Deutsche Erfinder und ihre Erfindungen
Eine der wichtigsten Erfindungen gelang Johann Gutenberg um 1445. er erfand den Buchdruck mit beweglichen Metallbuchstaben. Dafür konstruierte Gutenberg ein Gießgerät. Besonderen Ruhm erwarb er nach dem Druck der Bibel, die aus 2 Bänden bestand und 641 Seiten hatte. Vermutlich dazu ist die Bibel heute das meistverkaufte Buch. Es wurde in mehr als 1600 Sprachen und Dialekte übersetzt. Gutenberg besaß nicht die Mittel, um die Druckerei zu erweitern. Er lieh sich das Geld bei dem Mainzer Bürger Johann Fust. Fust verjagte 1455 den Erfinder, weil er die Erfindung selbst nutzen wollte. Aber die schwarze Kunst verbreitete sich schnell in Europa. Um 1500 gab es schon über 1100 Druckereien.
Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde in Deutschland das europäische Porzellan erfunden. Diese Erfindung ist mit dem Namen von Johann Friedrich Böttger verbunden. Mit 14 Jahren begann Böttger die Apothekerlehre in Berlin. Er beschäftigte sich intensiv mit chemischen Versuchen und wollte Gold herstellen. Er musste vom preußischen König Friedrich I. fliehen, weil der König auf den Goldmacher aufmerksam wurde. Er wurde aber von den Soldaten Augusts des Starken von Sachsen gefangen und auf die Festung Königstein gebracht. Später wurde er in Meißen festgehalten. August der Starke brauchte viel Geld für seine kunstvollen Bauten und große Feste. Bei seinen Experimenten erfand Böttger das Porzellan, das vorher nur in China bekannt war. Seine Erfindung führte zur Gründung der Meißner Porzellanmanufaktur. Der Porzellanerfinder bekam hier die Stelle des Verwalters.
One of the greatest inventions dates back to 1445 and belongs to Johannes Guttenberg. He invented printing with movable metal letters. To achieve this, Gutenberg built a cast block. He gained particular fame thanks to the printing of the Bible, which consisted of 2 chapters and had 641 pages. That is why the Bible is now the most sold book. It has been translated into more than 1600 languages and dialects. Gutenberg not only invented a way to spread printing. He borrowed money from the Mainz burgher Johann Fust. Fust kicked out the inventor in 1455 because he himself wanted to use his invention.
But black art was taking over Europe at a rapid pace. By 1500 there were more than 1,100 printing houses. At the beginning of the 18th century, European porcelain was invented in Germany. This discovery is associated with the name of Friedrich Böttger. At the age of 14, Friedrich Böttger began studying pharmacy. He began to actively study chemistry and wanted to mine gold. He had to run away from the Prussian king Frederick the First, because the king was very closely watching the scientist who could get the gold. He was captured by the soldiers of Augustus the Strong of Saxony and imprisoned in a fortress in Königstein. Later it was transported to Meissen. Augustus the Strong needed money to build his beautiful palaces and hold festivities. During his experiments, Böttger invented porcelain, which until that time was known only in China. His inventions made Meissen porcelain famous. The inventor of porcelain began to occupy the position of manager.
The Third Reich, Nazi Germany, was a great inhumane experiment where life was not valued - especially the life of the so-called "inferior races".
Hitler's scientists - military, doctors and engineers - carried out hundreds of experiments and invented dozens of military machines. We still use many of the results of their work. We invite you to find out at what terrible price these inventions were paid.
Nazi experiments with hypothermia
The doctor Sigmund Rascher in 1941 conducted experiments on living people - “human material”. In the concentration camps of Dachau and Auschwitz, he studied how hypothermia affects the human condition. The experimental subjects were placed in tanks of ice water and the changes that occurred to them were recorded. Other people were kept in the cold for hours and then thrown into a bath of nearly boiling water. And they watched again. 
All this was necessary to adapt the Nazi soldiers to the conditions of the harsh Russian winter. Rascher found that if a person's cerebellum became cold, it would almost certainly kill him. The result was life jackets with a special headrest that kept the head above the surface of the water. All modern passenger aircraft are equipped with such vests.
Nazi experiments with antibiotics
Hundreds of people in concentration camps died when sulfonamides, synthetic antibiotics, were tested on them. The experimental subjects were deliberately injured - they cut the body, poured foreign objects into open wounds and stopped the bleeding in order to prevent the body from coping with sepsis on its own. Sulfonamides are still used in medicine to treat various infections. 
Nazi experiments with vaccines
Dr. Kurt Pletner worked at the Dachau camp during the war. He participated in experiments with malaria, infecting prisoners using mosquitoes. After 1945, he spent several years on the run, and later worked in Switzerland, under his real name. At a university in Switzerland, Pletner's research conducted in concentration camps was legitimized by the scientific world community and accepted for work. 
He worked at the University of Freiburg almost until the end of his days. Questions about his Nazi past have been raised more than once, but there has been insufficient evidence of his guilt. Kurt Pletner himself said that experiments on prisoners did not harm them. But according to historians, during the experiments on people in Dachau, out of 1000 experimental subjects, almost 500 people died.
Nazi experiments with blood
Joseph Mengele, whose name has become a household name, among other things, conducted experiments on twins. In the Auschwitz camp where he worked, the newly arrived twins were looked at with horror: everyone knew what they would have to endure. 
Among the experiments conducted by the Angel of Death, Dr. Mengele, were attempts to change the eye color and blood composition of one of the twins in order to make the test subject “racially pure.”
Plasmapheresis was invented in the Third Reich. It was a by-product of the cannibalistic blood purification experiments of Nazi scientists.
Plasmapheresis—cleansing the blood of toxins and returning them back into the bloodstream—is a useful medical procedure that is used in the treatment of aneurysms, strokes, autoimmune and other diseases. It has nothing in common with the anti-scientific theory of the Nazis about the impurity of non-Aryan blood.
Cars in the Third Reich: Volkswagen
The history of the “people's car” – the Volkswagen Beetle – began in 1933. Adolf Hitler personally summoned Ferdinand Porsche and demanded that he develop the first truly mass-produced car that the average German family could afford. Porsche developed a series of prototypes, but they were not robust enough and were too expensive. Production was transferred to Daimler and Benz. 
The construction of the plant cost 50 million Reichsmarks. The first batch of cars left the Daimler-Benz plant in 1937. They received the propaganda name KdF, Kraft durch Freude - “Strength through joy”. However, the Second World War that began soon forced the program to provide Germany with cheap cars to be curtailed. The plant reoriented itself to produce military equipment.
After the defeat of the Nazis, the plant found itself in the British occupation zone. During the first post-war year, workers at the Volkswagen plant produced about 10 thousand cars. Today, the Volkswagen Beetle is the most recognizable car model in the world.
Jet engines and astronautics
The world's first jet aircraft was invented in the Third Reich. The brilliant engineer Wernher von Braun was one of the founders of modern rocketry. In 1942, the first guided ballistic missile was launched. 
Wernher von Braun is considered a controversial person. On the one hand, he worked for the Nazis, personally participated in the selection of workers for a defense plant from among prisoners, some say that they themselves saw how he beat camp prisoners from Buchenwald sent to work.
On the other hand, Brown himself claimed that he did not know about slave labor conditions in military factories and denied that he was a supporter of Nazi ideology. In May 1945, he surrendered to American soldiers, and in September he received US citizenship and began working on the military and space programs. Wernher von Braun is called the father of American astronautics. A year after the launch of Soviet satellites, he launched the American Explorer.
In the early 60s, von Braun became the head of the American lunar program, developed the Saturn 5 launch vehicle, which delivered Neil Armstrong and other American astronauts to lunar orbit and allowed man to take his first step on the surface of the Moon.
Let us note that despite the fact that, having surrendered, von Braun destroyed most of the documents on the development of ballistic missiles, this did not prevent Soviet engineers from building similar ones in the USSR, restoring the drawings.
IBM punch cards: not invented, but used
IBM is an American company, but in the early 30s it already had a branch in Germany. After Adolf Hitler came to power, representation in the country remained, and IBM did not refuse to cooperate with the Nazis.IBM subsidiary Dehomag provided punch cards for first-generation computers to the German government - at that time IBM controlled 90% of the world computer market. The tabulating machines used by Germany could not work without these punched cards.
The book “IBM and the Holocaust” describes how the high technologies of that time contributed to the genocide of the Jewish (and not only Jewish) people. Before the war and the “Final Solution,” IBM began supplying the Third Reich with equipment that helped track the country's Jews by name and ultimately exterminate most of them.
Fanta was invented in Germany
Few people know that the carbonated drink Fanta was invented in Germany during the Third Reich as an alternative to Coca-Cola. The anti-Hitler coalition banned the import of a number of items into the country. Among them were the ingredients for Cola.The director of the German Coca-Cola plant was not a member of the NSDAP; it is unknown whether he supported the Nazi regime. In any case, he decided to stay in Germany and continue to manage the factory. The plant developed Fanta, which was made from apple pulp and whey. The drink of that time tasted very different from the orange Fanta that we drink now, but the brand remained the same.
There are many myths about the secret technologies of the Nazis. They were credited with everything - right up to the realized space flights in the mid-forties. In reality, most of these legends have no relation to reality.
Speculations are also being made about how the course of the war could have been turned if the Nazis had received a nuclear bomb - but, fortunately, this did not happen, otherwise the whole world could have perished. The editors of the site invite you to read about inventions that ruined their creators.
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“What is good for a Russian is death for a German” is a well-known proverb. But you shouldn't take it literally. In our review, 10 things that were created in Germany, but gained enormous popularity in Russia.
1. Binder ring
The world-famous rings used to bind papers are a German invention. It was born relatively recently - Bonn resident Friedrich Sonnecken invented it in 1886. At the same time he patented a hole punch.
2. Nutcracker
The Nutcracker is a toothy nut-cracker figurine that inspired the ballet of the same name by Russian composer Tchaikovsky. This funny device was first produced by a small handicraft workshop in Germany. These figures were made and painted by hand.
3. Gingerbread house
Gingerbread houses were first mentioned in the Brothers Grimm fairy tale Hansel and Gretel. Soon a similar house appeared in a little-known German opera under the same name. Since this opera, which first appeared before Christmas, making gingerbread houses from dough, icing and toothpicks has become a holiday tradition in German operas. This sweet tradition soon spread to bakeries and, eventually, to ordinary families.
4. Advent calendar
The origins of this Christmas tradition arose among German Lutherans, back in the early 19th century. They prepared for it for a month before Christmas by fasting. First, a tradition arose of lighting 24 candles, one every day. At the very beginning of the 20th century, Gerhard Lang made the first Advent calendar for children, in which a chocolate candy was hidden behind each date sheet.
5. Christmas tree
The tradition of decorating the Christmas tree dates back to the 16th century. Although it was recorded in historical documents that the first Christmas trees began to be erected in the territory of modern Estonia and Latvia in the 15th century, it was the Germans who introduced the tradition of decorating them. Initially, an elegant tree with wax candles, fruits and toys was placed for the New Year and Christmas in the upper Rhineland (land in Germany), but then the tradition began to spread throughout the Christian world.
6. Easter Bunny
The Easter Bunny as it is known today first appeared in the 16th century in Germany.
7. Jelly candies
Bear-shaped jelly candies were invented in the 1920s by German confectioner Hans Riegel, founder of the Haribo company.
8. Prefabricated houses
Nowadays, prefabricated houses and trailers are popular all over the world. There is even a stereotype that they were invented by poor Americans. But in fact, trailer houses were invented in Berlin after World War II, when it was urgently necessary to provide people with housing.
9. Wedding march
The famous wedding march was also written by the German Felix Mendelssohn in 1842.
10. Perm
German hairdresser Karl Nessler, after 10 years of experimentation, invented rods for permanent or perm. Electricity was used to heat them, and to fix the lady's perm, they used... a mixture of cow urine and water.
Those who like to learn unusual things about the most ordinary things will be interested in reading about things that seem like science fiction today.
Invention has a long tradition in Germany. At the end of the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz revolutionized printing with his development of moving letters. World famous inventors in the 19th century included, for example, Werner von Siemens (dynamo principle) and Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Friedrich Benz and Nikolaus August Otto (engines), Carl Zeiss (optics) and Ernst Abbe.
The 20th century was also rich in German inventors whose ideas changed the world of technology: Hugo Junkers (all-metal airplanes), Konrad Zuse (computer-controlled computers) or Manfred von Ardenne (cathode ray tube). Already at the turn of the 20th century, Germany had a telephone, a car, a radio, X-ray machines, plastic, liquid crystals and vinyl. These were all German discoveries, developments and inventions.
Yet more than 85 percent of the population worked in agriculture. The Germans did not care about the guiding results of their scientists and greeted technological advances with suspicion. In 1835, between Nuremberg and Fürth, the first steam locomotive covered a distance of about six kilometers at a speed of 40 km/h; doctors feared that passengers might have health problems due to the high speed. and independently of him, Karl Friedrich Benz developed the world's first gasoline cars in 1886. However, they were not in demand in Germany. The first production cars were built in 1890 under license from Daimler from French manufacturers.
This fact gave impetus to the development of its own automobile industry: four years later, Karl Benz's car began to be produced. New impulses in the automotive industry quickly spread from Germany. In 1902, Robert Bosch's company introduced high-voltage magneto ignition for gasoline engines to the market. This laid the foundations of the modern car. In 1923, a MAN truck drove off, the first car with a diesel engine, invented by Rudolf Diesel back in 1897.
The roots of aviation stretch back to the 19th century. Here, too, decisive preparatory work was carried out by German engineers. Otto Lilienthal built the first gliders in 1877 and laid the scientific foundations of aerodynamics in 1889 with his book The Flight of Birds as the Basis of the Art of Flying. In 1936, the world's first viable helicopter was built by Heinrich Focke. A few months later, the world's first aircraft, the forerunner of modern jet aircraft, was unveiled.
The cradle of radio broadcasting was the discovery of electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Hertz (1887) and the oscillatory circuit, which was invented in 1898 by Karl Ferdinand Braun. They both contributed to the rapid international development of wireless communications and radio broadcasting. Ferdinand Braun is considered the spiritual father of television. He invented the cathode ray tube in 1897, which is still used in televisions and computers. Otto von Bronck received a patent back in 1902 for the invention of a method for transmitting color images. Still the best PAL television system in the world was developed in 1961 by the German Walter Bruch.
The first program-controlled digital computing machine (computer) was introduced by Konrad Zuse. The modern age of information technology is based on five media: photography, film, communications, including radio, television and computer. German scientists and technicians participated in creating the foundation of all five.
Just in time for the turn of the century, the German physicist Max Planck developed quantum theory. He discovered that elementary particles (quanta) behave completely differently than larger objects. One of the most famous people in the world, Albert Einstein developed his special and general theories of relativity. He showed, among other things, that mass can be converted into energy and vice versa, that lengths, masses, velocities and other physical quantities are not absolute, but are perceived differently by observers in different systems. Before this, there was nothing more significant in physics. And Einstein discovered something else: there is no speed faster than the speed of light. The disciplines of nuclear physics and high energy physics are fundamentally new in the 20th century. Although scientists have long been convinced of the existence of atoms, only Einstein was able to prove that they really exist. Thus began a new era: the era of the atomic bomb, but also the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The great era of particle physics began after World War II.
In 1964, the first large electron synchrotron was put into operation in Hamburg. In Germany, superheavy elements 106 to 112 were discovered at the Heavy Ion Research Society in Darmstadt in 1974. The 20th century was rich in German inventors whose ideas significantly changed the world of technology.
Great German inventors and their discoveries
In addition to great inventions such as the Gutenberg printing press, Germany
invented many simple and necessary items in everyday life. For example,
toothpaste and a watch with a spring instead of a weight. The history of the creation of many familiar
things are interesting and instructive. In the 21st century, you won’t surprise anyone with a computer,
Internet, car, rocket, TV, mobile phone, digital
camera and other great inventions of human genius - so
they have become familiar and everyday. We don't even think about it
how much effort, knowledge and skills were put into creating them.
For example, Douglas Karl Engelbart (USA) worked on the creation of a computer
mice over 6 years old.
Invented devices, machines, and household items not only made our lives easier -
they became a launching pad for further research and discoveries, this
steps on the ladder of world progress that led to unprecedented prosperity
science and technology of our time.
In the history of technology, the names of such inventors as T. A. Edison are known,
N. Tesla, V. G. Shukhov, who gave the world hundreds of ideas and solutions. In German
inventor Rudolf Diesel has only one brainchild, but one without which
Today the world of machines is unthinkable - an internal combustion engine with ignition
from compression. The inventor devoted his entire creative life to this engine.
The engine bears the name of its creator, the word diesel is written with a small letter.
Few people remember that the engine was created by Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer with a very
tragic fate.
We all undergo x-rays as needed, modern medicine is unthinkable
Without this device, just as a modern airport is unthinkable without it. The name of this
the device is also written with a small letter and bears the name of its creator and
discoverer of X-rays, world's first Nobel laureate
Conrad Roentgen.
QUIZ
"Great German Inventors"
Who invented the printing press? (Gutenberg)
What simple and necessary items in everyday life were invented by the Germans? (Toothpaste and a watch with a spring instead of a weight).
Who invented the compression ignition internal combustion engine? (Rudolph Diesel)
Who is the creator and discoverer of X-rays? (Conrad Roentgen).
Who invented engines?(Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Friedrich Benz and Nikolaus August Otto)
Who created the first all-metal airplanes?(Hugo Junkers)
Who invented program-controlled computers?(Konrad Zuse)
Who invented the cathode ray tube?(Manfred von Ardenne)
In what year was the first steam locomotive launched?(In 1835, the first steam locomotive ran at 40 km/h between Nuremberg and Fürth)
Who invented the first gasoline cars in the world?(Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Friedrich Benz)
In what year did the Robert Bosch company introduce high-voltage magneto ignition for gasoline engines to the market?(In 1902)
In what year and who built the first gliders and laid the scientific foundations of aerodynamics with his book “The Flight of Birds as the Basis of the Art of Flying” in 1889?(Otto Lilienthal built in 1877)
In what year and who built the world's first viable helicopter?
(In 1936 by Heinrich Focke)
