General characteristics of the Khabarovsk Territory
This subject of the Russian Federation is located in the southeastern part of the Far East. The area of the region is 787.6 thousand square meters. km. The region is part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
In the south, the Khabarovsk Territory borders on the Primorsky Territory, in the southwest the border passes with the Jewish Autonomous Region, the western border passes with the Amur Region, in the northwest with the Republic of Sakha and in the northeast with the Magadan Region.
The Khabarovsk Territory is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. It is separated from Sakhalin Island by the Tatar and Nevelsk straits. Part of the southwestern border falls on China.
The region includes several islands, the largest of which is the Shantar Islands. This is an archipelago, which includes 15 mountainous islands in the Sea of Okhotsk. The islands are covered with ice for almost 8 months a year, and in 2013 they were declared a national park.
As of January 1, 2016, 1.3 million people lived in the region. The center of the region is the city of Khabarovsk. The territory of the subject is stretched from north to south to the border with China for 1800 km, and from the west to the Pacific coast from 125 to 750 km.
Ready-made works on a similar topic
- Coursework 430 rubles.
- abstract Natural conditions of the Khabarovsk Territory 260 rub.
- Test Natural conditions of the Khabarovsk Territory 230 rub.
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the 8th time zone, which means that the difference with Moscow will be +7 hours. The Khabarovsk Territory was formed on October 20, 1938.
Remark 1
The foundation and development of Khabarovsk itself is associated with the name of G.I. Nevelsky, who was the first to determine this place for the city. He believed that the future city would become a key city in the Russian Far East.
In 1858, the Khabarovka military post was established in this place. So, at the behest of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, the name of E. Khabarov was immortalized, who 200 years earlier founded the first settlements of Russian people on the Amur. The more familiar name Khabarovsk was given to the settlement in 1893.
Natural conditions of the region
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the monsoon climate zone, which is characterized by cold winters and hot, humid summers.
The terrain and proximity to the seas have a significant impact on the climate of the region. In the north of the continental part of the region, for example, the average January temperature is -40 degrees, and in the south -22 degrees. On the eastern sea coast, the temperature varies from -24 to -18 degrees. The average July temperature is from +15 degrees in the north to +20 in the south.
Summer is hot except for the sea coast. In July and early August, humid tropical air masses droop within the region, so it rains in the southern regions.
Permafrost rocks spread in the northern regions. The relief is dominated by mountain forms with a height of 500 to 2500 m and occupy 70% of the territory. Among them are such famous ranges as
- Dzhugdzhur,
- badjal,
- Sikhote-Alin,
- Khingan.
There are small volcanoes in the Amur valley, others are located on the Bolshoi Ussuriysky and Yadasen islands.
Remark 2
The region is located in a 6-point seismic zone. The probability of earthquakes is most typical for the northern regions.
Plain forms were formed along the valleys of the Amur, Tugur, Uda, Amgun. The largest is the Middle Amur Plain, which is also heavily swamped. There is also the Evoron-Tugur lowland and the Okhotsk lowland.
More than 120 thousand large and small rivers carry their waters through the territory. Most of them belong to the Amur basin, which is one of the longest rivers in the country.
The largest tributaries of the Amur are
- Bureya,
- Tunguska,
- Gorin,
- Amgun,
- Ussuri,
- Anyui,
The rivers are mostly rain-fed. Melted spring waters are not of great importance. There are about 55 thousand lakes in the region.
A variety of climatic conditions contributed to the formation of different soils - from permafrost soils in the north to brown taiga soils in the south. As for the entire Far East, the Khabarovsk Territory is also characterized by contrast and variegation of the vegetation cover.
Representatives of plant worlds of different origin and composition meet here.
The region is located in the zone of coniferous forests and the zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. The boundaries of the zones run parallel to the direction of the ridges. Forests occupy 50 million hectares with a predominance of conifers. To the north, the edges of the forest gradually become thinner.
The light coniferous forests of the northern and northwestern parts of the region are represented by Daurian larch and Okhotsk larch. Gradually, Ayan spruce and some types of birches are added to them.
To the south of the permafrost and in the lower reaches of the Amur, dark coniferous spruce-fir taiga begins.
The Middle Amur Plain is occupied by mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. Broad-leaved species here are represented mainly by Mongolian oak. Lemongrass and wild black Amur grapes wrap around trees and shrubs.
In the forests of the region grow unique medicinal plants such as ginseng, eleutherococcus, magnolia vine, aralia, etc. The fauna of the forests is unique and diverse, inhabited by reindeer, ermine, wolverine. Here you can also meet lynx, Himalayan bear, Ussuri tiger. The fur world is also diverse - sable, mink, squirrel, Siberian weasel, muskrat are the main objects of fur trade. More than 100 species of fish live in rivers and lakes, including sturgeon and salmon.
The impact of Khabarovsk climate on human health
The climatic conditions of Khabarovsk are most often called unique - Siberian frosts with sunny days and a wind that destroys everything.
Summers are similar to Vietnamese - hot and humid. The city, located on a small hill, is surrounded on one side by a giant Amur floodplain, and on the other side it is surrounded by huge swamps, where during the hot summer there are constant processes of decomposition of organisms.
Such a unique climatic combination can hardly be found anywhere else. One of the factors affecting human health is solar radiation.
The index is the ratio of the proportion of 90-year-olds to the total number of 60-year-olds. In Russia, this index amounted to 9.16 ‰. In the Far East, it turned out to be the lowest - 5.20%, and specifically for the Khabarovsk Territory - 4.93%.
An essential characteristic of the climate is the content of water vapor in the air. From the point of view of physiology, the relative humidity of the air is from 40 to 60%.
The Khabarovsk Territory is located in a humid climate, where the average annual humidity is 72-78%.
The month of July has the highest absolute air humidity, which is associated with the arrival of sea air masses, which bring a large amount of precipitation. Most of the precipitation occurs in the summer, which falls in the form of heavy rains of great intensity.
The summer air is so humid that clothes become damp overnight. Air humidity affects the human body in combination with other meteorological factors, increasing their influence. This factor is air temperature. At the same temperature, moist air is warmer than dry air.
Under such conditions, a person experiences pain in the limbs, deterioration in mood, palpitations.
Another indicator of the influence of climate is the appearance in the summer of the so-called stuffy weather, which is formed at high humidity and high air temperature. These weathers appear in June and reach their peak in the third decade of July.
Remark 3
Thus, frequent weather changes with a combination of high humidity and high temperature are assessed in the south of the Far East as a pathological factor of the Far East summer monsoon.
General information.
The Khabarovsk region includes 26 rural settlements and 1 urban settlement, uniting 70 settlements including: 7 settlements and 63 villages. The administrative center is located on the territory of the city of Khabarovsk, and is an independent municipality that is not part of the district. The total area of the district is 30.0 thousand square meters. km (3% of the territory of the entire region).
Geographical position.
The area is located in the southwestern part of the Khabarovsk Territory. It consists of two separate parts, separated by the territory of the Amur municipal district and the Amur River. The southern (right-bank) part is located around the city of Khabarovsk, and the northern (left-bank) part is located along the left bank of the Amur River, in the basin of the Tunguska River and its tributaries.
It borders on the following municipal districts of the Khabarovsk Territory: Solnechny and Verkhnebureinsky in the north and northwest, Amur in the center, Lazo District in the south, Nanai in the east. In the West, it borders on the Jewish Autonomous Region and the urban district "City of Khabarovsk".
Climate.
The natural conditions and resources of both parts of the region are very different. The right bank of the Amur, including the Amur valley, belongs to the Middle Amur Plain. Climatic and natural conditions are favorable for agriculture. 95.0 percent of the district's population lives here and the main lands of arable and natural fodder lands are concentrated, as well as almost all industrial and agricultural enterprises of the district.
The northern part of the region is located in the basin of the Kur and Urmi rivers. Covered mainly by forests, this area has a fairly large stock of timber, animals and non-timber plant resources. However, the area traditionally used for logging has not been developed in other sectors of the region's economy.
Natural resources.
On the intensively inhabited and economically developed right-bank part of the region, there are numerous prepared for industrial development, developed and mothballed deposits of building stone, clay raw materials for coarse ceramics, clay raw materials for expanded clay, refractory clays, sand and gravel materials, construction sand.
The territory of the right-bank part of the district is located within the Middle Amur brown coal basin and is the most coal-bearing part of this basin. There are 2 deposits of brown coal - Khabarovsk and Bazovskoe, as well as three manifestations of brown coal.
Quite a large group of deposits of combustible minerals in the region, which may be of practical interest, are peat deposits, which are characterized by reserves (resources) of more than 100.0 thousand tons.
Metallic minerals are presented mainly on the left-bank part of the region. There are ore occurrences and a tin deposit (Yakunskoye), molybdenum and tungsten ore occurrences, some of which are promising, mercury and polymetallic ore occurrences of the large Errano-Yakunsky ore cluster and copper manifestations.
On the territory of the district, 13 sites of groundwater deposits are known, 7 of which are exploited. All of them are located on the territory of the right-bank part of the Khabarovsk municipal district and are used very limitedly (about 10.0 percent of the existing resources). The waters are used for drinking and technical water supply through group water intakes and single wells operating both on approved and non-approved reserves.
The total forest area of the district is 23.5 thousand square meters. km, which is 78.3 percent of the total area of the district, the forest cover of the territory is 61.0 percent. The forest industry can become one of the leading branches in the economic activity of the region.
Production forests account for 84.1 percent of the total forest area. The development of commercial forests is carried out in order to ensure their multi-purpose, rational, continuous, sustainable use, as well as for the development of the forest industry. The main purpose of operational forests is to meet the needs of loggers in obtaining high-quality wood, other forest resources, and products of their processing. These forests may be provided for one or more of the following types of forest use: timber harvesting, gum harvesting, non-timber forest products harvesting and harvesting, forest food harvesting and medicinal plant harvesting, game management and hunting, agriculture, research and development educational activities, recreational activities, creation of forest plantations and their exploitation, cultivation of forest fruit, berry, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, processing of wood and other forest resources.
Population.
As of 01/01/2019, the population of the district is 92.039 thousand people, which is 6.9 percent of the population of the Khabarovsk Territory. The population density is 3.04 people per sq. km. km. The population of the Khabarovsk municipal district.
Economy.
The economy is based on enterprises of the agricultural complex, mining, forestry and food industries, the construction industry, trade and tourism.
Agriculture is the leading sector of the region's economy. The region has huge agricultural potential.
The following agricultural activities are carried out on the territory of the Khabarovsk municipal district:
10 agricultural organizations, of which the largest are limited liability companies "Danilovka", "Agricultural enterprise "Kolos", "Sergeevskoye" and "SKIFAGRO-DV".
126 registered peasant (farmer) households, including individual entrepreneurs;
10 agricultural consumer cooperatives;
11.2 thousand personal subsidiary plots.
The number of workers employed in the field of agriculture is more than 12 thousand people.
The Khabarovsk region is the main producer of livestock products in the Khabarovsk Territory.
The priority areas of the agricultural sector in the region are: the production of potatoes, vegetables, soybeans, milk, meat, eggs.
Grain and leguminous crops - 9 thousand tons (47% of the regional indicator);
Soybeans - more than 23 thousand tons (39% of the regional indicator);
Vegetables - more than 13 thousand tons (28% of the regional indicator);
Livestock and poultry meat (in live weight) - about 4.0 thousand tons (26% of the regional indicator);
Milk - more than 7 thousand tons (28% of the regional indicator);
Eggs - more than 160 million pieces (53% of the regional indicator).
The self-sufficiency of the district is:
Meat - 39%;
Milk - 24%;
Vegetables - 108%;
Potatoes - 3 times;
Egg - 7 times more than the consumption rate.
Today, the Khabarovsk municipal district contains:
More than 6 thousand heads (36% of the marginal indicator), including cows - more than 2 thousand heads (31% of the marginal indicator);
Pigs - 7 thousand heads (37% of the regional indicator).
The development of small and medium-sized businesses is one of the priority areas of the district's policy, which allows you to create new jobs, replenish the local budget through tax revenues, and increase the income of the population through independent economic activity.
The number of registered small and medium-sized businesses in the district as of May 1, 2019 is 2757 units. Compared to the same period last year, the number of entrepreneurs increased by 1.6%.
The construction industry, including housing construction, is actively developing. The volume of work performed by the type of activity "construction" (excluding small businesses) in 2018 amounted to 3.9 billion rubles (an increase of 8.5% compared to the same period in 2017).
For the first quarter of 2019, the volume of work performed by the type of activity "construction" amounted to 785.2 million rubles (a slight decrease compared to the same period in 2018 was 11.5%).
In 2018, there is a slight decrease in the pace of construction in the area. In 2018, 53.9 thousand square meters were put into operation in the district. meters of total housing area from all sources of financing, which is 4.1 percent less compared to 2017.
In 2018, the district administration commissioned 36 residential facilities with a total area of 18,639.28 sq. meters.
The target for the commissioning of housing construction facilities in the Khabarovsk municipal district for 2019 is 40.2 thousand square meters. meters.
As of May 2019, the district administration put into operation 92 residential facilities with a total area of 18617.98 sq. meters, including:
89 notices on the completion of construction of individual residential buildings, with a total area of 10919.48 sq. meters;
- 3 permits for the commissioning of multi-apartment residential buildings of developers Lyubimy Dom LLC, Investstroy, First Family Complex LLC with a total area of 7698.5 sq. meters.
By the end of 2019, it is planned to put into operation apartment buildings of developers Solnechnaya Polyana LLC, Gorod LLC (2-townhouses), First Family Complex LLC (2-houses), the total area of which is 3443.19 square meters. meters.
The food and processing industries of the Khabarovsk municipal district are represented by the main industries - meat, dairy, bakery, fish, mineral water production, which combines more than 40 enterprises of all forms of ownership, which employ more than 1.5 thousand people.
Enterprises mastered 20 types of products: 11 - sausages, delicacies, 7 - semi-finished products, 3 - dairy products.
The products of regional food producers were regularly presented at exhibitions, fairs and competitions of various levels.
To date, 490 organizations and individual entrepreneurs operate in the area of trade, public catering and consumer services in the region.
As of 05/01/2019, 364 trade objects operate in the district. Last year, due to the construction, as well as the reconstruction and repair of unused premises, 14 retail facilities were opened with a total area of 1386.3 square meters. meters.
For the 1st quarter of 2019, the retail trade turnover of organizations of all types of activity (excluding small businesses) amounted to 43.917 million rubles.
Today, there are 53 catering establishments operating in the district (7 restaurants, 24 cafes, 14 snack bars, 4 bars, 4 canteens) for 2587 seats. In the 1st quarter of 2019, consumer market facilities did not open.
For the 1st quarter of 2019, the turnover of public catering organizations of all types of activity (excluding small businesses) amounted to 11.217 million rubles.
An important component in the service sector is consumer services. As of May 1, 2019, 73 public service enterprises operate on the territory of the district.
The development of the consumer market is the basis for improving the quality of life of the population of the region.
The most demanded types of services remain hairdressing salons - 49 percent, repair and tailoring enterprises - 18 percent, tire shops - 14 percent. At the same time, such activities as repair of furniture and household items, repair and maintenance of household appliances are poorly developed in the district.
Tourism.
One of the features of the region's tourism potential is the possibility of integrated development of several types of tourism on its territory at once, which allows satisfying the needs of any target audience.
The main recreationally attractive areas are forests located near the river. Amur, r. Khor, near the lake Petropavlovsk. The main places of mass short-term recreation are the areas of the villages of Bychikha, Voronezhskoye-1, Voronezhskoye-2, Novotroitskoye, Aspen River, Sikachi-Alyan, Lake Petropavlovsk.
Currently, 54 objects offering tourist and recreational services operate in the district, among them: recreation centers, hotel complexes, sports facilities, medical and recreational institutions, objects of ecological and cultural and educational tourism.
The number of employees employed in organizations of tourist and recreational activities is 720 people. About 250 thousand people visit the objects of the tourist display of the Khabarovsk municipal district every year. For the 1st quarter of 2019, the number of tourists amounted to 380 thousand people.
The current tourist and recreational network is represented by already established organizations that are currently developing intensively and make up a complex for the production of a tourist product. Some tourist sites have already gained credibility as stable and developing enterprises. These are the well-known tourist complex "Zaimka", "Eco-Park" Voronezh "," Recreation Center "Sosnovka" (13 km)", Sports and Shooting Complex "Volkonsky", creative center "Lad", "Russian Village", Zoo named after. V.P. Sysoeva, recreation complex "Skazka", "Bolshekhekhtsirsky State Nature Reserve", recreation center "White Sail".
Transport.
The right-bank part of the district has a high degree of provision with transport communications. All settlements of the region are connected with the city of Khabarovsk, among themselves, with external directions by a network of motor roads of year-round use, which includes motor roads of federal, regional and local significance. The main ones are:
Federal highway A370 "Ussuri" (until 2011 - M60) from Khabarovsk to Ussuriysk, 760 km long;
Federal Highway A375 "Vostok" from Khabarovsk
to Nakhodka, 824 km long;
Regional highway 08 OP RZ 08A-1 "Mr. Khabarovsk - with. Lidoga - rp. Vanino with an entrance to Komsomolsk-on-Amur, category 3;
Regional highway 08 OP RZ 08K - 87 "Mr. Khabarovsk - with. Ilyinka - s. Rocket - with. Garovka-1 - pos. them. Gorky (Khabarovsk) 3rd category;
Regional highway 08 OP RZ 08K - 84 "Entrance
to the railway Art. Khabarovsk-2";
Regional highway 08 OP RZ 08A - 22 "Khabarovsk city bypass km 0 - km 13" 3 categories;
The construction of the highway "Bypass of the city of Khabarovsk
km 13 - km 42” The commissioning of the facility is planned for 2020.
The Khabarovsk municipal district is connected by a network of roads with such transport hubs as the Krasnaya Rechka, Khabarovsk-1 and Khabarovsk-2 railway stations (Khabarovsk), the Vanino seaport, and the Khabarovsk international airport.
The most remote settlements of the region are located within 2.5 hours from the center of Khabarovsk.
A section of the Trans-Siberian Railway passes within the boundaries of the district. Reception and dispatch of goods by rail is carried out at the stations Khabarovsk - 1, Khabarovsk - 2 and other stations of the Khabarovsk railway junction.
The developed transport infrastructure in the region provides the prerequisites for the creation of logistics centers and the development of roadside services.
The river network is formed by the Amur River with tributaries of the Tunguska, Kur, Urmi, Obor, Sita and others. The largest lakes are the Peter and Paul Lake and the Darga Lake.
Investor Relations Department:
Department of economic development and attraction of investments
annotation
In the course work “Economic and geographical characteristics
Khabarovsk Territory ”I reviewed a comprehensive assessment
edges in all its diversity and from different angles. The economic
geographical position of the region (profitability of the EGP), given the economic
assessment of natural conditions and resources (TSPR), reviewed
demographic situation and labor resources of the region (the coefficient
correlation), an assessment of the economic activity was carried out (the coefficient
specialization, a diagram of the energy production cycle was drawn up) and
transport (characteristics of individual modes of transport, calculation
density of transport routes) of the region's complexes, analyzed
environmental problems of the Khabarovsk Territory (the level of impact is calculated
each individual city on the natural environment). The purpose of this work
is the consideration of the Khabarovsk Territory as a structural unit of TOPS
countries with natural resources, demographic and
economic potential.
Pages 52
Tables 11
Pictures 6
Bibliographic sources 13
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..1
1. Economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory……….7
2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources……….…11
3. Population and labor resources……………………………………..17
4. Economic complex of the Khabarovsk Territory……………………..21
5. Transport complex of the Khabarovsk Territory…………………………37
6. Environmental problems of the Khabarovsk Territory……………………..42
Conclusion.
Bibliographic list.
Introduction
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the Far East of the Russian Federation. In the West and in the north, the Khabarovsk Territory borders on the subjects of the Russian Federation - the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Amur Region, the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan Region. The eastern border of the region passes through the territory of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, separating the water possessions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin Region. To the south of the region are Primorsky Krai and the People's Republic of China. The Khabarovsk Territory is part of the Far Eastern Economic Region.
The territory of the region occupies 4.6% of the area of Russia. More than half of the region's area is occupied by plateaus and mountains reaching 2500 m in some places. A well-developed river network allows the use and development of river navigation, and hundreds and thousands of lakes of the region are rich sources of fish. The climate in the region is temperate, monsoonal, the average temperature in summer does not exceed +24 ° C in the southern part of the region and +15 ° C in the north, in winter - -23 ° C in the south and -40 ° C, on the coast: -18 ° C and -24 o C, respectively. Annual precipitation is 400 - 600 mm in the north and 600 - 800 mm in the south, in the mountains this figure sometimes reaches 1000 mm.
The Khabarovsk Territory includes 17 administrative districts and two cities of regional subordination: Khabarovsk (with a population slightly exceeding 612 thousand people) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur (about 298.5 thousand people). In general, there are 7 cities, 27 urban-type settlements and 186 rural administrations in the region. More than 1571 thousand people live in the region, about 81% of whom are urban residents.
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the south of the Russian Far East. There are two most important factors that determine the position of the Khabarovsk Territory in the system of Russian regions. First of all, the special economic and geographical position of the region.
The second factor is a powerful resource potential. The Khabarovsk Territory is one of the richest regions of Russia. This gives him the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country's economy in a number of raw material positions.
Land, water and air routes pass through the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory, connecting the interior regions of Russia with the Pacific ports, and the countries of the CIS and Western Europe with the states of the Asia-Pacific region.
The purpose of this work is to consider the Khabarovsk Territory as a structural unit of the country's TOPS, which has a natural resource, demographic and economic potential.
The task of the study is to show the current state of the natural, social and sectoral components of the region's economy.
1. Economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory.
The Khabarovsk Territory is located in the Far East of the Russian Federation on the territory of 788.6 thousand km 2 (4.6% of the area of Russia). The distance from the regional center Khabarovsk to Moscow is 8533 km. The total population of the region is 1.9 million people, the average density - 2.2 people / km2 - one of the lowest among all subjects of the Federation.
Khabarovsk is the main and largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory. Founded in 1858 as a military post Khabarovka (named after the Russian explorer E. P. Khabarov). Since 1880 - the city of Khabarovka, the administrative center of the Primorsky region, since 1884 - the Amur Governor-General. In 1893 the city was renamed Khabarovsk. In 1872 a river port was built in Khabarovsk. The first elementary school was opened in 1873. In 1897 Khabarovsk was connected by railway with Vladivostok. At the end of the XIX century. in Khabarovsk there was a stone Orthodox cathedral, 3 Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, 11 schools, including a real one, a cadet corps, a technical railway, a women's gymnasium, etc. Furs were traded. There was a steam mill and several brick factories. In 1891, a monument was unveiled to Count N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, the governor-general of Eastern Siberia (he led expeditions along the Amur in 1850-55). In 1894, the Amur (Khabarovsk) department of the Russian Geographical Society was established with a museum and a library. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldiesel) was founded in Khabarovsk. In 1908 the base of the Amur Flotilla was created. At the beginning of the XX century. Khabarovsk is a large shopping center of the Far East. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In November 1922, Khabarovsk, as part of the Far Eastern Republic (FER), became part of the RSFSR. Since 1926 - the center of the Far East, since 1938 - the Khabarovsk Territory. In 1940 it was connected by railway through the Volochaevka station with Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
The distribution of the population over the territory of the region is extremely uneven: the southern part is most densely populated (Bikinsky district - 11.8 people / km2), the least densely populated is the northern part (Ayano-Maysky district - 0.03 people / km2).
78% of the population lives in cities and 22% in rural areas. There are 7 cities on the territory of the region, among the largest are Khabarovsk (612 thousand), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (315 thousand), Amursk (60 thousand), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (37 thousand)
Representatives of about 100 nationalities live in the region: Russians (86%), Ukrainians (6.2%), Belarusians (1.1%), Tatars (1.0%), Jews (0.8%), Koreans (0. 5%) and others.
The number of able-bodied population employed in the forest complex is 22.2 thousand people or 4.6%.
Industry plays a leading role in the region's economy (60% of the total regional product). The region produces 22% of the industrial output of the entire Far East and 1.2% of the industrial output of Russia. The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking, the food industry, the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and the building materials industry.
The share of forest complex products in the total volume of industrial production of the region is estimated at 3%, which approximately corresponds to the same indicator among other richly forested regions of Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory produces 44% of all commercial wood harvested in the Far East, 35% of sawn timber, 63% of cellulose, 44% of chipboard, 65% of cardboard.
The main enterprises of the complex are concentrated in its southern and central parts and gravitate towards the railway transport routes and the sea coast.
At the same time, over the past 10 years, the timber complex of the region has experienced a serious decline: the volume of timber exports has decreased by 3.5 times, the production of sawn timber - by 11 times, wood-based panels - by 8 times. The structure of timber industry production of the region is characterized by an extremely low level of processing of wood raw materials. Industrial roundwood (sawlogs, veneer logs and pulpwood) is almost entirely exported. This puts the economy of the timber complex in complete dependence on the price environment in foreign markets, and, above all, in Japan.
Khabarovsk Krai is one of the largest regions of the Russian Federation. Its area is 12.7 percent - the Far East economic region. The territory of the region stretches from north to south for almost 1800 kilometers and from west to east for 125 - 750 kilometers. The distance from its center to Moscow by rail is 8533 km, by air - 6075 km. The region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Tatar Strait). The length of the coastline (including islands, the largest of which
Shantar) - 3390 kilometers.
On the coast of the Tatar Strait, water areas convenient for the construction of ports are distinguished - Chikhachev Bay, Vanino Bay, and especially - a unique complex of deep-water, well-protected and extensive bays that form Sovetskaya Gavan Bay. This bay, as well as the neighboring Vanino Bay, are also accessible to ships in winter. The region is characterized by a well-developed river network. Most of it belongs to the Pacific Ocean basin (rivers of the Amur basin), a smaller part - to the Arctic Ocean basin (rivers of the Lena basin). The territory of the region in the north is 430 km away from the Arctic Circle, and the southern tip is located on a parallel passing north of Hokkaido and the American city of Portland and slightly south of Rostov-on-Don.
The Khabarovsk Territory has common borders with all administrative units of the Far East, or at least exits to them. In the West, it borders on the Amur Region, in the north-west, on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the north - on the Magadan Region, in the east - on the Sakhalin Region, from which it is separated by the waters of the Tatar Strait, the Nevelsky Strait and the Amur Estuary, in the south - with Primorsky Krai and in the south-west - with the People's Republic of China. The border with China runs along the Ussuri River, the channels of Kazakevichevo, then along the Amur. Its length is hundreds of kilometers. The border of the Khabarovsk Territory has access to the Pacific Ocean through the Sea of Okhotsk. Through the main seaport of the Khabarovsk Territory, Vanino, transport and economic relations are carried out with the Magadan and Sakhalin regions. The economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory is very peculiar. On the one hand, this is the region most separated from the center of Russia, with which communications are very difficult: the Trans-Siberian Railway remains the only land route so far, on the other hand, it is Russia's access to the Pacific Ocean, to the rapidly developing Asia-Pacific region, where over half of the world's population. Relations between the countries of this region are now strengthening, and it is undesirable for Russia to remain aloof from this.
What are the geographic coordinates of Khabarovsk? Where is this city located? Why is it interesting and unique? Our article will tell about all this.
Khabarovsk: geographical position of the city
Khabarovsk is one of the largest cities in the Asian part of Russia. It was founded in the middle of the 19th century as a military outpost, however, over time it grew and became an important economic center and transport hub of the Far East.
The city is located within the Middle Amur lowland (in its southern part), not far from the state border with China. By the way, to see the Celestial Empire from here, you just need to climb the high right bank of the Amur. Khabarovsk covers an area of 37 thousand hectares. The average width of the city is ten kilometers.
Khabarovsk is characterized by a moderate monsoon type of climate. Summers are short and wet, while winters are snowy and rather cold. The average temperatures of the coldest month of the year (January) reach 20 degrees with a minus sign. About 700 mm of atmospheric precipitation falls in Khabarovsk annually. An amazing fact: the number of sunny days a year in Khabarovsk is about 300, which is three times more than in St. Petersburg, and four times more than in Moscow.
Khabarovsk: 8 interesting facts
- This is one of the most multinational cities in Russia (representatives of 32 peoples and ethnic groups live in it).
- Over the past decade, Khabarovsk has been recognized three times as the most comfortable city in the country.
- The banknote of 5,000 rubles depicts a monument to Muravyov-Amursky, which is located precisely in Khabarovsk.
- there is the longest bridge in Russia (its length is 2.6 km).
- In terms of area, the city is one of the five largest in the country.
- Khabarovsk is located just 17 kilometers from the Chinese border.
- In 2010, the authoritative Forbes magazine put Khabarovsk in second place in terms of the comfort of doing business among Russian cities.
- There are four consulates of foreign countries in Khabarovsk: China, Japan, North Korea and Belarus.
The exact coordinates of Khabarovsk
Finding out where this or that settlement is located is impossible without knowing its exact coordinates. The table below contains all the necessary information to determine the geographical location of the city of Khabarovsk.
Thus, the city of Khabarovsk is located in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth, in the tenth time zone (UTC+10). The time difference with Moscow is 7 hours. The distance from Khabarovsk to the Russian capital is approximately 6,000 km by air and 8,500 km by rail.
annotation
In the course work “Economic and geographical characteristics
Khabarovsk Territory ”I reviewed a comprehensive assessment
edges in all its diversity and from different angles. The economic
geographical position of the region (profitability of the EGP), given the economic
assessment of natural conditions and resources (TSPR), reviewed
demographic situation and labor resources of the region (the coefficient
correlation), an assessment of the economic activity was carried out (the coefficient
specialization, a diagram of the energy production cycle was drawn up) and
transport (characteristics of individual modes of transport, calculation
density of transport routes) of the region's complexes, analyzed
environmental problems of the Khabarovsk Territory (the level of impact is calculated
each individual city on the natural environment). The purpose of this work
is the consideration of the Khabarovsk Territory as a structural unit of TOPS
countries with natural resources, demographic and
economic potential.
Pages 52
Tables 11
Pictures 6
Bibliographic sources 13
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..1
1. Economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory……….7
2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources……….…11
3. Population and labor resources……………………………………..17
4. Economic complex of the Khabarovsk Territory……………………..21
5. Transport complex of the Khabarovsk Territory…………………………37
6. Environmental problems of the Khabarovsk Territory……………………..42
Conclusion.
Bibliographic list.
Introduction
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the Far East of the Russian Federation. In the West and in the north, the Khabarovsk Territory borders on the subjects of the Russian Federation - the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Amur Region, the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan Region. The eastern border of the region passes through the territory of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, separating the water possessions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin Region. To the south of the region are Primorsky Krai and the People's Republic of China. The Khabarovsk Territory is part of the Far Eastern Economic Region.
The territory of the region occupies 4.6% of the area of Russia. More than half of the region's area is occupied by plateaus and mountains reaching 2500 m in some places. A well-developed river network allows the use and development of river navigation, and hundreds and thousands of lakes of the region are rich sources of fish. The climate in the region is temperate, monsoonal, the average temperature in summer does not exceed +24 ° C in the southern part of the region and +15 ° C in the north, in winter - -23 ° C in the south and -40 ° C, on the coast: -18 ° C and -24 o C, respectively. Annual precipitation is 400 - 600 mm in the north and 600 - 800 mm in the south, in the mountains this figure sometimes reaches 1000 mm.
The Khabarovsk Territory includes 17 administrative districts and two cities of regional subordination: Khabarovsk (with a population slightly exceeding 612 thousand people) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur (about 298.5 thousand people). In general, there are 7 cities, 27 urban-type settlements and 186 rural administrations in the region. More than 1571 thousand people live in the region, about 81% of whom are urban residents.
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the south of the Russian Far East. There are two most important factors that determine the position of the Khabarovsk Territory in the system of Russian regions. First of all, the special economic and geographical position of the region.
The second factor is a powerful resource potential. The Khabarovsk Territory is one of the richest regions of Russia. This gives him the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country's economy in a number of raw material positions.
Land, water and air routes pass through the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory, connecting the interior regions of Russia with the Pacific ports, and the countries of the CIS and Western Europe with the states of the Asia-Pacific region.
The purpose of this work is to consider the Khabarovsk Territory as a structural unit of the country's TOPS, which has a natural resource, demographic and economic potential.
The task of the study is to show the current state of the natural, social and sectoral components of the region's economy.
1. Economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory.
The Khabarovsk Territory is located in the Far East of the Russian Federation on the territory of 788.6 thousand km 2 (4.6% of the area of Russia). The distance from the regional center Khabarovsk to Moscow is 8533 km. The total population of the region is 1.9 million people, the average density - 2.2 people / km2 - one of the lowest among all subjects of the Federation.
Khabarovsk is the main and largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory. Founded in 1858 as a military post Khabarovka (named after the Russian explorer E. P. Khabarov). Since 1880 - the city of Khabarovka, the administrative center of the Primorsky region, since 1884 - the Amur Governor-General. In 1893 the city was renamed Khabarovsk. In 1872 a river port was built in Khabarovsk. The first elementary school was opened in 1873. In 1897 Khabarovsk was connected by railway with Vladivostok. At the end of the XIX century. in Khabarovsk there was a stone Orthodox cathedral, 3 Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, 11 schools, including a real one, a cadet corps, a technical railway, a women's gymnasium, etc. Furs were traded. There was a steam mill and several brick factories. In 1891, a monument was unveiled to Count N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, the governor-general of Eastern Siberia (he led expeditions along the Amur in 1850-55). In 1894, the Amur (Khabarovsk) department of the Russian Geographical Society was established with a museum and a library. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldiesel) was founded in Khabarovsk. In 1908 the base of the Amur Flotilla was created. At the beginning of the XX century. Khabarovsk is a large shopping center of the Far East. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In November 1922, Khabarovsk, as part of the Far Eastern Republic (FER), became part of the RSFSR. Since 1926 - the center of the Far East, since 1938 - the Khabarovsk Territory. In 1940 it was connected by railway through the Volochaevka station with Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
The distribution of the population over the territory of the region is extremely uneven: the southern part is most densely populated (Bikinsky district - 11.8 people / km2), the least densely populated is the northern part (Ayano-Maysky district - 0.03 people / km2).
78% of the population lives in cities and 22% in rural areas. There are 7 cities on the territory of the region, among the largest are Khabarovsk (612 thousand), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (315 thousand), Amursk (60 thousand), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (37 thousand)
Representatives of about 100 nationalities live in the region: Russians (86%), Ukrainians (6.2%), Belarusians (1.1%), Tatars (1.0%), Jews (0.8%), Koreans (0. 5%) and others.
The number of able-bodied population employed in the forest complex is 22.2 thousand people or 4.6%.
Industry plays a leading role in the region's economy (60% of the total regional product). The region produces 22% of the industrial output of the entire Far East and 1.2% of the industrial output of Russia. The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking, the food industry, the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and the building materials industry.
The share of forest complex products in the total volume of industrial production of the region is estimated at 3%, which approximately corresponds to the same indicator among other richly forested regions of Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory produces 44% of all commercial wood harvested in the Far East, 35% of sawn timber, 63% of cellulose, 44% of chipboard, 65% of cardboard.
The main enterprises of the complex are concentrated in its southern and central parts and gravitate towards the railway transport routes and the sea coast.
At the same time, over the past 10 years, the timber complex of the region has experienced a serious decline: the volume of timber exports has decreased by 3.5 times, the production of sawn timber - by 11 times, wood-based panels - by 8 times. The structure of timber industry production of the region is characterized by an extremely low level of processing of wood raw materials. Industrial roundwood (sawlogs, veneer logs and pulpwood) is almost entirely exported. This puts the economy of the timber complex in complete dependence on the price environment in foreign markets, and, above all, in Japan.
Khabarovsk Krai is one of the largest regions of the Russian Federation. Its area is 12.7 percent - the Far East economic region. The territory of the region stretches from north to south for almost 1800 kilometers and from west to east for 125 - 750 kilometers. The distance from its center to Moscow by rail is 8533 km, by air - 6075 km. The region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Tatar Strait). The length of the coastline (including islands, the largest of which
Shantar) - 3390 kilometers.
On the coast of the Tatar Strait, water areas convenient for the construction of ports are distinguished - Chikhachev Bay, Vanino Bay, and especially - a unique complex of deep-water, well-protected and extensive bays that form Sovetskaya Gavan Bay. This bay, as well as the neighboring Vanino Bay, are also accessible to ships in winter. The region is characterized by a well-developed river network. Most of it belongs to the Pacific Ocean basin (rivers of the Amur basin), a smaller part - to the Arctic Ocean basin (rivers of the Lena basin). The territory of the region in the north is 430 km away from the Arctic Circle, and the southern tip is located on a parallel passing north of Hokkaido and the American city of Portland and slightly south of Rostov-on-Don.
The Khabarovsk Territory has common borders with all administrative units of the Far East, or at least exits to them. In the West, it borders on the Amur Region, in the north-west, on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the north - on the Magadan Region, in the east - on the Sakhalin Region, from which it is separated by the waters of the Tatar Strait, the Nevelsky Strait and the Amur Estuary, in the south - with Primorsky Krai and in the south-west - with the People's Republic of China. The border with China runs along the Ussuri River, the channels of Kazakevichevo, then along the Amur. Its length is hundreds of kilometers. The border of the Khabarovsk Territory has access to the Pacific Ocean through the Sea of Okhotsk. Through the main seaport of the Khabarovsk Territory, Vanino, transport and economic relations are carried out with the Magadan and Sakhalin regions. The economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory is very peculiar. On the one hand, this is the region most separated from the center of Russia, with which communications are very difficult: the Trans-Siberian Railway remains the only land route so far, on the other hand, it is Russia's access to the Pacific Ocean, to the rapidly developing Asia-Pacific region, where over half of the world's population. Relations between the countries of this region are now strengthening, and it is undesirable for Russia to remain aloof from this.
2. Economic evaluation of natural conditions and resources.
The climate of the region is monsoonal. It is characterized by cold winters and humid hot summers. Climatic conditions change significantly both from north to south, and depending on the proximity to the sea, as well as on the nature of the relief. The average temperature in January ranges from -22 degrees C in the south to -40 degrees C in the north, and from -18 degrees C to -24 degrees C on the coast. The average July temperature in the south is +20 degrees C, in the north - +15 degrees C. The growing season (with temperatures of 5 degrees C and above) is from 170 - 177 days in the southern regions, up to 130 days - in the north, the annual precipitation is 400 - 600 millimeters in the north, and in the southern part - 600 - 800 millimeters on the plains and eastern slopes of the ridges and more than 1000 millimeters in the mountains. Spring in most of the territory begins in early March and is characterized by a long duration and instability of temperatures. In the northern regions and on the sea coasts of the region, spring comes a month and a half later. Summer throughout the territory, with the exception of coastal areas, is hot. In July - early August, tropical air masses, characterized by high air humidity, penetrate into the southern regions of the region. At the beginning of autumn, warm, dry weather sets in, cooling occurs gradually. A sharp cooling in the south occurs at the end of November. In the northern regions and in the mountains, autumn comes a month earlier. Winter is characterized by sunny weather with severe frosts, often accompanied by winds. On the coast, frosts are somewhat weaker. Therefore, the best seasons for tourism are the end of spring - the beginning of summer, the end of summer - the beginning of autumn, when the weather is especially pleasant.
About three quarters of the region's territory is occupied by mountains and plateaus with heights from 500 to 2500 meters. Most of the territory is occupied by mountain ranges: Sikhote-Alin, Coastal, Dzhugdzhur - in the east; Turan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin - in the southwest; Yudomsky, Suntar-Khayata (altitude up to 2933 m) - in the north. In the north-west - the Yudomo-Maya Highlands. The most extensive lowlands: Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugur - in the south and in the central part, Okhotsk - in the north.
The main river is the Amur. There are many small lakes: Bolon, Chukchagirskoye, B.Kizi.
Soddy-podzolic soils predominate on the territory of the region, meadow-marsh and bog soils are widespread in the river valleys.
Significant areas of the Amur and Evoron-Tugur lowlands are occupied by swamps and swamps. Mari is a natural complex of strongly waterlogged hummocky shrub-sphagnum low-growing larch sparse areas, alternating with treeless peat-hummocky sphagnum and sedge-cottongrass bogs, as well as with dwarf birch thickets on peat-gley soils and peat bogs. On damp lowlands with a close level of groundwater, tussock-sedge bogs with humus-peat-gley soils predominate. In the southern regions, brown-taiga soils are formed, which contain a lot of humus.
KHABAROVSK TERRITORY has large and diverse natural resources - land, water, forest and other biological resources of water and land, numerous minerals. According to many of them, the region occupies an important place in the Far East and even in the country (forest, valuable species of fish and fur-bearing animals, ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals, water resources, etc.).
Almost the entire territory of the Khabarovsk Territory is occupied by lands that provide biological products. Among them, agricultural land is used more intensively, the total area of which is 695.5 thousand hectares (0.9% of the land fund of the region), including: arable land 131.7 thousand hectares (0.2%), perennial plantations - 24, 3 thousand hectares, hayfields - 410.3 thousand hectares (0.5%), pastures - 124.7 thousand hectares (0.2%). More than 20 million hectares are occupied by reindeer pastures (26% of the region's territory).
LAND FUND OF KHABAROVSK KRAI
The Khabarovsk Territory is one of the largest forest raw material regions in Russia. The forests of the region are very diverse in composition - from pure (homogeneous) larch forests to mixed multi-species cedar-broad-leaved forest stands. But in the vast majority of forests, coniferous species predominate (75% of the area and 86% of the timber reserve).
The allowable volume of annual felling in the forests of the region is defined as 20.2 million cubic meters. m. However, it can only be used with the use of advanced cutting and reforestation technologies. The technologies currently used make it possible to harvest 12-14 million cubic meters. m per year.
Among the non-timber resources of the Khabarovsk Territory, unique Far Eastern medicinal plants - ginseng, eleutherococcus, magnolia vine, aralia, and a number of herbaceous plants - are of particular value. The extraction of essential oils and resin of coniferous trees is promising. Significant food resources are pine and other nuts, wild berries, mushrooms, and ferns. There are many honey-bearing woody and herbaceous plants.
FOREST FUND
| Land type | area thousand ha | timber stock, million cubic meters m |
| natural forests | 39276 | 4621 |
| including by predominant breeds: | ||
| Korean cedar | 802 | 173 |
| spruce | 8182 | 1429 |
| fir | 604 | 83 |
| larch | 19401 | 2217 |
| pine | 554 | 60 |
| hardwoods | 1581 | 174 |
| including: | ||
| ash | 107 | 14 |
| yellow birch | 778 | 86 |
| softwoods | 4705 | 363 |
| including: | ||
| white birch | 3337 | 206 |
| aspen | 627 | 54 |
| Unforested land. intended for growing forests | 7288 | . |
| non-forest lands | 8627 | . |
The animal world is rich and varied. In the zone of coniferous forests live ungulates (elk, red deer, wild boar, roe deer, musk deer), fur (sable, Siberian weasel, fox, squirrel, muskrat, otter, brown bear, wolf, etc.), in the far north - reindeer, ermine, wolverine. In the forests of the region there are lynx, black (Himalayan) bear and Ussuri tiger, the American mink has successfully acclimatized. Sable, as well as mink, squirrel, weasel, muskrat are the main objects of hunting fur trade.
On the territory of the region there are large reserves of waterfowl and upland game. Up to 98% of the region's territory is classified as hunting grounds, but fishing opportunities are still not used enough. There are over 100 species of fish in rivers and lakes, including sturgeons.
Along the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, primarily along the Amur and its tributaries, anadromous salmon spawn in the upper reaches of the taiga rivers.
Significant biological resources are concentrated in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan and especially the Sea of Okhotsk. The main herd of the Pacific herring in the Far East lives in the northern Sea of Okhotsk. Navaga, flounder and some other species of fish, mollusks, algae, as well as marine animals are of commercial importance. There are more than 120 thousand large and small rivers in the Khabarovsk Territory with a total flow of 4.5 billion cubic meters. m per year, the total length of the rivers is 541 thousand km. Most of them belong to the Amur system - one of the longest rivers in Russia. Its total length is 4440 km, including more than 1000 km on the territory of the region. It carries a huge mass of water over the edge, pouring below the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur into the Sea of Okhotsk an average of 346 cubic meters per year. km. The largest tributaries of the Amur within the Khabarovsk Territory are the Amgun, Anyui, Tunguska, Bikin, Ussuri. A vast territory in the north of the region belongs to the basin of the Lena River (Maya River and others). There are also 55 thousand large and small lakes in the region. The largest of them are located in the Amur River basin: Chukchagirskoye, Bolon, Udyl, Orel occupy an area of 300 - 370 square meters. km. The energy resources of the rivers are great, but their use is in many cases limited, since anadromous salmon spawn along many rivers.
The natural resources of a territory are evaluated through territorial combinations of natural resources. Bureinskoye, Zeya-Amurskoye, Nizhneamurskoye TSPR are characterized by a low level of industrial development.
Mastering conditions:
Bureinskoye Zeya-Amurskoe Nizhneamurskoe
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 Transport and geographical
2 Level of economic development of the territory
3 Engineering and construction
4 Climate
5 Water supply
Resource types:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 Intra-district value
2 Large
3 Largest
b-oil and natural gas
in hydropower
g-ferrous metals
d-non-ferrous metals
e-non-metal industrial raw materials
Point calculation:
Bureinsky TSPR 2+2+2+2+2+2+1+2=15 points
Zeysko-Amurskre TSPR 2+2+2+2+2+2+2+1+2=17 points
Nizhneamursky TSPR 2+1+1+2+3+1+1+2+3=16 points
The natural resources of the region are great and diverse - land, water, forest and other biological resources of water and land. Significant mineral reserves. According to many of them, it occupies an important place in the Far East and even in the country (forest, valuable species of fish and fur-bearing animals, ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals, water resources, etc.). More intensive measures are needed to protect and reproduce the region's natural resources.
3. Population and labor resources.
Krai population dynamics
| 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 2000 | |
| Permanent population (at the end of the year), thousand people | 1522,8 | 1619,7 | 1560,4 | 1546,3 | 1535 | 1534,1 |
| including: | ||||||
| urban | 1228,3 | 1309,6 | 1263,7 | 1248,8 | 1240,7 | 1236,2 |
| rural | 294,5 | 310,1 | 296,7 | 297,5 | 294,3 | 297,9 |
| Working-age population, thousand people | 935,5 | 984,6 | 963,3 | 959,5 | 958,7 | |
| Number of births per 1000 population | 18,7 | 15,1 | 9,3 | 8,5 | 8,2 | 8,2 |
| Number of deaths per 1000 population | 9,2 | 9,2 | 13,1 | 12,7 | 12,1 | 13,7 |
| Natural increase, decrease (-) per 1000 population | 9,5 | 5,9 | -3,8 | -4,2 | -3,9 | -5,5 |
| Average annual number of people employed in the economy, thousand people | 866,2 | 914,4 | 676,8 | 653,7 | 665,8 | 778,9 |
| Number of officially registered unemployed, thousand people | 40,5 | 40 | 27,7 | 23 |
POPULATION OF CITIES (as of 01.01.2002)
NUMBER AND DENSITY OF POPULATION BY REGIONS (as of 01.01.2002)
| areas | Population (thousand people) |
population density (person/sq.km) |
| Amur region | 80,2 | 4,9 |
| Ayano-Maysky District | 3,6 | 0,02 |
| Bikinsky district | 26,9 | 10,8 |
| Vaninsky district | 46,7 | 1,8 |
| Verkhnebureinsky district | 32,8 | 0,5 |
| Vyazemsky district | 28,6 | 6,6 |
| Komsomolsky district | 29,0 | 1,2 |
| District named after Lazo | 57,6 | 1,8 |
| Nanai district | 21,7 | 0,8 |
| Nikolaevsky district | 47,2 | 2,7 |
| Okhotsk region | 14,3 | 0,09 |
| District them. P. Osipenko | 7,5 | 0,2 |
| Sovetsko-Gavansky District | 51,4 | 3,3 |
| sunny area | 39,8 | 1,3 |
| Tuguro-Chumikansky District | 2,5 | 0,03 |
| Ulchi district | 27,0 | 0,7 |
| Khabarovsk region | 81,8 | 2,7 |
The urban population, including workers' settlements, is more than 80 percent. The largest cities in the region in terms of population are Khabarovsk (the second in the Far East after Vladivostok) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Increased by 10% infant mortality. There are 92 divorces per 100 marriages.
We calculate the demographic position of cities using the potential method:
The calculation table shows that the city of Khabarovsk, the capital of the Territory, has the highest demographic potential. Therefore, he has the greatest influence on the territory.
Now we will calculate the correlation coefficient between the indicators of the population and the share of the population employed in various sectors of the economy. The data will be reflected in the table:
∑ 970,1 183 -192 -1 328224,7 61 4246,9
R=4246.9/(286.4*3.9*4)=0.95
The correlation coefficient shows that most of the population is employed in various sectors of the economy, which has a beneficial effect on the level of economic development. Compared to other Far Eastern territories, the region compares favorably with a variety of areas of employment, especially in large cities. Despite the complication of economic conditions, there has been a process of formation of new business structures and, accordingly, those employed in them. Their main area of activity is trade and mediation.
On average, 1.9 people live per square kilometer of the territory, which is more than 4 times less than the average for Russia. The national composition of the population is dominated by Russians (86.4%).
Ukrainians make up 6.1%, peoples of the North -1.5%, Belarusians -1.1%, Tatars - 1.0%. Among the small peoples of the North, there are 10.5 thousand Nanais, 3.6 - Evenki, 2.7 - Ulchi, 2.4 - Nivkhs, 1.9 - Evens. People of working age make up 64.5% of the population of the region, and older than working age - 16%. The average age of the inhabitants of the region is 35.8 years.
4. Economic complex of the Khabarovsk Territory.
Power industry
Energy -
perhaps the main obstacle that can prevent the Khabarovsk Territory from becoming an economically self-sufficient region. An obstacle inherited from the former economic system. Fuel for power plants was transported from afar, from the deep regions of Russia - today high transport tariffs are a heavy burden on the cost of industrial production of the region.
This obstacle can be removed. The region has sufficient reserves of solid energy fuel - hard and brown coal. At the same time, their deposits are located in such a way that they allow not only to provide the main industrial zone in the south of the region, but also to feed small power plants near the northern industrial zones - such as Okhotsk. But not only coal is in the region - the Sakhalin shelf is nearby with the richest reserves of oil and gas. And the Sakhalin region, which needs both oil products and equipment for the development of the shelf. Both can be given to him by the Khabarovsk Territory, which has both oil refineries in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the only ones in the Far East, and a unique machine-building complex. There is thus a sound economic basis for getting enough high performance fuel from Sakhalin on a regular basis. The total reserves of local fuel are such that they make it possible to provide not only existing power plants, but also to build new ones, freeing themselves from the need for imported fuel. The same applies to thermal energy.
The installed capacity of ten power stations of the region is 1943 megawatts, of which 95 percent are thermal power plants in industrial centers. The largest power plants are Khabarovskaya CHPP-3 (540 MW), Khabarovskaya CHPP-1 (462 MW) and Komsomolskaya-on-Amur CHPP-1 (275 MW).
Currently, the Urgal coal deposit is being developed in the territory of the region. The capacity of this mine is 2.4 million tons of coal per year.
The oil refining industry of the Far Eastern economic region is also concentrated in the region - oil refineries in Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk. Providing over 50 percent of the needs of the Far East in oil products, they work on imported oil (9.8 million annually). About 20 percent of the oil comes from the Sakhalin fields via an oil pipeline, 80 percent comes from Siberia by rail.
A program for the development of wind energy is being practically implemented in the region. The only production base in the Far East for the assembly and installation of wind turbines of various capacities has been created.
Electricity generation (billion kilowatt hours)
The priority tasks of the reconstruction of the fuel and energy complex of the region and the entire Far East region include:
- accelerating the construction and commissioning of power units of the Bureyskaya HPP - the commissioning of this facility will reduce the pressure of high energy tariffs on enterprises and the population;
- building up the capacities of Khabarovskenergo JSC - construction of the second stage of the Khabarovsk CHPP-3 and Yugo-Vostochnaya CHPP in Khabarovsk;
- replacement of obsolete equipment and repair of distribution electricity and heating networks.
The construction project for the second stage of the Khabarovsk CHPP-3 provides for the construction of two power units with a total capacity: for electric energy - 270 MW, for thermal energy - 475 Gcal / h. The proposed project can be implemented in several stages within five years. The total construction costs will amount to 500 million USD.
The Yugo-Vostochnaya CHPP in Khabarovsk is designed to generate heat - 1020 thousand Gcal per year and electricity - 110 million kWh per year.
It is planned to install modern power equipment with improved performance in terms of efficiency, environmental friendliness and reliability at the Yugo-Vostochnaya CHPP. Currently, design estimates have been developed, a business plan has been drawn up, a construction site (26 hectares) has been prepared, power lines of 35 and 110 kV and a main road have been connected to the site. To continue construction, an investment of 350 million USD is required, which will be used to finance construction and installation work, purchase of building materials and structures, and purchase of equipment. It is planned to complete the construction of the Yugo-Vostochnaya CHPP within four years.
The construction of the second phase of Khabarovsk CHPP-3 and Yugo-Vostochnaya CHPP is supported by the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory, investors may be provided with additional guarantees and benefits.
Metallurgy
Ferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for 2.8 percent in the structure of marketable products of the region's industry, and 4 percent for industrial and production personnel. The production capacity of the only Amurstal metallurgical plant in the Far East (in Komsomolsk-on-Amur) is 1.8 million tons of steel and 1.56 million tons of rolled products. The main product is sheet steel (57 percent). In addition, the plant produces large and small grades, roll-formed profiles for machine-building, shipbuilding and other industries. The basis of the metallurgical complex of Komsomolsk-on-Amur are such industrial enterprises: Amurmetal JSC, PO DV-Metall JSC, Far East Steel Rolling Plant JSC, Amurstal-profile JSC.
The type of enterprises is conversion, as the supplier of raw materials is the Siberian Metallurgical Base. The work profile subdivides:
- JSC "Amurmetal"- production of steel in electric melting furnaces with pouring on continuous casting machines, production of blanks with a section of 125x125 mm., which are used as blanks on a continuous fine-wire mill 320/150 for the production of class A111 (A-400) fittings and wire rod with a diameter of 6-9 mm. in bays.
- JSC "Far East Steel Rolling Plant"- production of long products - steel corner from 50x50mm. up to 80x80mm. and reinforcing steel of a periodic profile No. 28,32,36,40.
-JSC “PO DV-metal”- production of sheet metal.
- JSC "Amurstal-profile"- production of curved profiles, road barriers and electric-welded longitudinal water and gas pipes with a diameter of up to 53 mm. In 2001 ferrous metallurgy enterprises produced 351.7 thousand tons of steel, 342.4 thousand tons of rolled products, 11 thousand tons of roll-formed profiles.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metallurgy forms about 6 percent of the marketable output of the region's industry, but satisfies a significant part of Russia's needs for gold and tin. This industry has a pronounced specialization in the production of intermediate products - concentrates, which are exported to the western regions of Russia.
The tin industry is represented by the large Solnechny Mining and Processing Plant. Its marketable products are tin, zinc, copper, lead and tungsten concentrates. The ores used are complex, they contain up to 20 components, about 60 percent of tungsten, tin and copper are extracted from them, up to half of zinc and a quarter of lead.
The region is one of the oldest alluvial gold mining areas in the country. Since 1991, the operation of the Mnogovershinny mine began in the area of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Further development of the gold mining industry is associated with the expansion of the resource base, the growth of reserves in placers and the intensification of gold mining at primary deposits.
Engineering.
Mechanical engineering is the largest industry, employing about 43 percent of all those employed in industry. Most of its enterprises work for defense needs. Ocean and river vessels, airplanes, diesel engines and diesel generators, metal-cutting machine tools, power and foundry machines, cable products, overhead electric cranes, technological equipment for the fishing industry, and consumer goods are created there. The branch of mechanical engineering is a unique complex in terms of its capabilities. It includes factories focused on the production of many types of engineering products - from ships and aircraft of various classes to technological equipment. The core of the complex are defense enterprises. The enterprises included in it are ready to deliver to the foreign market, including the countries of Southeast Asia, modern warships for various purposes, landing hovercraft, combat aircraft of the SU brand, not inferior, but in many respects superior to the best foreign analogues. Great opportunities exist for the supply of ammunition for small arms and other systems.
The main shipbuilding facilities are located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Amur Shipbuilding Plant OJSC), Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (Nikolaev Shipbuilding Plant OJSC). Large enterprises for the construction and repair of ships are located in the city of Sovetskaya Gavan (OJSC "Northern Shipbuilding Plant", OJSC "Yakor"); production of ship equipment in Khabarovsk - JSC "Habsudmash" (deck mechanisms, winches, ship and pier cranes, water desalters, water jet ejectors). At the shipbuilding enterprises of the region, the organization of the production process, equipment, production capacities, applied technological processes and technologies allow the construction of sea, river vessels, vessels with dynamic principles of support on an air cushion, hydrofoils, ocean trawlers and refrigerators, small pleasure craft and others. . The Amur Shipyard builds dry-cargo river-sea motor ships of the Volga class, timber-packet carriers, sea rescue tugs. The company has built a floating base for the Molikpak mobile drilling platform for the development of the oil-bearing shelf of Sakhalin Island.
The Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant, in terms of ongoing conversion, specializes in the construction of a series of civil ships:
- sea passenger ship on hydrofoils "Olympia";
- marine high-speed multi-purpose boat;
- marine boat on the air cavity "Mercury";
- unified landing hovercraft "Murena";
-speed boat "Terrier";
- fish protection vessel.
The aircraft industry is represented by the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Production Association. According to the conversion program, the enterprise has created light multi-purpose aircraft of a new generation that meet modern requirements and have a high export potential:
- amphibious seaplane "Be-103", maximum load -385 kg (4-6 people);
- transport aircraft "S-80" with a carrying capacity of 3 tons (30 people).
A promising direction is the production of off-road vehicles for the northern regions and off-road - snowmobiles, an amphibious vehicle for operation on water, swamps, snow (4-5 people), snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, a small-draft boat for loading and unloading operations on unequipped shores. The production of television and radio equipment and other household appliances is being developed at the subsidiary Far Eastern Radioelectronic Plant AVEST.
You can get an idea about other possibilities of the metalworking industry of the region from the following list, which is far from being complete.
JSC "Khabarovsk machine-tool plant" - metal-cutting and woodworking machines of a wide range.
OJSC Plant Dalenergomash (Khabarovsk) - hydraulic, steam, gas turbines, pumps, fans, compressors, valves for large diameter pipelines.
OJSC "Plant" Daldizel "(Khabarovsk) - marine diesel engines and diesel generators of a wide range.
DAO PO "PODMA" (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - overhead and gantry cranes, serial and customer orders.
KGUP "Amur Cable Plant" (Khabarovsk) - power, telephone, ship, signal-blocking cables, non-insulated, winding, installation wires, etc.
OAO "Electrotechnical Plant" (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - storage batteries for internal combustion engines.
The technological capabilities of these and other plants go far beyond the scope of today's product range. All this suggests that the manufacturing industry of the region can do a lot. In addition, technological equipment, components, structural materials are required by the most promising sectors of the Khabarovsk Territory - timber and wood processing, non-ferrous metallurgy and gold mining, the fishing industry, and the transport complex.
Only export-oriented industries of the Khabarovsk Territory are named here. Those whose products have a guaranteed effective demand and who are able to pay for machinery and equipment, components, spare parts.
When assessing the investment potential of the machine building and metalworking industry of the region, several more important circumstances should be taken into account.
1. The industry's products will become cheaper due to the administration's policy of developing the fuel and energy base of the region, aimed at reducing the cost of electricity, as well as energy saving measures.
2. The machine-building and metal-working industry relies on the powerful research and design potential of the region - research and development in many areas can be carried out in this area.
3. Enterprises of the industry are provided with all the necessary personnel - educational institutions of the region produce specialists of almost all necessary qualifications.
Fish industry
The Khabarovsk Territory is rich in fish. The main commercial water bodies are the Amur River, the coastal waters of the Tatar Strait and the Sea of Okhotsk. About 100 rivers of the region are spawning grounds for salmon and sturgeon. In addition, large- and medium-tonnage fleets fish in the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, in the areas of Western and Eastern Kamchatka, the Northern and Southern Kuriles, and Eastern Sakhalin.
There are over 100 species of fish in the Amur River. The main objects of the fishery are migratory salmon (pink salmon, autumn and summer chum salmon), sturgeon (Kaluga - Amur sturgeon), large and small part, smelt, lamprey. In coastal waters, salmon, Pacific herring (spawning), capelin, flounder, and sea kale are harvested.
The objects of ocean fishing are walleye pollock (50-60% of the total catch), Pacific herring (foraging), cod, flounder, halibut, greenling, saury, grenadier, squid, shrimp, crabs.
The maximum amount of fishing is determined by quotas for each commercial object. Recommendations on the withdrawal of resources and the distribution of quotas are issued by the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography - TINRO - Center (Vladivostok) and its branches in Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Magadan and Khabarovsk.
The composition of the fishing fleet includes:
- large-tonnage vessels that can operate in any area of the world's oceans and produce finished products (cut frozen fish, fishmeal, caviar); they may also accept raw materials from fishermen. The capacity of the holds and the temperature regime allow these vessels to be used as transport refrigerators;
- about 60 medium-tonnage vessels, including fishing trawlers and freezer trawlers - universal vessels with an unlimited navigation area - can fish with a trawl, purse seine, side trap with electric light; The raw material extracted by these vessels is transferred to processing vessels (floor ships, floating plants, refrigerators) of the Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Sakhalin regions;
- a fleet of fishing seiners with an unlimited navigation area can fish with a trawl at shallow depths, a purse seine, an onboard electric light trap, and bottom traps; they hand over the catch to mother ships;
- a fleet of small fishing seiners engaged in coastal fishing.
In general, the potential of the industry is such that it can produce 350 thousand tons of fish and seafood per year, produce 120 thousand tons of food fish products, 4-5 thousand tons of fishmeal.
Chemical industry
Chemical industry enterprises are located mainly in the cities of Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and the village of Khor. These include the Komsomolsk Sulfuric Acid Plant, the Khabarovsk Oxygen Plant, tire repair plants, synthetic detergent plants, and chemical-pharmaceutical, Khorsky hydrolysis and biochemical plants.
The main products of the industry are microbiological fodder protein (26 thousand tons), sulfuric (50.1 thousand tons) and boric (about 6.4 thousand tons) acids, synthetic detergents (9.1 thousand tons), oxygen and argon, medicines .
A large sub-sector of industry is the chemical-pharmaceutical industry. The degree of significance is high, but since at present it specializes in the processing of semi-finished products coming from other regions of the country and produces more than 200 types of medicines. But, along with this, it uses unique opportunities for its development using local raw materials (ginseng, eleutherococcus, aralia, zamaniha, antlers, etc.).
Preparations based on Far Eastern medicinal resources are deservedly in high demand in Russia and abroad.
timber industry
The Khabarovsk Territory is one of the country's largest forest raw materials regions. The stock of wood in the region is a quarter of the stock in the Far East and more than 6% of the stock in Russia as a whole. The total forested area is 52.5 million hectares, the stock of mature and overmature species is 3.14 billion cubic meters. meters.
Forests in the region are very diverse in composition, but coniferous forests predominate, occupying up to 80% of the forested area. The northern half of the territory of the region belongs to the zone of light coniferous forests, which are dominated by several species of larch, in some places pine. To the south stretches a subzone of dark coniferous forests with highly productive spruce and fir plantations. The Middle Amur Plain and nearby mountain slopes belong to the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests. These are the most productive forest areas. A characteristic tree species in them is cedar pine (“cedar” Korean). The subzone contains industrial reserves of valuable hardwood species (ash, oak).
Based on 1 hectare of forested area, the reserves vary from 40-70 cubic meters. meters in the light coniferous forests of the Okhotsk coast to 150-160 in the cedar-deciduous forests in the south, reaching 600-700 cubic meters in the most productive areas. meters. According to the prevailing species, the distribution of timber stock in the region is as follows: larch - 52.2%, spruce and fir - 29.9%, cedar - 2.9%, pine - 2.5%, hardwood - 2.7%, softwood - 6.3%. In the dynamics of forest resources, there is a trend towards a reduction in mature and overmature stands, an increase in the share of deciduous forests, and a decrease in the average density and marketability of forest stands.
For forests available for development, the annual allowable cut is determined at the level of 18 million cubic meters. meters. However, the real operational cutting area is estimated by experts at 8-10 million cubic meters. meters. For 2001 in fact, more than 6 million cubic meters have been harvested in the region. meters. Accordingly, the Khabarovsk Territory still has significant resources to increase the volume of procurement.
Generalized characteristics of the timber industry complex of the region.
The forest industry is one of the priority sectors of the national economy of the region and its importance is determined by the fact that the share of the forest industry in the total volume of industrial production has been 8-10% for many years. In 2001, the enterprises of the region exported 6558 thousand cubic meters. m of wood, which is the highest figure in the last 9 years. The industry remained one of the leading exporters of products in the region.
The share of forest complex products in the total volume of industrial production of the region is estimated at 3%, which approximately corresponds to the same indicator among other richly forested regions of Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory produces 44% of all commercial wood harvested in the Far East, 35% of sawn timber, 63% of cellulose, 44% of chipboard, 65% of cardboard. About a third of harvested industrial wood, up to half of sawn timber, ¾ of cardboard and all market pulp are exported to the Western regions of Russia, the CIS countries and for export.
About 150 tenants of the forest fund and more than 260 enterprises and organizations working for short-term use are engaged in logging in the region, which indicates economic attractiveness and the ability to effectively engage in logging.
In the forecast estimate for the volume of exports for 2010, the Government of the Territory focuses on 7-8 million cubic meters. meters. To achieve such volumes, it is necessary to systematically and purposefully solve the following tasks:
- technical re-equipment of timber industry enterprises, including through the introduction of a leasing system;
- development of timber processing industries, increase in the share of finished products;
- improvement of the system of training of engineering, technical and managerial personnel;
- organization of production of machinery and equipment for the timber industry at the machine-building enterprises of the region on the principles of cooperation with domestic and foreign partners;
- selection on an alternative basis of environmentally friendly technologies and equipment for logging production, taking into account world practice;
- efficient use of wood waste and thermal power equipment for the production of electrical and thermal energy.
The Government of the Khabarovsk Territory actively cooperates with various international organizations in the implementation of projects in the field of rational and sustainable use of forest resources.
The most significant of the international projects implemented in the region over the past 2 years were those funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). In 2000, the Russian Ecological Partnership (REP) project, implemented by Pacific Rim Taiga, was completed as a logical continuation of the EPT project, which was carried out in the Sikhote-Alin mountain range in 1995-1998.
The activity of the REW project was concentrated in the field of processing of non-timber forest products and wood processing. The project financed the development of several business plans and marketing strategies, held a number of seminars and created the Far East Association of Wood Processors.
Within the framework of the ROLL project, active cooperation between the Khabarovsk Territory Forest Administration and the US Forest Service continues.
The role of the forests of the Khabarovsk Territory should be considered not only as an important factor in the economic development of the territory, but also as a significant part of the boreal Siberian forests that form the planetary climate. In this aspect, the problem of sustainable sustainable forest management acquires an international character, necessitating the development of a regional program to maintain the carbon balance and its monitoring on an ongoing basis.
At the same time, over the past 10 years, the timber complex of the region has experienced a serious decline: the volume of timber exports has decreased by 3.5 times, the production of sawn timber - by 11 times, wood-based panels - by 8 times. The structure of timber industry production of the region is characterized by an extremely low level of processing of wood raw materials. Industrial roundwood (sawlogs, veneer logs and pulpwood) is almost entirely exported. This puts the economy of the timber complex in complete dependence on the price situation in foreign markets, and primarily in Japan.
Agro-industrial complex
Agricultural production of the Khabarovsk Territory is developing in difficult natural and climatic conditions with a lack of arable land. There is an average of 0.07 hectares of arable land per inhabitant, which is almost 10 times less than the average for Russia.
More than 30 percent of arable land is occupied by reclaimed land. The development of new, as well as the maintenance of developed lands, require large material costs.
The share of agricultural production accounts for about 6 percent of the gross social product of the region. There are about 60 large agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership, subsidiary farms of industrial enterprises and organizations, and about 900 peasant (farmer) households in the region. Agricultural production is carried out throughout the territory, but its main volumes are concentrated in the south of the region. Cattle and pigs are bred everywhere, in the north they are engaged in reindeer herding.
The main crops cultivated in the region are cereals, soybeans, potatoes and vegetables. At the same time, a large share in the production of potatoes and vegetables falls on personal households.
The food industry of the Khabarovsk Territory is a complex diversified complex of enterprises (over 60) belonging to the meat and dairy, flour-and-feed, fat-and-oil, confectionery, wine-making, baking and other industries, whose products account for 40% of the food turnover. The most stable, steadily developing enterprises of the industry are:
OAO Khabarovskmakaronservis, OAO Amur-pivo, OAO Taiga, OAO Distillery Khabarovsk, OAO Dakgomz.
In order to identify the volume and structure of agricultural production, it is necessary to calculate the coefficient of specialization of the Khabarovsk Territory according to the formula: K=F/P.
P=(1534.1*100)/8032=19.1
Grain F=(24.1*100)/310.9=7.75 K=7.75/19.1=0.04
Sunflower F=(0.1*100)/1.3=7.69 K=7.69/19.1=0.4
Potato F=(323.6*100)/1378.9=23.47 K=23.47/19.1=1.23
Vegetables F=(137.5*100)/493.9=27.84 K=27.84/19.1=1.46
Meat production F=(13.6*100)/82.5=16.48 K=16.48/19.1=0.86
Milk F=(83.5*100)/669.7=12.47 K=12.47/19.1=0.65
Egg F=(209.5*100)/753.3=27.81 K=27.81/19.1=1.46
As can be seen from the calculations, the production of potatoes, vegetables and eggs are the branches of specialization of the region. All of them are developed to varying degrees, but they are important for the economy of the Khabarovsk Territory and play a huge role in providing the population with food.
The region also specializes in ferrous metallurgy, because only the Khabarovsk region is a producer of ferrous metals in the Far East. The timber industry is one of the priority branches of specialization. An important place is occupied by the fishing industry, it is also a branch of specialization. The study of the economic complex is being completed with a scheme of the energy production cycle for the fishing industry.
5. Transport complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
The Khabarovsk Territory is the "center" of the transport system of the Russian Far East. The administration of the Khabarovsk Territory has made a lot of efforts to develop the transport infrastructure:
- Railroads
Two railway arteries of national importance pass through the territory of the region, crossing the region and connecting the eastern and western regions of the country: the Trans-Siberian and Far Eastern railways. The ferry from Vanino to Kholmsk (on Sakhalin Island) connects the railways on the mainland with the Sakhalin Island railway system. The operational length of public railways is 2.3 thousand km. This is neither more nor less than 25 percent of the length of the network of all Far Eastern roads.
- waterways
The cargo is transported by waterway to the nearest regions (Sakhalin, Amursk, Magadan, Primorye) and abroad (China). The region has access to the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean. Vanino is the main seaport in the Khabarovsk Territory; in terms of technical capacity, it ranks third in the Far East. In addition, seaports operate in Sovetskaya Gavan, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk, as well as in the villages of Lazarev and De-Kastri. The length of inland navigation routes is 2.5 thousand km.
For river transport, the Amur, Ussuri, Amgun, Tunguska, and Maya rivers are used for more than 3.2 thousand kilometers. River-sea vessels deliver cargo from the Amur ports to the north of the region, to the Sakhalin and Amur regions, to Primorye and the Magadan region. They go to the ports of Japan, Singapore, China.
- Airways
The new international terminal at the Khabarovsk airport was built jointly with Japanese partners; Khabarovsk has links with more than 40 cities in Russia and the CIS. Flights connect Khabarovsk with the USA, China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Israel and other countries. Two world transcontinental air corridors intersect here, connecting North America with the Asia-Pacific countries and Japan with Europe.
- Road system
The road system is best developed in the southern part of the region. Most of the road links connect Khabarovsk with nearby settlements. An asphalt road between Lidoga and Vanino will soon be completed and will connect Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk to the main seaport of Vanino. Additionally, Khabarovsk has a direct highway connection with Vladivostok. The length of paved roads (including departmental ones) is 8.3 thousand km (82% of the total length).
Being a major transport hub, the Khabarovsk Territory will strengthen its positions in the development of interregional economic cooperation both between the Far Eastern regions and adjacent foreign territories. This is favored by the advantageous economic-geographical, transit position of the backbone network and infrastructure facilities with a clearly expressed trend towards the formation of transport and communication corridors. The concept provides for the completion of the second stage of the reconstruction of the combined railway-road bridge crossing over the Amur with the laying of the second track. Reconstruction and modernization of the seven-kilometer tunnel under the Amur is planned. A control center will be put into operation in Khabarovsk, which will control the movement of trains based on computer technology and space communications.
In the field of air transport, a number of projects are planned to be implemented. Among them is the organization of the repair of aviation equipment of Yakut, Sakhalin and other airlines at the repair plants of Khabarovsk with the simultaneous solution of the issue of locating the production of spare parts and aviation normals at FSUE KNAAPO.
The project provides for the completion of the Khabarovsk-Lidoga-Vanino highway according to the parameters of the second technical category with the laying of asphalt concrete pavement. The significance of this road is enhanced in connection with the prospects for the development of the Vanino seaport, with the possibility of creating a free economic zone in this area, with the prospects for the development of the Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk industrial centers.
Geographical coordinates of the port: 49 deg. 5 minutes north. latitude; 140 deg. 19 minutes east. longitude. Port of Vanino is the largest transport hub of the Khabarovsk Territory. It is located on the northwestern shore of Vanino Bay in the Tatar Strait. Navigation in the port is open all year round. In winter, when the water area of the bay is covered with ice (from January to March), ships are escorted by icebreakers. Through the port, cargo is transported to the island of Sakhalin, to the Magadan region, to Kamchatka, to the northern regions of Russia. The port's cargo turnover consists of ferry cargoes, coal, timber cargoes, bulk oil cargoes, metals, containers, food and refrigerator cargoes, construction cargoes, fertilizers, technological chips. Passenger ships of the port fleet carry out passenger transportation between the following settlements: Vanino - Sovgavan, Sovgavan - collective farm "Zavety Ilyich", Sovgavan - Byaude. Cargo ships of the port fleet transport coal (Vanino - Sovgavan), sand (Muchka Bay - Vanino, Vanino - Sovgavan), sand and gravel mixture (Cape Surkum - Vanino). The port is served by the Vanino railway station.
Developed maritime transport. Ports: Vanino (Vanino-Kholmsk ferry service operates), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk. Navigation on the river Amur. Belonging to the branches of material production and the binding role in the intersectoral and territorial division of labor determine the national economic significance of transport. It is important to know the total length of transport routes and their density. The density of transport routes affects the development of individual sections of the territory and in providing it with various types of products and consumer goods, resources. Every year, the operational length of roads increases, which shows an increase in the level of development of the transport system of the region. |
6. Environmental problems of the Khabarovsk Territory.
The natural specificity of the region, for most of its territory (about 70%), is expressed in the unusually high vulnerability of ecosystems when they are affected by human economic activity, which predetermines a more significant (in relation to the ecosystems of the European part of Russia) their transformation under an identical load, as well as more extreme and, accordingly, more costly farming conditions. These features are both directly and indirectly manifested in the formation of the ecological situation in the region.
The economic specificity of the Khabarovsk Territory is largely determined by the natural prerequisites and features of the geographical location, which is expressed in the elongation of the territory in the submeridian direction. In this regard, the region is characterized by the division into three zones of economic specialization: southern, with a predominance of agricultural industries; central, distinguished by forestry sectors; northern, with the dominance of mining production. The latter, as an azonal type of nature management, is fairly widespread throughout almost the entire territory of the region. The main manufacturing and complexing industries and industries are concentrated mainly in the leading industrial centers of the southern part of the region. Mining and forest management stand out in the region in terms of the depth and scope of ecosystem transformation. These industries occupy a leading position in the list of sources of negative impact on the environment. The basis for differentiation of the territory according to the degree of manifestation of the ecological situation, which consists of a complex of environmental problems that have arisen in connection with economic activity, was based on the following main criteria: negative areal transformations of natural complexes, exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) and emissions (MPV) of individual pollutants , health of the population, the state of individual indicators of environmental quality, the ability of ecosystems to perform the most important ecological-stabilizing functions. Based on these criteria, for most of the region, the environmental situation is assessed as quite satisfactory. A tense environmental situation is observed in areas of intensive logging and large-scale mining (quarries, cuts, mining and processing plants). These are, first of all, separate territories of the Ayano-Maisky, Verkhnebureinsky, Solnechny, Vaninsky, Komsomolsky, Sovetsko-Gavansky districts. The main environmental problems here are associated with a significant transformation of the surface and, as a result, with the destruction and degradation of soil and vegetation cover, changes in the hydrological regime of surface and groundwater, violation of the cryological regime, as well as changes in the habitat of fauna and loss of aesthetic appeal of landscapes.
A special role in shaping the ecological situation in the Khabarovsk Territory in the last decade was played by fires, which in 1998 had the character of an ecological disaster. The fires, which covered an area of 2.5 million hectares (according to the satellite observation system - about 6 million hectares), could not but affect the general ecological situation, forming areas with a tense ecological situation in large areas of the central and northern parts of the region. The high pyrogenic vulnerability remaining in the burnt areas, their large area predetermine a long period of time for natural reforestation, which will not allow these territories to get out of this state in the coming decades.
A critical ecological situation for the territory of the region is a relatively rare occurrence; in relation to 1990, the areas of its distribution have significantly decreased, which is associated with a significant drop and even curtailment of production. By the beginning of the millennium, according to individual indicators, areas with a critical level of manifestation of environmental problems are typical only for the Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk and Urgalo-Chegdomynsk industrial centers, the environs of the village of Mnogovershinny. If for territories distinguished by a tense ecological situation, the main environmental problems are confined to vast areas, then the areas of a critical situation are strictly localized and delineated by the boundaries of industrial centers and adjacent territories. A whole range of environmental problems is caused by the functioning of industry and transport.
To balance the economic impact and maintain the ecological balance in the territory, an ecological framework is called upon, the basis of which are protected natural areas. An analysis of the ecological state of the territory of the region and its dynamics over the past decade allows us to draw the following conclusions:
- In general, the environmental situation has improved, which confirms the effect of the "socio-ecological pendulum" of the systemic crisis: environmental improvement occurs against the background of socio-economic deterioration and vice versa.
- Areas with an ecological crisis have disappeared, their rank in terms of severity has decreased, and they are distinguished by environmental problems, the degree of manifestation of which makes it possible to attribute these areas to a critical level of severity. The ecological situation in the city of Amursk deserves attention: the level of manifestation of most of the environmental problems gives grounds to classify the situation here as satisfactory.
- Areas with a tense ecological situation have significantly changed their outlines, sizes and spatial localization. Firstly, they have somewhat expanded and there has been a tendency to shift them to hard-to-reach and highly vulnerable areas, which is associated with an increase in the load due to the resource-extracting industries. Secondly, to a large extent, these areas have increased due to catastrophic fires, and for the central part of the region, now they determine the direction and depth of the transformation of natural complexes.
- For most of the territory, the combination of environmental problems has practically not changed, but the severity of their manifestation for some has decreased (air pollution by individual ingredients), and for some it has increased (the state of the aquatic environment and especially the Amur River, which predetermined the emergence of the so-called "phenolic" problem) .
- In industrial centers in the last decade, the "contribution" to the pollution of the environment by motor vehicles has increased several times. In terms of severity, this problem is one of the leading
- In the formation of the most acute environmental problems, especially those related to the pollution of the river. Amur, the influence of China with its intensive economic development has manifested itself more significantly than in previous years
- A positive moment influencing the improvement of the environment was the increase in the number and area of protected natural areas in the region, designed to maintain the ecological balance.
The identified modern trends in the dynamics of anthropogenic pressure on natural complexes and their ecological interpretation as a whole indicate a discrepancy between the rate of decline in production and the rate of decrease in loads, an increase in the share of resource-intensive types of nature management and the expansion of their environmental impact, the ongoing "polarization" of the spatial distribution of loads, an increase in the impact on the environment. the environment of vehicles, increasing the dependence of the environmental situation on the ecological and geographical position of the region.
From the above indicators, the average level of impact of urban settlements on the natural environment is determined, which is equal to 798.82.
The population as a result of their life activities has an impact on the environment. To determine the level of impact, it is necessary to calculate the average ecological density of the population and identify the average level of impact of urban settlements on the natural environment. HC is determined by the formula: HC=EP/BKP, where
EP - average ecological population density; BKP - bioclimatic potential.
Khabarovsk UV=(600.5*1.5)/0.93=968.5
Komsomolsk-on-Amur UV=(286.7*1.0)/0.93=308.28
Amursk UV=(52.3*1.0)/0.93=56.24
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur UV=(30.6*1.0)/0.93=32.9
From the above calculations, it can be seen that Khabarovsk has the most significant environmental impact. Compared to other cities or towns, it pollutes the atmosphere, water, soil, etc. to a greater extent.
Conclusion
Khabarovsk Krai is a young, dynamic region in the Russian Far East with significant natural resources. Its distinguishing features are: favorable geographical position, unique natural environment, rich natural resources, industrial and scientific potential, developed transport network and qualified personnel. The growth of interest on the part of the population, local authorities and business circles of the region in expanding international economic cooperation is also important.
The border position, the presence of ice-free seaports capable of providing a significant volume of foreign trade operations, the ability to carry out international transit traffic through the Trans-Siberian and Far Eastern railways determine the Khabarovsk Territory an important role in Russia's integration with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. More than 60 countries of the world have trade relations with the Khabarovsk Territory.
On the world market, the Khabarovsk Territory is known as a manufacturer of products in the field of aircraft and shipbuilding. It is successful in the markets of forest products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil products, fish and sea products.
The region is rich in minerals. There are tin, mercury, iron ore, hard and brown coal, graphite, brucite, manganese, feldspar, phosphorites, alunites, building materials, peat.
Industry plays a dominant role in the economy of the region, which is reflected in the high degree of urbanization of the region. In the total marketable output of industry and agriculture, industry accounts for 92%.
The specificity of the region's industry is manifested in the high costs of construction and transport, as well as in the limitation to only the primary processing of raw materials (timber and mining industries). At the same time, the level of development of mechanical engineering is much higher in the region than in other regions of the Far East. It accounts for about 1/4 of the total commercial output of industry. This is more than twice as high as the average for the Far East. The production of engineering products is concentrated in Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Agricultural lands make up 1% of all lands of the region, of which arable land occupies 17%. Wheat, barley, soybeans, potatoes and vegetables, fodder crops, fruits and berries are grown in the region. Animal husbandry has a meat and dairy focus. Reindeer breeding (in the north of the region), fur farming and hunting are developed. Due to own production in the region, 30 - 40% of the demand for milk and meat, 55 - 60% - for vegetables and potatoes are met.
The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system of the Far East.
A number of interregional projects remain a priority for the near future. These are the development of the Tunguska groundwater deposit, the construction of a coal terminal in Vanino, the construction of the Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok gas pipeline, etc. The resource provision of investment programs at the expense of both budgetary funds and loans from domestic and foreign banks is considered important. Fortunately, there are neighbors nearby (Japan, China, the Republic of Korea), which have colossal financial resources that could go to support.
Thus, the geographical location of the Khabarovsk Territory and its micro-regions determines the levels of possible self-identification of residents along the “vertical of regions” and self-perception of themselves as “citizens of the world”. It also determines the degree of consolidation of the regional community, its awareness and cultural openness, mobility, contact with representatives of other Russian regions, foreign countries, subcultures, religions, etc. On this basis, it can be argued that: in geocultural terms, there is a significant gap between the south-central and northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory; the regional center, in its growing “separation” from Moscow, is increasingly taking on the role of a culture-forming factor in its region, attracting young people and influencing their ethical, aesthetic and existential values.
Bibliographic list:
1. Alimov R., Zhokhova L. Analysis of the efficiency of distribution of production forces in Siberia and the Far East. - M. Finance, 1998.
2. Atlas of the Khabarovsk Territory / A. M. Makhinov, pred. ed. count -Khabarovsk, 2000.
3. Business map of Russia. Far East. Industry. Book 1 / Comp. O.V. Yuferev and others - M .: MP "NIK", 1998.
4. Granberg A., Ishev V. The program of economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia.//The Economist. 2001 No. 9.
5. The Far East - the possibility of cooperation with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region//The Economist. 1998 No. 6.
6. Morozova T.G. etc. Regional economy. - M., 1996.
7. Natural and economic zones: edited by V.V. Leshkevich, Yu.A. Sem. 1998.
8. Prokapalo O.M. Socio-economic potential of the subjects of the federation of the Russian Far East - Khabarovsk, publishing house of KSTU, 1999.
9. Regional studies: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITI, 1998.
10. Regional economy: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 2nd ed. - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITI, 1998.
11. Regional economy: Textbook / Under the editorship of M.V. Stepanov - M .: INFRA-M, Publishing House of Ros.econ.academ., 2000.
12. Khabarovsk Territory 60 years: Statistical collection. - Khabarovsk, 1998.
13. www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/ - Server of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory.
