significance, intonation - 38%, facial expressions and gestures - 55% (with regard to gestures, you can make an adjustment for the French mentality: Russian people are more moderate in their gestures). The information "removed" from the intonation is indeed always more important than the information "removed" from the words themselves. By the voice of the interlocutor, we determine whether today or not today to speak on a complex and delicate topic, whether our interlocutor is sincere, whether he is satisfied with the outcome of the conversation, etc.
Scientists prove that the listener of a lecture (report, teacher's explanation, television or radio broadcast, etc.) does not absorb up to 40% of the information of interest to him, which is actually contained in the text, if the intonation, rate of speech, facial expressions, posture, gestures of the speaker are not consistent with the content of the text.
Try to say each sentence first with an expression of approval, then with a sense of condemnation. Determine the intonation differences of different sentence options. What idea about the role of intonation in communication do these examples prove?
She is such a kind woman! This is some kind of miracle! How lovely! Well, how good are you!
What a beauty she is! He's an interesting person, though.
221. Prove the correctness of each statement with examples.
1) The voice is only the clothes of living speech, and intonation is its soul. A beautiful voice with a bad intonation is like a beautiful but stupid face. (WITH. Volkonsky) 2) Only in an oral story, only in live speech as the man said turns into what a person said, because intonation can give a word many new meanings and even the opposite meaning. (AND. Andronikov) 3) The voice is warm and soft, rough and gloomy, frightened and timid, jubilant and confident, malicious and insinuating, firm, lively, triumphant, and with a thousand more shades that express the most diverse feelings, moods of a person and even his thoughts. (AT. Morozov) 4) Intonation always lies on the border of verbal and non-verbal, spoken and unsaid. In intonation, the word is directly in contact with life. And above all, it is in intonation that the speaker comes into contact with the listener. The intonation is social... par excellence. (M. Bakhtin)
222. 1. Read, correctly placing the logical stress in the first part of the sentence. Explain the semantic differences between these statements.
Did you do it or someone else? Did you do it or something else? Did you do it or didn't you?
2. Write down these sentences, parse them. Explain what union is used for or in each of them. Make a conclusion.
223. Using these examples, prove that logical stress is an exponent of the semantic aspect of speech.
1) Tell me better! Better tell. 2) He has only two sons. He has only two sons. 3) Veronica wrote a good composition. Veronica wrote. X. o .. r ... o .. w ... e .. e. composition. Veronica wrote a good essay. 4) Today we were in the museum of local lore. Today we were in the local history museum. Today we were in the local history museum. Today we were in the local history museum.
224. Explain how you understand the statement of the outstanding Russian director K. S. Stanislavsky. Justify your point of view using examples from literary texts.
Stress is the index finger that distinguishes the main word in a phrase or text. In the highlighted word, the soul, the inner essence, the main points of the subtext are hidden.
Good speech is good and listening
When learning a foreign language, it is most difficult to master intonation, which, as you know, in each language has its own unique features. For example, people for whom English is their native language unwittingly transfer its intonational features to Russian phrases. Narrative, most interrogative sentences in English are pronounced with a lower voice, but at the same time, unlike Russian melody, the sound of the last word increases sharply, which is perceived by the ear of a Russian person as a slight increase. Such a rising intonation is heard in English greetings, expressions of gratitude, friendly wishes.
225. What is the similarity and difference between the intonation of a sentence in Russian and in the foreign language that you study at school?
226. 1. Explain which of the intonational variants of the sentence expresses permission to continue the game, and which one - the order to start it. Prove it.
2. Express this order in a more friendly and relaxed way. Read the sentences aloud, see if their intonation changes with the inclusion of etiquette formulas.
227. 1. What parts of speech are the highlighted words? What is the means of expressing the grammatical differences of words when pronouncing these sentences? Make a conclusion.
2. With the help of etiquette formulas, soften the order contained in these sentences. Does this change the tone of the utterance?
228. Read the sentences aloud. In which case the logical stress falls on the underlined words? Prove that it is a means of semantic and grammatical differences between words and sentences.
1) Alice played, So how all the children played. Alice played So, how all the children played.
2) I knew what interested my interlocutor. I knew, what interested my interlocutor.
3) The child did not understand what it was for the inscription. The child did not understand what it was an inscription.
229. Read the sentences expressively, raising or lowering your voice on a stressed vowel. Determine why it is in these words that the direction of voice movement changes. What do the sentences in each group have in common? What is the difference? Make a conclusion.
230. Make up a dialogue between a teacher and a student who is late for class. What intonation pattern will you use to express reproach?
What intonation patterns will appear in the student's responses? Read the dialogue aloud.
231. Read each proverb to yourself, thinking about its content. Write off, denoting logical stress, increase, decrease in voice, pauses. Read the proverbs aloud, pay attention to the correct intonation. Explain why proverbs are divided into three groups.
1) Whoever wants to know a lot needs little sleep. The root of the doctrine is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. Teach your son, when he fits across the bench, but how he stretched out to the fullest - you won’t teach. What you did not learn from your youth, you will not know in old age. Every skill comes with hard work. A spoon is needed to sip soup, and a letter is needed to draw knowledge.
2) Work is a matter of honor, be in the first place in work. Look not at the person, but at his deeds. Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils. To eat a fish, you need to climb into the water.
3) A man without friends is like a tree without roots. Friendship is like glass: if you break it, you can't put it together. A bad friend is like a shadow: on a sunny day you can’t get rid of it, you won’t find it on a rainy day. An untested friend is like an unbroken nut.
232. Restore the question using etiquette formulas and polite, friendly intonation. How do these mini-dialogues differ in meaning from each other?
233. Prove that each answer option requires a change in the logical stress in the question.
234. 1. How do you pronounce the phrase Your ticket in the proposed speech situations? Try to graphically depict the melodic pattern of the phrase in each case.
1) Someone dropped the ticket, you picked it up and are looking for the owner. "Your ticket?" You turn to the man standing next to you.
2) You are the controller. Your goal is to check if the passengers on the bus have tickets. "Your ticket?" - you turn to each one in turn, demanding to show a ticket.
3) The train arrives at its final destination. The carriage conductor distributes tickets to passengers. “Your ticket,” he hands you a travel document.
2. Explain how the melody helps to distinguish sentences that are different in meaning, but verbally the same. Draw an intonation pattern for each sentence.
235. 1. Try to act out the situation shown in the picture. How should the phrase be pronounced? your diary each participant in the scene? Draw the intonation pattern of these sentences.
2. Rebuild this phrase using etiquette formulas suitable for different speech situations.
And Moscow was not built right away
Since the 40s of the 20th century, sound-analyzing equipment began to be used to study intonation - it became possible to use a more accurate form of recording, showing in detail the features of melody, tempo, timbre of speech, pauses and other elements of intonation:
236. 1. Come up with different answers to the question Will you come to the opening of the exhibition? Use the following words in your answers.
I don't know if I can; maybe; may be; unlikely; I'm afraid not...; I don't think so...; I think yes; will try; perhaps; in no case… .
2. Say each answer out loud. What feelings should you convey with your voice and facial expressions in each case?
237. 1. Analyze the sentences and make a conclusion about whether it is possible to depict all the intonational variants of the sentence with the help of a letter. What additional writing tools did you use for this?
2. Soften each phrase with special etiquette words and friendly, welcoming intonation.
An affectionate word seduces many
Intonationally significant in speech emphatic(from Greek. emphasis- expressiveness accent, with the help of which there is not only a logical, but also an emotionally expressive selection of a word. Emphatic stress is used to express feelings. Scientists pay attention to the fact that emphatic stress expresses positive emotions differently than negative ones. So, vowel lengthening most often conveys feelings of joy, delight, tenderness: What a wonderful movie! My-and-my bark.
When expressing negative emotions, the vowel, on the contrary, becomes shorter, but at the same time, the first consonant in the word expressing negative emotion lengthens: Oh, you're such a jerk!
238. What explains the unusual spelling of words and the use of quotation marks in the following examples? Read the sentences aloud with proper intonation.
1) “Marianna Vikentievna! he exclaimed suddenly, needlessly loudly. “Are you going to give lessons at school again this year?” Marianna turned away from the cage: “And THIS interests you, Semyon Petrovich?” “Of course, I’m very interested.” “Would you ban THAT?” (AND. Turgenev) 2) “This is Comrade Semenov ... To-va-rishch Se-me-nov!” Chumakova shrieked piercingly, waving her arms. (P. Pavlenko) 3) “What,” he thinks, “is this a joke? Not by herself? (P. Bazhov) 4) I could not imagine that children could live without a "home". (V. Korolenko) 5) Once, even with an expression of greed on his face, he took her fox ear into his fist, patted it and said with an arrangement: “So that ... you ... from ... dead ... la, cholera!” (A. Chekhov) 6) ... The work of a library is determined not by how many editions of the fifteenth or sixteenth century it has collected, but by how it serves its readers ... How it serves! And you chased a sensation: for s-e-n-s-a-c-i-e-y! (YU. Dombrovsky) 7) "I see!" I answered him. And he repeated it again, putting all his delight: “I see!” (G. Troepolsky) 8) ... Pay them not from the January fee, but from the future February, because now I don’t have a penny. Literally: no-gro-sha! (BUT. Chekhov)
239. Draw the melody of the sentences. Compare different versions of the same sentence, the meaning of which will help determine the word in brackets. Explain how these options differ.
1) What kind of gardens are there! (Divine.) What kind of gardens are there? (Interested in the characteristics of the gardens.) What kind of gardens are there! (Very bad.) What kind of gardens are there! (The question is being clarified - the characteristics of the gardens are of interest.) What kind of gardens are there? (The question is clarified - where?)
2) When will he return? (Who.) When will he return? (Action) When will he return? (Time.) When will he return? (Not soon.)
3) What do we know? (What, about what.) And what do we know? (Who.) What do we know? (We know something very interesting.) What do we know? (The question is being clarified - about what?) But what do we know? (The question is clarified - who knows).
240. Compare offers. Explain how they differ. Make a conclusion.
241. Read the sentence Wherehe was?, sequentially shifting the stress from the first word to the last. Give an appropriate answer for each question.
Think about why the accent is called intonation center speech utterance. You can easily answer the question if you make an intonation pattern of each sentence option in the form of a graphic diagram.
242. Determine how many intonational and semantic options the sentence has How dare he? Justify your answer.
243. After imagining different speech situations, act out a small dialogue. Watch how the intonation of the conversation changes, the verbal composition of phrases, the formulas of address. Explain why this is happening.
- What time is it now?
- Five minutes to twelve.
The diagram will help you complete this task.
For a great deed - a great word
There are many ways to express a request in Russian: incentive sentences (Give me the book!) various morphological means, for example, the subjunctive form of the verb (give the book away) or indefinite form of the verb (Give the book back!) special words and expressions softening the request (please, be kind, be kind, is it difficult for you, do me a favor), intonation of an order, soft begging, etc. In each of these cases, the request takes on the connotation of an order or a wish.
244. 1. Try to come up with small dialogues with an imaginary interlocutor. Ask him to lend you an audio or video cassette that you like. Using a variety of linguistic means, express your request in the form of a pleading, prayer, command, order, advice, consolation, wish.
Your interlocutor should refuse you either in a sharp, decisive form (Well, no! No way! No and no again! It is absolutely impossible!), or more polite (you see…, you understand…, believe me…, unfortunately… etc.).
2. Now try to play a scene with a friend at the theater before the start of the concert, for which it is extremely difficult to buy tickets. One of the interlocutors in various ways begs the other to give the ticket. Comrade, not wanting to part with the ticket, refuses. Despite stubborn resistance, the first participant in the dialogue must achieve his goal. What can help him in this?
245. Read four short dialogues. How do the sentences included in these dialogues differ from each other? Mentally think of the speech situation in which each of the dialogues is possible, and read aloud with the correct intonation.
246. Imagine that you were absent from school for a long time due to illness, and tomorrow you are going to come to class for the first day. In the clinic, you look into the dentist's office, where you find your classmate friend in the chair. He is waiting for the doctor (sitting with his mouth open) and, seeing you, with the help of gestures and intonation, he tries to inform that there will be a test tomorrow. Act out this scene.
247. 1. Explain which pronunciation of the sentence expresses a demand, and which one expresses a request.
2. Complicate proposals-requests with etiquette words.
248. In what speech situation should each of these options be used? Prove it.
249. Expressively read an excerpt from A. I. Kuprin's story "Olesya", conveying the author's remarks with the appropriate intonation.
- Where are you, Olesya? Manuilikha suddenly asked, seeing that her granddaughter hastily threw a large gray woolen kerchief over her head.
- I'll go ... I'll spend a little, - Olesya answered.
She said this indifferently, looking not at her grandmother, but out the window, but I caught a slight hint of irritation in her voice.
– Will you go? the old woman asked with emphasis.
Olesya's eyes flashed and rested point-blank on Manuilikha's face.
- Yes, I'll go! she retorted haughtily. “This has been discussed and discussed for a long time ... My business, my answer.
- Oh, you! .. - the old woman exclaimed with annoyance and reproach.
She wanted to add something else, but only waved her hand.
250. How do you understand the words of a prominent figure in the Russian education of the XIX century, philosopher, mathematician, linguist I. I. Davydov?
Prepare a short oral presentation based on the main idea of this statement. What will you name your performance?
We admire speech when we are not forced to guess its meaning; when the subject develops easily and consistently in it; when it flows like a transparent stream, which you can see the very bottom.
251. Listen critically to your speech. Doesn't she suffer from the vice, about which the professor of Kazan University, the author of works on oratory, A.V. Govorov, wrote in the 19th century?
Monotone pronunciation, lulling the beauty and partly the meaning of speech, is a misfortune not only for the audience, but also for the speaker himself; it is not only unpleasant for the listener, but also harmful for the speaker.
252. Read the statements of K. G. Paustovsky (I) and M. I. Tsvetaeva (II) about the role of punctuation marks in a written text. Explain why both authors compare punctuation marks with musical notation. Can punctuation marks "suggest" the right, correct intonation? How do punctuation marks sound in spoken language? Show this with example sentences from any exercise.
I. Punctuation marks are like musical notation. They firmly hold the text and do not allow it to crumble.
II. The book must be performed by the reader as a sonata. Signs are notes. It is up to the reader to realize or distort.
253. Read the text expressively and briefly formulate its main idea. Prove her justice.
IT'S NOT WHAT YOU SAY...
… but in the way you say it. Most of us are shocked when we hear our own voice on a tape or answering machine, because it is so different from what we expected. For the rest, such a problem does not exist, but still it is better to listen to yourself and analyze how your words sound. Loud speech in raised tones is not perceived well, and those who speak very quickly often look unworthy of attention. Remember that tone of voice is sometimes more important than words, so when you are talking to a stranger, try to put feelings into your speech, even if you do not want to express more than what is said in words. No one expects you to imitate famous politicians by dramatically coloring your speech, it is enough that the intonation, speed and tone of your speech correspond to its real meaning.
(G. Wilson)
254 . Modern linguists believe that intonation performs several functions in speech, including communicative (communication function), semantic, emotionally expressive, etiquette. On examples, try to prove the validity of this thesis.
255. Using the materials of the 5th section of the book, prepare a message on the topic "Intonation and culture of speech communication."
256. Read carefully the statement of the famous Russian linguist and psychologist A. A. Leontiev. Explain the content of this statement in your own words.
To fully communicate, a person must, in principle, have a number of skills. He must, firstly, be able to quickly and correctly navigate in the conditions of communication. He must, secondly, be able to correctly plan his speech, correctly choose the content of the act of communication. He must, thirdly, find adequate means to convey this content. Fourth, he must provide feedback. If any of the links in the act of communication is violated, then the speaker will not be able to achieve the expected results of communication - it will be ineffective.
257. During the week, observe what gestures foreigners use. For this purpose, you can use movies, TV shows, materials ex. 146 and 165.
Try to highlight gestures that convey different meanings among Russians and among representatives of different peoples and nationalities. Based on your observations, write a short note "National specificity of gestures."
258. Scroll through the entire book and try to tell what you learned while working with it, what new things you learned about your native language.
259. Look at the title of the book. Answer the questions posed in the section titles.
260. How do you understand the meaning of the proverb Word is silver and silence is gold? Is the statement correct in your opinion?
The statement of the psychologist Henrietta Georgievna Granik refers to the means of expressing feelings in oral and written speech.
Indeed, to understand feelings in oral speech, we use facial expressions, gestures, intonation, while in writing, punctuation, in particular, an exclamation mark, helps in the perception of a wide variety of emotions. Let us prove this with examples from the text by Yu.Ya. Yakovlev.
In sentence 49, the exclamation point illustrates completely different feelings: the boy's story touched the director so much that he even offered Taborka a gift - a German shepherd.
So, indeed, the psychologist Henrietta Georgievna Granik was right, stating: “In oral speech, feelings are conveyed not only by words, but also by facial expressions, gestures, and the sound of a voice.
In written speech, the exclamation mark serves as a carrier of a wide variety of feelings.
Updated: 2017-04-15
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15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the English writer J. Swift: "Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he rotates, so can he be judged by the language in which he is expressed."
A Russian proverb says: "Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are." Indeed, each person chooses the society in which he will be comfortable, in which he will be understood, and he will understand those around him. The more pretentious a person is in his demands and understanding of life, the higher his moral qualities, the higher the level of his environment. The perception of others depends on how a person speaks: what impression he will make, how his words will be perceived, whether he will achieve the goals pursued. One of the means of attractiveness of the interlocutor is the expressiveness of his speech, which is impossible without mastering the norms of speech culture.
In text
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the Great Reference Book of Russian Grammar: "Interjections are special emotional signals expressing the speaker's reaction to a situation."
It is difficult to disagree with the compilers of the Great Reference Book of Russian Grammar, who argued that interjections are special emotional signals that express the speaker's reaction. And indeed it is. After all, interjections are neither an independent nor a service part of speech. They are used to make oral or written speech more emotional, expressive.
Let's try to understand the meaning of the proposed quote by referring to the text. In sentence No, the interjection nu is used. With the help of this interjection, the author of the text shows the mood of Vilenka, who dreams of listening to his friend's poems. We feel the emotions of the hero: strong impatience, expectation, anticipation of the pleasure of reading the poem.
Sentence # uses the interjection ah. This interjection conveys Vilenka's reverence for his friend. He is ready to forgive Pushkin for an involuntary insult, because he understands that his comrade is very gifted, therefore he is especially demanding of himself and others.
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian writer K. G. Paustovsky: “There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.”
Russian writer Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky rocks: "There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts for which there would not be an exact expression in our language." I fully agree with the writer's statement that in our richest Russian language there are many words and means to express one's thoughts. With the help of language, you can convey any feeling, express your emotions. To talk about the beauty of nature, this language was used by many famous writers and poets.
Vocabulary helps to express your thoughts and feelings, vocabulary is called vocabulary. You can decorate your speech with lexical means. For example, the author of the text in sentence number seventeen uses the comparison "she sighed deeply and loudly, like a man." The author compares a dog with a human, emphasizing that its behavior resembled that of a human. Sentence number twenty-five uses the epithet "lion's walk." He emphasizes the efficiency, the importance of the dog's gait. The metaphor in sentence number fifty-two is "the fading sky pressed closer against the sleepy waves." It means that the evening is already coming, the sun is hiding behind the clouds, the wind is dying down.
Grammar allows you to convey the train of thought, correctly build sentences. There are many grammatical elements in the text. For example, in sentence number forty-one there is an introductory word "probably." It conveys uncertainty about what is happening. Sentence number three uses the adverbial phrase "waves ... crawled onto the sand ... rolled away, leaving a white border of foam on the sand." There is a compound sentence at number one "The city ended, and soon the sea appeared." It contains two simple equal sentences that are connected by the conjunction and.
Paustovsky's statement is, of course, true, any thought can be expressed using the Russian language.
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the modern psychologist G.G. Granik: “In oral speech, feelings are conveyed not only by words, but also by facial expressions, gestures, and the sound of a voice. In written speech, the exclamation mark serves as a carrier of a wide variety of feelings "...
The means by which we express our feelings differ depending on the type of speech. In oral communication, facial expressions, gestures, raising and lowering the voice are used for this purpose. In written speech, the transmission of human feelings is carried out using the means of punctuation. So, an exclamation mark can express a whole range of emotions, moods, experiences. I think that's the meaning of the sentence. G.G. Granik.
