Country architecture. Architectural styles of private country houses. Chinese wall in the country

COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE:

SLAVING
PHENOMENON

TO BE OR TO SEE?

NOT ESTATE

COUNTRY MASTERPIECES

TERRACE AS A MAIN FEATURE

(the dacha was not mine, someone else's -

Even in the subway blue haze!
And then half an hour along Kazanskaya
railway -

NEW SOVIET COTTAGE

"The terraces are boarded up,
And the gaze of the window panes is blind,
Ornaments are broken in the gardens,
I believe: in days when completely
Our world will welcome its end
So in the dream of the empty capital
An unknown stranger will enter."

BOOTS FROM THE BEST SHOEMAKERS

"AND EVERYTHING IS DIFFERENT IN THE COTTAGE"

contact is disproportionate,

SAD AS AN INEVITABLE

Nikolai Malinin

StdClass Object ( => 8 => 76 => COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE => arkhitektura-dachi =>

COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE:

SLAVING
PHENOMENON

(gallery)architecture(/gallery)

The word "cottage", as you know, is not translated into foreign languages. So they write: dacha. But what does this untranslatability mean? That the dacha is the same national phenomenon as matrioshka, samovar, vodka. Of course, vodka can be found analogues. But it is difficult for a foreigner to understand what vodka really means for a Russian person - just like dacha. And both words are in a sense synonymous with the word "freedom". Which, of course, is not in any translation: Wochenendhaus, country house, summer house, cottage, maison de champagne, casa de campo. Yes, all these meanings are in the word "cottage": a house in the country, a house for the summer, for the weekend, a small house, a second home. But just as “a poet in Russia is more than a poet”, so a dacha is much more than a “country house”. And that is why it is so difficult to define - at least in terms of formal features, from the point of view of architecture.

TO BE OR TO SEE?

One of the brightest dachas (and even built in their heyday - in 1908) could be considered the house of the writer Leonid Andreev in Raivol on the Karelian Isthmus. “The house, built according to the drawings of his father, was heavy, magnificent and beautiful,” the writer’s son recalled. - A large quadrangular tower towered seven fathoms above the ground. Huge, pitched tiled roofs, giant white quadrangular chimneys - each chimney the size of a small house, the geometric pattern of logs and thick shingles - the whole thing was really majestic. It would seem that a great writer has a big summer cottage. “This dacha was very expressive of his new course; and went, and did not go to him, - penetrating the writer Boris Zaitsev. “When I first drove up to her in the summer, in the evening, she reminded me of a factory: pipes, huge roofs, awkward bulkiness.” Zaitsev keenly feels this unnaturalness. “His dwelling spoke of lack of integrity, that the style was still not found.
Mother from Orel, Nastasya Nikolaevna, with a Moscow-Oryol dialect, did not go to style; the eternal samovars did not go, boiling from morning to evening, almost all night; the smell of cabbage soup, endless cigarettes, the owner’s soft, sprawling gait, the kind look in his eyes. That is, Andreev is not building a house, but an image. Which suits him very well - a man in everything redundant, excessive, pretentious. But it is difficult to live in it (how difficult it is to read Andreev today). “The bricks of the heavy fireplace put such pressure on the thousand-pound beams that the ceiling collapsed, and it was impossible to dine in the dining room,” recalled Korney Chukovsky. “The gigantic plumbing machine that brought water from the Black River deteriorated, it seems, in the first month and stuck out like a rusty skeleton.” It turns out that the house, which could be called the most interesting dacha in terms of architecture, turns out to be not a “dacha” at all. It is too big, expensive, pretentious and inconvenient.

“Leonid Andreev’s dacha was very expressive of his new course; and walked, and did not go to him. when I first drove up to her in the summer, she reminded me of a factory: pipes, huge roofs, awkward bulkiness.

But what prevents us from leaving it outside the brackets of this topic? Speaking about him, Zaitsev very accurately lists all the main signs of country life: a samovar, round-the-clock tea drinking, simple food, smoking, conversations, the general atmosphere of softness and relaxation. It is this set that will determine the "country style" and will roam the "country" literature throughout the next century. Tsars and palaces will be crushed, but this will remain unchanged: the samovar, twilight, conversations. Terrace, veranda, cherry. Russia, summer, Lorelei.
There is a suspicion that the concepts of "dacha style" and "dacha architecture" are generally weakly connected. Moreover, the dacha as an architectural genre has almost no distinct features. And it can only be determined by contradiction.

NOT ESTATE

“The dacha became the hypostasis of the Russian estate in the second half of the 19th century,” writes historian Maria Nashchokina, the main expert on the topic. Their main difference is economic. The estate fed its owner, while the dacha was a place of rest. Accordingly, quantitative parameters change: the dacha did not require either the territory that the estate had, or the state. This means that the dimensions of the dwelling are also changing. It can be as small as you like. In this situation, the architecture also turns out to be redundant: columns and porticos become a thing of the past.

“THE NEW, DEVELOPING RAILWAYS BECOMING THE CATALYST OF COUNTRY CONSTRUCTION, THE FIRST VILLAGES AROUND THEM - MAMONTOVKA (IT IS BUILT BY ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH MAMONTOV), TARASOVKA, ABRAMTSEVO.”

The past itself also becomes problematic. “Only, of course, you need to clean up, clean up,” says Yermolai Lopakhin, the ideologist of summer cottage construction, “to demolish all the old buildings, this house, which is no longer good for anything, to cut down the old cherry orchard.” It is clear that Lopakhin had a reason not to like all this: “I bought an estate where my grandfather and father were slaves, where they were not even allowed into the kitchen.” And he sees the future not only capitalistically, but also communistically: “We will set up dachas, and our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will see a new life here.” But Savva Mamontov did not have such a neurosis, and he lovingly preserved the old house of the Aksakovs in the Abramtsevo estate he bought in 1870. There was, of course, a reason for this (the house remembered Gogol), but the building itself - wooden, with semi-circular windows, with a terrace, touchingly designed like a portico - was in very poor condition. However, Mamontov carefully repaired it and turned it into a real "house of creativity", where the best Russian artists began to gather - some for the weekend, some for the whole summer. Many important paintings will be painted in Abramtsevo, which will become the pride of the Tretyakov Gallery, calendars and boxes of chocolates. But no less important is joint creativity: the artists work together to build a church, work in pottery and carpentry workshops, put on performances. Yes, they were visiting here, but not in idleness, which made Ilya Repin say this about Abramtsevo: “The best dacha in the world.” And although the usual agricultural processes are going on in Abramtsevo, the owner is no longer fed by the estate, but by the railway business: Mamontov is building a road to the North, connecting Moscow with Vologda and further with Arkhangelsk. It is the railways that become the catalyst for dacha construction, the first settlements appear around them, and it is on the Northern (now Yaroslavl) road that Savva Ivanovich's cousin, Alexander Nikolaevich, builds his dacha. The village will continue to be called Mamontovka, which will preserve the memory of the manor tradition. But Mamontov is building a dacha from scratch. This is a huge (forty rooms) log house, decorated with carved architraves, pediments, cornices. A completely traditional volume turns into a real fairy tale due to rich decorations, which accurately characterizes the “Russian style” - the style of the very first dachas. Having emerged in the middle of the 19th century as an alternative to the official Russian-Byzantine style (which was embodied in the architecture of Konstantin Ton and his Cathedral of Christ the Savior), the “Russian style” was a worthy company for the Slavophiles, the Wanderers and all sorts of “going to the people” in general. Towels and towels become a source of inspiration, carving is the main tool, and the casing is the main place for applying beauty. But the main thing is that the pattern is changing. “The lordly landowner style with columns and galleries, borrowed from the West, has receded into the past,” recalled Natalia Polenova. “For buildings, they began to look for samples not in the landlord, but in the peasant village.” That is, the classic manor house symbolizes the past and foreign; -new country house - real and local, -Russian.

But if for the merchants, who were aware of their historical role, these associations with history are important (through the appropriation of all those attributes that were previously the privilege of the nobility), then for the wider strata of the population they play a rather negative role at this stage, being associated with a difficult serf past, poverty and injustice. If you leaf through the great Russian literature, it is easy to see that the image of the hut in it is rather gloomy. “Four walls, half covered, like the entire ceiling, with soot; the floor is in cracks, at least an inch overgrown with mud, ”is A.N. Radishchev. “Our dilapidated shack is both sad and dark,” Pushkin picks up. Lermontov is aware of the strangeness of his pleasure: "With joy, unfamiliar to many," he sees "a window with carved shutters." “The wind is shaking - the wretched hut,” this is Nekrasov. “The logs in the walls lay crooked, and it seemed that the hut would fall apart in a minute,” this is Chekhov. And finally, the “gray” huts of “impoverished Russia” at Blok, in the “hut” of which one must “shoot a bullet”.

"LOPAKHIN FROM THE CHERRY GARDEN EXACTLY DEFINES THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS: PROXIMITY TO THE CITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF THE RAILWAY, A LARGE TERRITORY, THE RIVER AS THE MAIN ENTERTAINMENT."

Therefore, the dacha did not at all want to seem like a hut, although sometimes it was necessary: often peasant houses or extensions to them were rented out as dachas. In Soviet times, this will take on a different character: the village moves to the city, the huts are empty, and they are happily sold to new summer residents. This is how the well-known economist Alexander Chayanov will build his dacha on Nikolina Gora - he brought a log house from near Ryazan. (Then it will be moved again, called the "Pestalozzi house", and it will become a summer camp for local children - which gives us an idea of \u200b\u200bits size).
Actually, another researcher, Ksenia Axelrod, classifies Soviet dachas through size. She considers three main types: “dacha-hut” (one-story, from one or two log cabins), “dacha-house” (one and a half or two floors), “dacha-estate” (two or three floors plus a space clearly divided into “ ceremonial" and "household"). But for all that, we do not find any stylistic differences between these three types: both here and there we see a simple frame, pitched roofs and an indispensable terrace (or veranda).

But that will be later. And in the story of Ivan Bunin “At the Dacha” we find a characteristic clarification: “The house did not look like a country house; it was an ordinary village house, small, but comfortable and quiet. Pyotr Alekseevich Primo, an architect, has occupied him for the fifth summer. This evidence refers to the era of the "dacha boom" (the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century), when broad democratic strata of the population entered the scene, which Maxim Gorky received their classic name: "dacha residents".

"COTTAGES AND COTTAGE RESIDENTS - THIS IS SO GOOD!"

The dacha boom began in Russia, as in Europe, at the end of the 19th century, when a new middle class appeared. “Until now, there were only gentlemen and peasants in the village, but now there are also summer residents. All cities, even the smallest ones, are now surrounded by dachas. This is what the hero of Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard Yermolai Lopakhin says. He ideally describes the economics of the process: “Your estate is only twenty miles from the city, a railway passed nearby, and if you divide the cherry orchard and the land along the river into summer cottages and then lease it out for summer cottages, then you will have at least twenty five thousand a year income. […] The location is wonderful, the river is deep.”
Lopakhin accurately defines the main components of development success: proximity to the city, the presence of a railway, a large area, the river as the main entertainment. But there is nothing aesthetic behind this pragmatics: it doesn't matter what the architecture of the dachas will be. Indeed, mass summer cottage construction, based on a small frame or log house with a gable roof and a terrace (veranda), existed in this form for more than a century.
Most often, such a cottage is built without an architect. It is not needed, because the architecture is basically not important here. A dacha is not a representative house. How do you look (and how does your house look) is the tenth question. Here you are exactly what is at large - even in suspenders, even in underpants. Yes, of course, guests are expected, but it is assumed that they will also abide by the unspoken agreement on the informality of everything - appearance, behavior, conversations. The general view of the dacha settlement of the 1880s is described by the same Chekhov in the story “The Fist's Nest” as follows: “Around an abandoned manor estate of an average hand, a dozen or two wooden dachas built on a living thread are grouped. On the highest and most prominent of them, the sign “Traktir” turns blue and a painted samovar gilded in the sun. Interspersed with the red roofs of the dachas, here and there, the roofs of the barns, greenhouses, and barns, which have become frail and overgrown with rusty moss, look out sadly.
But we don't see any architecture again. Moreover, we find its complete lack of demand. “Kuzma introduces tenants into a dilapidated shed with new windows. Inside the shed is divided by partitions into three closets. There are empty bins in two closets. “No, where to live here! - declares the skinny lady, disgustedly looking around the gloomy walls and bins. - This is a barn, not a cottage. And there's nothing to see, Georges... It's probably flowing and blowing here. Impossible to live!
Those who dared doomed themselves to unusual (but inevitable, for paid) suffering - like the heroes of Bunin's story: "Why are you so early?" asked Natalya Borisovna. “For mushrooms,” answered the professor. And the professor, trying to smile, added: "The dacha must be used."

COUNTRY MASTERPIECES

However, at the beginning of the 20th century, individual masterpieces were regularly found among this mass development - since this time coincides with the heyday of the next style adopted by summer residents - Art Nouveau. Unlike the “Russian style”, he focuses not on the decorative decoration of the usual forms, but on a three-dimensional solution coming from the layouts. Which - together with the general dacha ideology - become freer and more relaxed, and the volume, accordingly, more complex and picturesque. This is no longer a traditional “house with a mezzanine”, but rather a “teremok”, developing both horizontally and vertically. What is the economic logic: the manor house could stretch on its own land for an arbitrarily long time, while the dacha should fit into a small area (no more than 1/3 of the plot is allocated for development). At the same time, dachas near Moscow gravitate towards the national-romantic line of Art Nouveau, and those in St. Petersburg - towards Scandinavian.
Fyodor Shekhtel builds the dacha of the publisher S. Ya. Levenson in Choboty near Moscow (1900): several volumes are arranged into a picturesque composition, each is crowned with an original roof, and the windows are taken into luxurious architraves. Lev Kekushev makes a dacha for I. I. Nekrasov in Rayki (1901): huge windows, large overhangs of hip roofs, exquisite sawn carving. Then, for A. I. Ermakov, he built a dacha in Mamontovka (1905): the trademark Art Nouveau pattern in the railings of balconies and brackets, a volume growing in ledges, a charming veranda.
Sergey Vashkov designs I. A. Aleksandrenko's dacha in Klyazma (1908): luxurious semi-circular windows, intricate carvings, a spectacular entrance portal. The dacha of V. A. Nosenkov in Ivankovo (1909) mutates curiously: first, Leonid Vesnin designs a giant log tower with pitched roofs, neo-Russian ornaments and a square tower. But as a result, a cottage is being built with a wooden second floor, hip roofs and elegant bay windows; only the round veranda of the second floor remains from the original idea. This house is much closer to St. Petersburg dachas, where Scandinavian restraint dominates. On Kamenny Island, Roman Meltzer builds his own dacha (1906): the complex composition of volumes reminds of towers, but the decoration is more like Norwegian pickaxes.

“DACHA MODERNA IS NO LONGER A TRADITIONAL “HOUSE WITH A MEZANINE”, BUT RATHER A “TEREMOK”, DEVELOPING BOTH HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY - IT MUST FIT INTO A SMALL, CLEARLY DEFINED PLOT.”

Yevgeny Rokitsky makes a villa in Vyritsa (1903): the signature Art Nouveau décor is adjacent here to the Norwegian dragon in a skate. It is interesting that contemporaries also perceived Andreev's dacha as non-Russian: "The dacha was built and decorated in the style of northern modernism, with a steep roof, with beams under the ceiling, with furniture according to the drawings of German exhibitions." The artist Vasily Polenov also considers his dacha “Scandinavian”: he builds the famous house-workshop in Polenovo according to his own project, plastering the usual log house in white, which really achieves a completely European effect. But if the hand of a professional is visible in all these buildings, then the estate of Ilya Repin "Penates" in Kuokkala (1903-1913) is just a vivid example of the "squatter" that defines the Russian dacha. A simple wooden house is gradually overgrown with outbuildings, built on the second floor, a glass tent is erected over the workshop. The house grows spontaneously, freely, and its only constant are huge windows - so as not to lose touch with nature.

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TERRACE AS A MAIN FEATURE

Another famous inhabitant of the St. Petersburg dachas of the beginning of the century - Vladimir Nabokov - was convicted by the writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya exactly in the fact that he was ... a "summer resident".
“Nabokov is a metropolitan, city, Petersburg man, there is nothing landowner, black earth in him. ... The radiant, sweet-singing descriptions of his Russian nature are similar to the delights of a summer resident, and not a person who is blood connected with the earth. Landscapes are manor, not rural: a park, a lake, alleys and mushrooms, the collection of which was also loved by summer residents (butterflies are a special article). But as if Nabokov never knew the smell of hemp heated by the sun, the cloud of chaff flying from the threshing floor, the breath of the earth after the flood, the sound of a threshing machine on the threshing floor, the sparks flying under the blacksmith's hammer, the taste of fresh milk or a loaf of rye bread sprinkled with salt ... Everything that the Levins and Rostovs knew, everything that Tolstoy, Turgenev, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Bunin, all Russian noble and peasant writers, with the exception of Dostoevsky, knew as part of themselves.
It's all fair. But something else is also true: the dacha really arose as a completely new, unparalleled phenomenon, emphatically not rural. And the main architectural element that distinguishes the dacha from the hut is the terrace. Terrace - this is for idlers: to drive tea and talk to talk. It is clear that in the old architecture it was by no means the most important element. It appeared much later than a balcony (a status item in a peasant house) or even a veranda (a glazed extension, the successor to the canopy). Even these words - terrace and veranda - are often confused, although it is clear from the etymology that "terrace" is rather "earth" than "house", and in fact - a transition zone between them, an element that unites the house and the surrounding landscape. And this intermediate position (like in the house, but like on the street) accurately characterizes the ideology of "dacha life": in nature, but not in the garden.
This, in fact, was the main idea of the terrace: to bring a person closer to nature, about which he, torn off by a big city, began to yearn. The famous story by Leonid Andreev "Petka in the Country" (1899), in addition to its sad realism, is a relevant metaphor: for a city dweller deprived of nature, it becomes a summer house. But at the same time, this is not at all the nature that his ancestors plowed from morning to evening. This is no longer arable land, but a modest garden; not a forest, but a garden; not a dam, but a terrace. To burn the time of life properly, with feeling, with arrangement.
“Arriving in Pererva and finding Knigina’s dacha, we read in Chekhov’s story “From the Memoirs of an Idealist”: “I went up, I remember, onto the terrace and ... became embarrassed. The terrace was cozy, nice and delightful, but even nicer and (if I may say so) more comfortable was a plump young lady sitting at a table on the terrace drinking tea. She narrowed her eyes at me."
It is on the terrace (or veranda) that the actions of such famous "dacha" films as "An Unfinished Piece for a Mechanical Piano" or "Burnt by the Sun" take place. Their author, director Nikita Mikhalkov, knows firsthand the dacha life: the dacha given to the poet Sergei Mikhalkov became the “family nest” of the famous clan. This is also significant: the dacha, as it were, inherits the estate. But at the same time, the meaning that lies in the very word dacha (dacha as given as a gift) returns after the revolution: a dacha can be both given and taken away. It becomes part of the same "punishment by housing" into which the housing policy of the USSR is turning.
However, for those who could only rent dachas, it is the terrace / veranda that remains the main lure of dacha life - as for the lyrical hero of the poet Gleb Shulpyakov:
“... So, this summer I lived in the country
(the dacha was not mine, someone else's -
friends allowed to live a little).
In Moscow this summer it stank of burning -
somewhere in the area a peat bog was burning.
Even in the subway blue haze!
And then half an hour along Kazanskaya
railway -
and you are sitting on the veranda like a gentleman.
You pull the narzan and look at the sun,
which beats in spruce paws.

“THE TERRACE BECOMES THE MAIN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT DIFFERENTIING THE COTTAGE FROM THE HUT. ITS INTERMEDIATE POSITION (LIKE LIKE IN THE HOUSE, AND LIKE LIKE ON THE STREET) EXACTLY CHARACTERIZES THE IDEOLOGY OF "COUNTRY LIFE": IN NATURE, BUT NOT IN THE GARDEN.

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NEW SOVIET COTTAGE

To another poet, Valery Bryusov, the view of autumn dachas inspired the image of the intermediate end of the century:
"The terraces are boarded up,
And the gaze of the window panes is blind,
Ornaments are broken in the gardens,
Only the cellar is ajar, like a crypt ...
I believe: in days when completely
Our world will welcome its end
So in the dream of the empty capital
An unknown stranger will enter."
However, the dachas migrated to the new way of life extremely calmly. At least not without the tragic densification that accompanied the redistribution of housing in cities. In less than a few years, the birds began to sing again, the river sparkled with glare, and division commander Kotov swam along it, stroking the heels of his daughter.
The film "Burnt by the Sun" was filmed near Kstovo, at the dacha of the mayor of Nizhny Novgorod, built in the 1930s and, according to legend, the former dacha of the pilot Chkalov. However, the place in the film is called the name of the legendary village near Moscow - Zagoryanka.
It is interesting that teachings rumble next to the Mikhalkov summer residents - as in Arkady Gaidar's story "The Blue Cup", written in Maleevka in 1935. Against their background, that note of longed-for idleness sounds especially sharp, which the new summer residents associate with life outside the city: “Only at the end of summer did I get a vacation,” says the hero of the Blue Cup, “and for the last warm month we rented a dacha near Moscow. Svetlana and I thought about fishing, swimming, picking mushrooms and nuts in the forest. And I had to immediately sweep the yard, fix the dilapidated fences, stretch the ropes, hammer in crutches and nails. We got tired of it all very soon.” In another famous story by Gaidar (“Timur and his team”), the dacha village becomes a place for the formation of new social relations: the pioneers take care of the families of the military and fight with the local punks. The same theme of a new community is also present in the very approach to the creation of new settlements: they are formed according to professional characteristics. Dacha settlements of scientists, architects, artists and, of course, the most famous, which has become a symbol of the "new dacha" - the writer's Peredelkino. Mikhail Bulgakov, who glorified (or, more precisely, glorified) him, grew up in a dacha near Kyiv - in the village of Bucha. “The dacha gave us space, first of all, space, greenery, nature,” the writer’s sister recalled. There was no luxury. Everything was very simple. The guys slept in the so-called dachas (you know, now folding beds). But there was luxury: luxury was in nature. In the green Luxury was in the flower garden, which was planted by a mother who loved flowers very much. Bulgakov's nostalgia for the dacha became just as strong a creative impulse as for Nabokov's for Russia, resulting in the famous scene from The Master and Margarita: on Klyazma - a common sore spot. “Now the nightingales must be singing. I always somehow work better outside the city, especially in the spring. […] “There is no need, comrades, to envy. There are only twenty-two dachas, and only seven more are being built, and there are three thousand of us in MASSOLIT.”
So that those who know do not have any doubts about the prototype of Perelygino, Bulgakov gives the exact number of dachas in Peredelkino near Moscow (although he transfers it to Klyazma). These 29 dachas were received in 1935 by the really "generals" of Soviet literature: Konstantin Fedin and Boris Pilnyak, Leonid Leonov and Vsevolod Ivanov, Alexander Fadeev and Boris Pasternak, as well as the playwright Vsevolod Vishnevsky (Lavrovich's prototype) and the poet Vladimir Kirshon (Beskudnikov's prototype) - especially violent persecutors of Bulgakov.

“BITTERED BY THE SUN” WAS SHOT NEAR KSTOV, AT THE MAYOR’S COTTAGE, BUILT IN THE 1930s. HOWEVER, THE PLACE IN THE FILM IS NAMED AFTER THE LEGENDARY VILLAGE NEAR MOSCOW - ZAGORYANKA.

Despite the difference in writing styles, their dachas were typical, which fully corresponded to the idea of literature as a part of an ideological machine, as an “engineering of human souls”. All houses were built of timber, then plastered and painted. Terrace on the first floor, balcony on the second. 150 meters below plus 50 above. Heating - oven. The quality of the houses is evidenced by the writer Alexander Afinogenov, whose American wife was versed in construction: “Her friend walked with her around the building and was silent out of decency, but the numbers of rubles spent on the building seemed wild and scary to her, and such a bad building that no one in her country would agree to take it.”
But what is a nightmare for an American is happiness for a Russian writer. The Peredelkinites were envied not only by Bulgakov, but also by all subsequent generations of writers. “The goal of creativity is self-giving // And the Peredelkino dacha,” the poet Boniface quipped, paraphrasing the main summer resident of Russian literature.
Boris Pasternak himself described his dacha as follows: “This is exactly what one could dream of all his life. In terms of views, freedom, convenience, tranquility and thriftiness, this is exactly what, even from the outside, when observing others, set up poetically. Such, stretched by the course of some river along the entire horizon of sloping (in a birch forest) with gardens and wooden houses with mezzanines in the Swedish-Tyrolean cottage-like taste, seen at sunset, on a journey, from somewhere out of the car window, forced to stick out to the waist for a long time , looking back at this settlement, fanned by some unearthly and enviable charm. And suddenly life took such a turn that on its slope I myself plunged into that soft, talkative color seen from a great distance.
The comparison of the Peredelkino dacha with the "Swedish-Tyrolean cottage" is hardly justified, but the "non-Russian" image of the house is obvious. The semicircular nose of the “ship”, its continuous glazing - all this gave off not only Russian constructivism (already defeated by that time), but also its closest predecessor - the German Bauhaus. Namely, a typical German project was taken as the basis for writers' dachas.

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BOOTS FROM THE BEST SHOEMAKERS

Soviet architects, on the other hand, could not afford to beg from abroad, so they designed their famous village near Istra - NIL - themselves. Its name also has nothing to do with the African river, but stands for Science, Art, Literature and implies that scientists and writers also lived here. But the architects were the main ones: Viktor Vesnin, Georgy Golts, Vladimir Semenov.
The great-grandson of the latter, architect Nikolai Belousov, says that their house was built “not according to the project, but, as often happens, “according to the possibilities”: “A peasant house with a cowshed was bought in the Istra flood zone. A simple log cabin, on which the second floor and all the pretzel decorations were later piled on. They built it for two years. The house was summer, heated by a stove, inside - plank walls, plank floors. Of the amenities - a room called "washroom", in it is a wooden box with a hole of known purpose. A floor with slots was arranged nearby, a stool was placed on it. So they washed, sitting on a stool. The older generation watered the younger one, heating water on a kerosene stove, which simply went into the ground through the cracks.
Also, having bought a log house in a neighboring village, Georgy Goltz built himself a dacha - simple, with a free terrace. The house of Vyacheslav Vladimirov was distinguished by an unusual triangular window in the pediment, and Grigory Senatov's dacha was distinguished by a dome over the workshop. The dachas were very modest - but the architectural and planning solution of the village, which was made by Vesnin, was considered by the interdepartmental commission in 1936 to be “interesting (non-standard) and organically linked to the natural conditions of the place, and in the project with extreme simplicity an image of a village intended for recreation was found and there is no boring , a monotonous grid of rectangles typical of holiday villages.

“AN AMERICAN FRIEND WALKED WITH HER TOWARDS THE CONSTRUCTION IN PEREDELKINO AND WAS SILENT OUT OF decency, BUT THE NUMBERS OF RUBLES SPENT ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND SUCH A BAD CONSTRUCTION WHICH NO ONE WOULD AGREE IN HER COUNTRY FEEL WILD AND TERRIBLE.”

Actually, it is precisely this - incorporation into the landscape - that has always been the main thing in summer cottage construction. “The architecture of the settlement is least of all the architecture of individual houses,” says Nikolai Markovnikov, the author of the master plan for the Sokol settlement. This village, which became the first attempt to combine the idea of Ebenezer Howard's "garden city" with the new socialist settlement, became the main testing ground - not so much with the form, but with the materials. From 1925 to 1933, 114 houses were erected here (on eight acres each), and many of them are built according to the same project, but with different designs - log, log-frame, frame with peat backfill, frame with sawdust backfill ( as well as brick). Then, during the year, they measured temperature and humidity in order to find the best option.
The most avant-garde (although similar to the huts of the North) seemed to be the buildings of the Vesnin brothers, while the houses of Nikolai Markovnikov himself resembled rather English cottages, responding to local features with steep roof slopes - for self-dumping of snow. Excellent red pine from the banks of the northern Mologa River, as well as concrete foundation bowls that did not allow the walls to rot, provided the houses with a long life, and the village became wildly popular. True, the village of Sokol was built as a place for permanent residence, but it began to be perceived as a “dacha” in the second half of the 20th century, when large houses slowly surrounded it, and life “without conveniences” was no longer perceived as the norm.

NEW SYNONYM: GARDEN PLOT

“And we can say that in twenty years the summer resident will multiply to extraordinary. Now he only drinks tea on the balcony, but it may happen that on his one tithe he will take care of the household, ”Yermolai Lopakhin’s prediction did not come true right away. For the first half century, the summer resident preferred to rest in the country.
But after the revolution, the village gradually moved to the city. Under Khrushchev, a counter movement begins. True, only for the weekend and if possible close. “Six acres” is a cross between a “village” and a “cottage”. The cult of labor easily took possession of six acres, precisely because the vast majority of the townspeople had quite recently been a "village" and had not had time to wean themselves off the land. Again, it is difficult for a foreigner to catch the difference. But every Soviet person clearly understood that in the garden plot from morning to evening they dig, sow, water, water, preserve. While at the dacha they lie in a hammock, sit on the terrace, play badminton and endlessly set up a samovar. Still, of course, they bathe, pick mushrooms and ride bicycles here and there, but in terms of architecture, these two phenomena are clearly different.
Dacha - it is usually old, all in outbuildings and superstructures, with an obligatory terrace or veranda. And the garden plot is the same 0.06 hectares where there is some kind of shack where you can only sleep, because early in the morning you have to crawl out to the plot and work, work, work.

“THE SOVIET MAN DESPITE WHAT WERE LOOKING FOR ARCHITECTURE. AND I PUT ALL ITS LONGING FOR DESIGN (WHICH, LIKE SEX, THERE WAS NOT IN THE USSR), ALL ITS HOUSEHOLD, ALL CREATIVE FORCES, AS WELL AS EVERYTHING THAT COULD BE TAKEN FROM WORK.

Interestingly, this opposition was formulated by the same Chekhov. Having come up with the name “The Cherry Orchard” for his play, for a long time he could not understand what was wrong with it. And suddenly it dawned on him: “Not “cherry”, but “cherry”! The Cherry Orchard is a business, commercial, income-generating garden. […] But the “cherry orchard” does not bring income [...] grows and blooms for a whim, for the eyes of spoiled aesthetes.” Of course, the garden plot did not bring large incomes, but it could well provide the family with its own vitamins for the winter. Considering that it was troublesome to pronounce this condo phrase, garden plots are still called "dachas". What gives the new summer residents a worldview that somehow brings them closer to the lost Russia, and brings new methodological suffering to researchers.

HOME-MADE, COLLECTIVE, TEMPORARY

For the most part, post-war Soviet dachas are built either according to standard designs, or without an architect at all. This is understandable: dachas manifest the privacy of human existence, which is not in honor of the new government. Therefore, she looks at them disapprovingly, but tries not to notice. However, it also does not allow to tear professionals away from the cause of communist construction. Therefore, everything is turning into that semi-official, semi-legal business that half of the country will soon live on.
A country house in the Soviet country had the status of not just a second home, but a house of another, alternative to the city. That is why it was not too important what your dacha looks like. Nature remains the main thing at the dacha. “Our carpet is a flower meadow, our walls are giant pines,” the Bremen Town Musicians sang poems by Yuri Entin. “Alluring vaults will never replace freedom for us palaces.”
However, if we say that the Soviet people did not feel any need for architecture, then this would not be true. Of course I experienced. And he invested there all his longing for design (which, like sex, did not exist in the USSR), all his housekeeping, all his creative forces, as well as everything that could be taken away from work. What masterpieces filled the dachas near Moscow! A washstand from a bottle, a shovel from a crutch, a "camping kitchen" assembled from a samovar and a wheelbarrow - the most brilliant "forced things" artist Vladimir Arkhipov collected in a special museum: the People's Museum of Homemade Things. Exactly the same thing happened with architecture, which was all the same "forced" - due to the lack of goods and materials on the market. And just as the absence of a full-fledged real life made Russia the most reading country, so the absence of an objective world made it a country of inventors and home craftsmen. No other hobby (neither stamps, nor football, nor burning out) allowed a Russian person to express himself so fully. It was a phenomenon unique in its diversity and originality, the equal of which no other country knew. It was a real poetry of chance, surrealism, originality.
A kind of monument to this folk art will be built already in 2009 by a young architect Peter Kostelov. A simple house in the village of Aleksino is sheathed with a bunch of wooden patches. Almost all popular finishing methods have been used. Traditional: overlap board or just board. Modern: lining, timber imitation, blockhouse. Exotic: finishing with round handles from shovels and bars of different sections… “The prototype of the solution,” the author comments, “was taken from the facades of private houses of the Soviet period. For known reasons, individual construction was not developed. And those who still managed to build a house, or rather a dacha, used a variety of materials for this, almost everything that could be found then. As a result, the house consisted of fragments, shreds and patches, reflecting the capabilities of its owner in a specific period of time of construction.

(gallery)architecture5(/gallery)

"AND EVERYTHING IS DIFFERENT IN THE COTTAGE"

The signs of “dacha style” described by Boris Zaitsev a hundred years ago will migrate to the city in the middle of the 20th century and become the main features of Moscow intellectual kitchens, where in puffs of smoke and “under herring, under vodka” they will talk about the most important things. That is, the Russian dacha of the early twentieth century, in a sense, forms the Soviet cuisine of its middle.
For the intelligentsia, the dacha was the same kitchen, but open to nature, giving the illusion of unity with geography and history. And for the wider population, the summer cottage was a symbol of freedom, not spiritual, but material: here you could grow potatoes. Both of these meanings were successfully combined - the intelligentsia also ate potatoes.
But if the kitchen really united - both by eating and talking - then the main meaning of the dacha in Soviet times is exactly the opposite: it is about isolation. About that private life, which our man was practically deprived of. "Our" - in the sense of "Soviet", one that does not take a taxi to the bakery. And only outside the city was it possible: your own house, your own garden and kitchen garden, almost real private property and real private life.
By the end of Soviet times, 40 percent of the country's population had dachas. This is a huge figure and, in fact, the same phenomenon of settlement as the word itself. A very small number of dachas had architectural value. Moreover, another feature that formed the "new historical community" - summer residents, was collective creativity. Each evening walk around the village turned into a series of peeping and peeping, sometimes accompanied by a visit (and often to unfamiliar neighbors). And everything peeped immediately adapted to its own site.

“ANOTHER FEATURE OF ARCHITECTURE CAN BE CONSIDERED ITS CONSCIOUS TEMPORITY. NO ONE BUILT A COTTAGE "FOR AGES". IT COULD BE CHANGED, BREAKED, REPAIRED - ALL OF THIS BETTER REFLECTED THE SPIRIT OF INSTRENGTH, WHICH PERMEDED PRIVATE EXISTENCE IN THE USSR.

Not everyone, of course, was so sociable. Bella Akhmadullina did not dare to go to the dacha to visit Boris Pasternak:
“I happened to be around
but I am a stranger to the modern habit of adjusting
contact is disproportionate,
in acquaintance to be and name to name.
In the evenings I had the honor
look at the house and say a prayer
to the house, to the front garden, to raspberries -
I didn't dare to say that name.
Another feature of that architecture can be considered its conscious temporality. No one built a dacha “for centuries”. It could change, break down, be repaired - all this perfectly reflected the spirit of fragility with which private existence in general was permeated in the USSR. In addition, various troubles could happen to dachas ... I remember how our old dacha in Zagoryanka burned down. I was four years old, it was not scary - it was very beautiful. Shot slate. They quickly built a new one, and this was not perceived as a tragedy - it was commonplace. Although I was terribly sorry for the creaking stairs and verandas with branded deglazing.

NEW TIMES: RETURN TO UNCERTAINTY

With the beginning of new times, the concept of a summer residence changes - and again for economic reasons. Initially, the dacha is the second home, so it is for those who can afford it, or it is rented. Then she becomes a luxury item: an apartment, a car, a dacha - the triad of Soviet wealth, the best companion of the groom. And in the 2000s, the dacha began to argue with the city apartment for the status of the first house: there is nature, air, views and, in general, “ecology” (children now use this word as a synonym for the word “nature”). You can live in a country house (insulated according to new standards) not only in summer - which many people prefer to do.
The market is normalizing, products appear, you can relax a little, in the dachas they are already resting again, which Cord sings about:
“Women used to dig potatoes,
Looks like they've mellowed out a bit now.
It became a pity for us, men,
You can sleep and go fishing.”
Today again, as in the middle of the nineteenth century, it is difficult to draw a line - where does the "dacha" end and "country house for year-round living" begins. This is no longer determined by size or materials: a cottage can be very large, and modern technologies make it possible for a wooden house to be warm and reliable. However, the language still does not turn to call the stone house "cottage". And why. Whereas wooden houses keep the memory of their "dacha" component in a very diverse way.
This is not only a veranda and a balcony, but also floor-to-ceiling windows that “bring closer” to nature in a way that the old architecture could not do, such as, for example, in the house of Alexander Brodsky in Pirogov, in the house of Nikolai Belousov in the village Sovyaki or in the house of Svetlana Bednyakova in the village of Moscow Sea. The veranda itself can spread around the house and eventually engulf it all, turning the building into an “attachment” to the veranda - as in Yaroslav Kovalchuk’s House at the 9th Hole in Pirogovo or in Timofey and Dmitry Dolgikh’s own house.

“TODAY AGAIN, AS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, IT IS DIFFICULT TO DRAW THE LINE – WHERE THE “COTTAGE” ENDS AND THE “COUNTRY HOUSE FOR YEAR-ROUND LIVING” BEGINS. THIS IS NO LONGER DETERMINED BY THE SIZE OF THE HOUSE, NOR THE MATERIALS OF WHICH IT IS CONSTRUCTED, NOR ITS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE.”

In the house of Anton Tabakov on Nikolina Gora (architect - Nikolai Belousov), the veranda continues with a loggia, and then with a platform that turns into a wooden beach over the pond. And in Evgeny Assa's Pirogov cottage, the terrace is small in size, but at the same time it occupies one quarter of the total area - and in combination with the one-story house, it becomes its main content. The tree, growing through the floor of the terrace, turns the entire structure not just into a manifesto of unity with nature, but into a hint that everything rests on it and revolves around it.
Another option for creating country naturalness and organicity is the picturesque layout of volumes - in the spirit of that very Soviet "squatter" when new extensions were clung to the house unexpectedly and naturally. This is how a dacha in the Novosibirsk region is spontaneously built, which Andrey Chernov is building for a friend, also an architect; the cubes of a country house in Znamenskoye are huddled together (architects Igor and Nina Shashkov, Svetlana Bednyakova).
And of course, size does matter: I would like to call the development of Zavidkin Cape in Pirogovo “cottages” (although it has a much more advanced name: “houses of yachtsmen”). Or houses-"fireflies" and houses-"birdhouses" of Totan Kuzembaev, or "Double House" of Ivan Ovchinnikov - which is not only small (although with a veranda), but also cheap. However, the modularity underlying these projects still makes it difficult to consider them a summer cottage, for which personalization is so important. And in this sense, Boris Bernaskoni's Volgadacha is much better suited for this role - a simple house painted black, where instead of terraces there are unenclosed "decks". Or, on the contrary, a snow-white house in Lapino by Sergey and Anastasia Kolchin, which naturally received the ARCHIWOOD award in 2014, which in a sense paved the way for the current trend - a new summer residence.

(gallery)architecture6(/gallery)

SAD AS AN INEVITABLE

Given the obvious temporality of dachas, nostalgia for this outgoing nature is inevitable. Moreover, it is always present - at the beginning of the last century, at the beginning of the present. And, apparently, it is an obligatory part of country culture.
However, if only architecture changed before, today the fundamental principles of this culture are changing.
The dachas are fenced off with tall, blank fences, and that dacha life, which was determined precisely by the community, is melting before our eyes. There are already few places where performances are staged and songs are sung - God forbid, if they play volleyball. “Walking to the station” is some kind of oxymoron, because the station has turned into a continuous market for building materials, and walking along a dusty path in a haze of cars rushing in a dense stream no longer resembles that walk from childhood. You can, of course, go not along Pushkinskaya, but along Komsomolskaya ... (Dachny associations, by the way, were noticeably less nervous about changes in the political course, so here and today you can walk along the streets of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, Dzerzhinsky and Menzhinsky).

“WITH THE OBVIOUS TEMPORITY OF COTTAGES, NOSTALGIA FOR THIS LEAVING NATURE IS INEVITABLE. AND IT IS ALWAYS PRESENT - AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PAST CENTURY, WHAT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PRESENT. And, apparently, IS AN OBLIGATORY PART OF COUNTRY CULTURE.

The old charming houses are leaving. Huge tasteless cottages are growing in their place - no one will turn their tongues to call them "dachas". “Meanwhile, a kind of dacha culture was created in Russia. It is necessary to investigate it, ”said Academician Likhachev and died without formulating what is the peculiarity of this phenomenon. And Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky composed the following parable:
In the near future, two students are walking past his dacha. One says: "Marshak lived here." “Not Marshak, but Chukovsky,” another corrects him. - "What's the difference!" the first replies nonchalantly. Indeed, what difference does it make what a cottage looks like or does not look like. The main thing is that she was. And it was not Kanatchikova.

Nikolai Malinin

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COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE:

SLAVING
PHENOMENON

TO BE OR TO SEE?

NOT ESTATE

“THE NEW, DEVELOPING RAILWAYS BECOMING THE CATALYST OF COUNTRY CONSTRUCTION, THE FIRST VILLAGES AROUND THEM - MAMONTOVKA (IT IS BUILT BY ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH MAMONTOV), TARASOVKA, ABRAMTSEVO.”

"COTTAGES AND COTTAGE RESIDENTS - THIS IS SO GOOD!"

COUNTRY MASTERPIECES

“DACHA MODERNA IS NO LONGER A TRADITIONAL “HOUSE WITH A MEZANINE”, BUT RATHER A “TEREMOK”, DEVELOPING BOTH HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY - IT MUST FIT INTO A SMALL, CLEARLY DEFINED PLOT.”

TERRACE AS A MAIN FEATURE

NEW SOVIET COTTAGE

“BITTERED BY THE SUN” WAS SHOT NEAR KSTOV, AT THE MAYOR’S COTTAGE, BUILT IN THE 1930s. HOWEVER, THE PLACE IN THE FILM IS NAMED AFTER THE LEGENDARY VILLAGE NEAR MOSCOW - ZAGORYANKA.

BOOTS FROM THE BEST SHOEMAKERS

NEW SYNONYM: GARDEN PLOT

HOME-MADE, COLLECTIVE, TEMPORARY

"AND EVERYTHING IS DIFFERENT IN THE COTTAGE"

NEW TIMES: RETURN TO UNCERTAINTY

SAD AS AN INEVITABLE

Nikolai Malinin

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In order for the dacha to meet its purpose: to create an environment for rest, relaxation, and pleasant pastime, it is necessary to make the house and the surrounding area interesting and comfortable. Arising virtual ideas can not always be implemented in life, including in the construction and design of such a recreational place as a dacha. Photo ideas are perfectly perceived visually and can be a great option for implementation.

A dacha is a country house where a seasonal (summer) stay is supposed. However, the cottage is not limited to one house, it is a whole complex, which includes:

basic housing construction;
additional economic and household buildings;
facilities for outdoor recreation areas;
landscaped backyard area.

Only with the right, convenient location of all zones and their appropriate design, the cottage will become a real vacation spot. A beautiful suburban area is an area surrounded and filled with greenery and vegetation. It can be both decorative plantings and fruit-bearing trees, shrubs. On the proposed photos - cottages in the summer. Bright colors in several tiers: trees, shrubs, a flower garden are indispensable elements of a summer cottage.

Helpful advice! If a cottage or plot is purchased with trees, it is better to try to save them as much as possible. It will take several years to grow new ones.

The requirements for communications of country houses are somewhat different, but the comfortable arrangement of the dacha remains one of the primary tasks. No shower or bath can replace an outdoor shower. Made of solid wood, timber, slats, it can become a real decoration of the site.

Staying in the country involves spending most of your time outdoors, so having an open, light building for relaxation is a must. It is better to have drinking, technical water, a toilet on the site, and not just in the house. The supply of drinking water can be arranged in the form of a fountain. It is possible to equip a tap with technical water like a source, overlaying it with natural stone.

Buildings for garden tools or small workshops are usually carried out to the far corners of the site. Even hidden from the eyes of the guests, they should have a decorative effect in order to visually contribute to a positive psychological mood while staying in the country.

Architecture of wooden country houses: photos of interesting and affordable ideas

The design of the dacha begins with the exterior of the building, which is based on the architectural features of the building. Wood is eco-friendly, organically looks in natural conditions. Such a house does not require additional interior and exterior decoration, with the exception of a protective coating and toning (if desired). When using this material, there are no restrictions on the area and number of storeys of a country house.

The appearance of wooden structures does not need a significant decorative addition. On the proposed photos - one-story house-boxes made of timber and log cabins. Small windows and a blind front door will make the rooms cozy and conducive to privacy. Large window openings and glass doors will contribute to the contemplation of nature, the feeling of inextricable unity with it.

But two- and three-story wooden houses with only the main wall box look rough and uninteresting. A balcony, even a small one, will give the building liveliness. And this is clearly shown in the photos. The canopy at the entrance can be made the floor of the terrace, arranging a beautiful open resting place on the second floor. If the 2nd floor is located in the attic, then an external staircase will serve as a significant architectural addition.

An excellent option for a wooden cottage can be houses of the original form, for example, in the form of a barrel, an irregular parallelepiped, an oval, a hut without windows, etc.

The small size of the premises and, consequently, the absence of a large number of items for various purposes will contribute to complete relaxation. When determining the architecture of the future building for a summer residence, it is worth taking into account several important points:

not the size, but the interior of the cottage creates the conditions necessary for relaxation;
all rooms should be functional, conducive to a positive mood;
even the smallest building needs to be divided into zones.

Helpful advice! When choosing a wooden house as a country house, it should be borne in mind that even with special processing, timber and log cabins require an annual renewal of the protective layer.

Features of the design of cottages from blocks, panels and bricks

The following materials are popular and technically acceptable for the construction of country houses:

Gas silicate blocks, which are large (8 times larger than a brick), are light and easy to cut. The presence in their structure of air-filled drip spaces allows you to keep warm in the house.
Sandwich panels - blocks made of wood materials and insulation are attached to the frame.
Brick is a building material that has the properties of stone.

Buildings made of gas silicate blocks and sandwich panels require additional processing - plastering and applying a layer of paint. Creating a country house design made from these materials is a simple task, as there is freedom of choice due to the variety of assortment. The difficulty lies in the correct use of colors.

If housing construction is painted in a bright color, it will become defiantly dominant, which means that it will be extremely difficult to create a beautiful site. Natural shades of greenery, flower buds will be muted, natural beauty will be less noticeable. It is better if the basis is white, pastel colors, cold light shades. You should not use more than two colors for painting a house, so as not to cause a feeling of unnecessary variegation.

Related article:

How to properly plan a site. Do-it-yourself landscape design: landscaping, decorative structures, garden buildings and ponds.

Durable and promising in terms of design is a brick. Brick, outwardly similar to stone, organically fits into the natural environment. To give decorativeness to the summer cottage, various methods of masonry are used. Straight, semicircular, helical columns will be a worthy decoration for country houses. Contribute to aesthetics and unusually brick-shaped window openings, steps, etc. In the photo - areas where brick was used as the main building material. This material is a combination of practicality and aesthetics, giving buildings originality and beauty.

Registration of summer cottages located in the forest zone

The site, located in the forest zone, requires special attention both in terms of design and in terms of landscaping the cottage. In such cases, it is necessary to give priority to environmental friendliness, complementing the overall picture with details and decorative elements.

Do you need flower beds, flower beds, beds, fruit trees in such areas? Of course, but only if there are suitable soils, otherwise the plants will lack light and moisture. It should also be remembered that the proximity of the forest implies a large number of birds that can destroy crops at the seedling level. If there are trees on the site that are "inherited" or visually part of the forest, it is better to place flower beds near the house so that they form a unity with the building. In the absence of a large free area, it is not worth planting a garden.

Under the crowns of large trees, it is more appropriate to install not a gazebo, which will lose its attractiveness against the background of the natural bends of the branches, but a canopy that opens the trunks and frames them with ground greenery.

Helpful advice! When creating the design of a summer cottage in the forest zone, it is necessary to strive not to start from scratch, but to subordinate ideas to existing conditions.

You should not destroy nature on the site for the sake of domestic needs. Cutting down a pine tree that is more than a dozen years old in order to place a carport in a convenient place is at least impractical.

The proposed photos of the design of summer cottages will help you choose, if not the design style as a whole, then individual elements that will adequately decorate the cottage, located in the forest zone.

Landscape design of summer cottages: photos of the most interesting ideas

Country landscape design is designed to bring harmony to three components:

engineering buildings;
vegetation;
design style.

There is an impressive list of landscape design styles, each with its own characteristics and benefits. Typical summer cottages are 6–10 acres in size, so it is unlikely that they will be able to arrange all the compositions and buildings according to Feng Shui, taking into account the movement of water and wind. However, the individual details, elements and design methods adopted will help create a beautiful summer cottage. Photos depicting dachas dominated by the ethnic direction can serve as a source of ideas for lovers of naturalness, bordering on chaos. Lawns, wicker fences, simple potted plants are the main elements of this design.

Ideas involving an abundance of flower beds, bright flower beds against the backdrop of perfectly trimmed green lawns are for connoisseurs of the Dutch direction. Mandatory decor elements for giving this style are funny sculptures of gnomes, frogs, fish, mermaids, as well as other animals and fabulous creatures.

Alpine slides (a tiered arrangement of a flower garden), green borders (cut shrubs), arches and pergolas with ampelous plants, hedges (densely planted plants), alleys (paved paths along which plants are planted on both sides) are widely used and perfectly decorate the site.

In order to create an interesting landscape design, it is necessary not only to properly arrange the plants, but also to provide them with conditions for further growth. To this end, before starting to create a design project, you must:

obtain information about the composition of the soil cover in the places of planting;
carefully study the climatic conditions necessary for the planned species of flora;
take into account the desirable and impossible neighborhood of different plant species;
consider creating conditions for caring for vegetation and other design elements.

To implement the last point, it will be necessary to lay communications in an appropriate way and stock up on the necessary equipment.

Helpful advice! If the site has paths lined with pebbles, it is recommended to purchase a vacuum cleaner to collect leaves and other debris. Sweeping is ineffective for paths with such a coating, and the fallen leaves remaining for the winter, when rotting, will leave dark spots on the pebbles, which will lead to a loss of aesthetics.

Do-it-yourself arrangement of a summer cottage: photos, tips and tricks

Inviting a designer to design a summer cottage is an expensive pleasure. And the option proposed by the specialist does not always satisfy, constant approvals and clarifications are needed. If you have a little free time and a great desire, you can arrange a cottage with your own hands. It is realistic to do this both with the attraction of significant funds and using various economical options. The design sequence can be as follows:

definition of mandatory and desirable objects;
compiling a list of necessary materials, including plant materials;
calculation of financial, physical and time costs.

If it is possible to order the delivery of processed blanks, the task is simplified. However, making decorative elements from affordable material is a more exciting process. For example, from trunks and branches sanded with your own hands in a summer cottage, you can build:

gazebo;
canopy;
swing;
arch;
hedge.

If you can’t come up with the shape of the buildings yourself, you should look at the photo of the design of the summer cottage with your own hands. Among the mass of ideas, you will definitely be able to choose an interesting one. As green spaces you can use:

ground cover plants, many species of which grow in the forest zone;
young trees that make up thickened undergrowth;
wildflowers;
wild shrub.

With a careful transplant, the environment will not be harmed, and the plants will benefit from rarefaction. If the site is open and is constantly under the rays of the scorching summer sun, it is necessary to lay paths to remote buildings shaded by arches braided with vertically climbing plants. The main house building can be shaded by planting such plants. The division into zones is easy to implement with the help of vertical screens and green hedges.

The proposed selection of photos of the design of summer cottages with your own hands will not only help you decide on the idea, but also tell you which materials are preferable to use in the design.

Small cottages for summer cottages: advantages and ways to solve problems of spaciousness

Many people prefer small cottages. The reason for this is a number of advantages of this option of giving:

low financial costs for construction;
short construction period;
does not take up much space on the site;
little effort is required for maintenance: repair, cleaning.

It is easy to create the interior of a country house of this type, because due to the small area, many decorative elements are not required. The design style of such a house should be in harmony with the material of construction and the shape of the building.

Problems are more often caused by the need to place everything you need: a sleeping place, an area for cooking and eating, a working corner or an area where you can do what you love - draw, knit, write. As a sleeping place it is worth using a folding sofa. In the daytime, you can seat guests on it, and at night it will fully replace the bed.

Helpful advice! It is recommended to purchase a sofa with a drawer. In this case, there will be no need to invent a place for bed linen and a warm blanket, which is rarely used during the summer season, but is always available.

Saves a lot of space. The magazine version can be used for its intended purpose and for tea parties with a small company. For dinners, you will need to transform the table and use a large table top.

Furniture design in small houses is very important, as it forms the basis of the interior. In log or log houses, it is better to install furniture made of solid wood or with a surface wood veneer coating. Wood materials MDF and chipboard look organically in brick buildings with unplastered, open walls. In block and panel structures, plastic, artificial rattan, glass and metal are quite appropriate.

The problem of small country houses is sometimes the provision of natural light. If the dimensions of the cottage are so small that it is impossible to install a full-fledged window, you can make a double-leaf front door with large glass inserts. Small country houses most often do not have attics. Therefore, a window installed between the roof rafters is an architectural highlight and an excellent source of light. In the photo of cottages with their own hands, interesting options for placing windows are proposed.

Photos of recreation areas in the country: a variety of designs and their design

The dacha is, first of all, a place to relax. Without the presence of a light building on the site, designed to relax in the fresh air, a full-fledged cottage cannot be considered. Structures representing an open recreation area can be:

terrace;
veranda;
balcony;
alcove;
pergola;
canopy.

The terrace, veranda and balcony are buildings adjacent to the house, therefore, in terms of design, they are completely dependent on the main housing construction and are most often made of the same material. Vases and flower pots can become a wonderful aesthetic addition to these buildings. In the photo - cottages with interesting architectural solutions for the placement of open recreation areas, built-in and attached structures.

The gazebo, pergola and canopy are separate structures. They can be in harmony not only with the main structure, but also with the design of the surrounding elements. Structures often have lattice side walls designed for weaving plants along them, stone columns that make up a composition with a fountain, a log frame that emphasizes unity with the natural environment. It is light buildings in small cottages that often form the basis of the design of the site. Photo suggestions of designs from various materials will help create a cozy outdoor recreation area.

Summer cottages: photos of non-standard solutions to common summer cottage problems

It is almost impossible to buy a cottage or a plot for its construction and be absolutely satisfied with the conditions. Something has to be changed, corrected, created. There are several problems typical for summer cottages.

Mosquitoes. If the site is located near the water, these annoying insects do not allow you to calmly enjoy the fresh evening air and enjoy the sunset. Funds from them in open space practically do not help. The easiest way out is to plant wild onions or calendula around the outdoor recreation area. Not single flowers, but a dense frame. Moreover, the simultaneous use of these two types of plants will enhance the effect.

Neighbours. The site is new, the green spaces are still low, the gazebo is freely visible to the neighbors, this causes a feeling of discomfort. In this case, it is recommended to order a banner and install it in the right place. It will not only solve this problem, but also perform the function of an element of summer cottage decor.

Helpful advice! You should not buy a banner with images of nature, as this will cause a negative reaction. Let it have your favorite symbols, heroes, pointers to the profession, abstraction, that is, something that contributes to pleasant memories and feelings.

Absence of a reservoir. You can make an artificial reservoir by concreted the pit or by using polyethylene film for waterproofing. If the desire only to contemplate and enjoy the damp coolness prevails, the size of a reservoir of 150x100x50 cm will be quite enough. For bathing, more significant dimensions of the structure will be needed, the bottom and walls should be laid out exclusively with a film: the solution is costly, time-consuming, difficult to ensure tightness. Photos of the design of cottages with artificial reservoirs will tell you which option to choose.

Lack of fertile soil. Growing vegetables or herbs in the garden is the desire of many summer residents. Often this is not possible due to the unsuitability of the soil. This problem can be solved with the help of containers where you need to fill up either the brought black soil or the soil mixture prepared from the existing soil and the additives necessary for fertility. It is recommended to decorate the container, and then it will not only become a mini-garden, but also decorate the site.

You should not stretch the design of the cottage for many years, so as not to start each season with solving problems and tasks. The photos of beautiful cottages proposed in this article will help you make the right choice and enjoy an amazing and unusually beautiful design.

September 29, 2015. Portner

Dividing by style and placing on shelves all the architectural varieties of private houses found on the market of the Moscow region is an incredibly difficult task, since the architecture of houses built over the past 25 years is a mixture of author's expressionism, eclecticism, successful and not very experiments with architectural styles known to us. Roughly, the style of country houses can be divided:

1. post-soviet style- characterize the red brick houses built in the first half of the 90s, when it became possible to build your own large house. It was important to master the maximum amount with the available budget. The rooms were cut intuitively, and architects were then invited to the finished box to somehow “beat” it. Roofs were often covered with metal tiles or soft roofing. Most of the secondary offers on Rublevo-Uspenskoye Highway refer to houses in this style, whose owners have already built new proper housing for themselves, and they are trying to get rid of the old one, located on expensive plots, but not cheaply. Photo 1.

2. Classic style mainly found in the architecture of large houses and estates on the Rublevsky highway, with an area of 1500 sq.m and more. Houses of symmetrical forms, with pompous entrance groups and appropriate layouts, which become hostages of symmetrical eclectic facades. For decoration, mainly natural stone such as limestone, travertine, dolomite and granite is used for facing the plinth and porches. The roof is made of seamed copper, lead or zinc-titanium sheet, or natural stone - slate. The cost of building such houses depends on the complexity of the stone decor, but is approximately 1,500-2,000 dollars per sq.m, excluding interior decoration and engineering systems. This style can be roughly divided into:

Neoclassicism- a style popular in the 17th-19th centuries, recognizable by strict, elegant lines and the absence of excessive decorations, inspired by the architectural art of the ancient periods of Ancient Greece and Rome. Photo 2.1.

neo-baroque- a style popular in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries, which is characterized by a spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms and an excess of facade decoration. Photo 2.2.

3. Architecture of houses in style Modern(known in different countries as Art Nouveau, Jugendstil or Secession) is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, the use of new materials (metal, glass) and the flourishing of applied art - the facades were generously decorated with stylized floral patterns, flexible fluid forms. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a desire to create both aesthetic and functional buildings. Roofs take on complex forms with decorative fachwerk. On the facades are used: stone, plaster, wood, mosaic, ceramic tiles, bronze, stained-glass windows. Photo 3 (author AM Oleg Carlson).

4. Victorian style characterizes the variety of varieties of eclectic retrospectivism since the end of the 19th century - the revival of earlier European styles and adaptation to new design possibilities with the assimilation of Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Persian and Arabic styles of decorative art. Mostly associated not with buildings in Britain, but with houses built in the fashionable bourgeois resorts of Normandy, especially in the famous town of Deauville. Photo 4.

The cost of building houses in Art Nouveau or Victorian architecture is higher than classical houses, but emphasizes the owner's desire for decorative arts.

Just as today we do not dress in the style of the 17th, 18th or 19th centuries and do not ride in carriages or horses, the construction of new houses in the style of Classicism, Art Nouveau or the Victorian period is considered anachronistic, because it does not correspond to the spirit of our time. For more than a hundred years, architects have not been trained anywhere in the world to design according to classical canons. Thus, the architect's risk of stepping over into the field of kitsch is very high and in fact is confirmed in 90% of cases.

5. castle style(or the so-called Disney style among architects) refers to pure kitsch and is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania) and China. It was in demand in business-class cottage settlements until the crisis of 2008. In most cases, inexpensive finishing materials that imitate natural materials are used to finish the facades and roofs of houses built in the castle style. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 1,000-1,500 dollars per sq.m, excluding interior decoration and engineering systems. Photo 5.

6. Wright style often referred to as all houses with protruding four-pitched roofs, but the architecture of the famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright since the beginning of the 20th century has been characterized by the "organic" shape of houses, with a decrease in volume on the upper floors so that the house with a terraced roof fits organically into the relief. Despite the fact that F.L. Wright created houses in the Art Deco era, "the last great style of the 20th century", his architecture deserves a separate shelf - as the first houses of modern style, where functionalism began to dominate the aesthetics of the symmetry of the facades. High-quality brick, stone, wood, a lot of glazing and elements of applied art are used to finish the facades. Sloping roofs, as a rule, are covered with seamed copper sheet. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 1.300-1.800 dollars per sq.m, excluding interior decoration and engineering systems. Photo 6 (by Portner Architects).

7. Country style represents a variety of houses built traditionally in different countries of the world, mainly in villages and provincial suburbs. This category includes the following styles:

log houses in all its varieties. Prefabricated, but with certain restrictions in finishing. The cost of building such houses is approximately 600-1,500 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems. Photo 7.1.

Chalet (alpine style) with gable roofs and mansard second floor. Finishing the facades of the first floor of stone, the second of wood or plaster with wooden fachwerk. Roofing from slate, shingles or natural tiles. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 1,000-1,500 dollars per sq.m, excluding interior decoration and engineering systems. Photo 7.2.

Italian (Mediterranean) classic characterized by brick or stucco facades, with simple stone decor in the form of cornices, window framing and reinforcing corners. Large terraces with awnings, pergolas, window shutters and other elements have the original function of protecting from the sun, but are an integral part of this style. Photo 7.3.

English (Tudor) style recognizable by its brick or half-timbered facades, with small windows, thatched or slate roofs and tall chimneys with decorative elements. Photo 7.4.

Belgian style It is characterized by the use of different-colored hand-molded bricks for finishing facades, gable roofs with a large slope angle and decorative gable cornices. Photo 7.5.

American-Canadian houses they came from the suburbs of North America, but taking into account the Russian mentality, they were localized taking into account the change in construction technology from wood-frame to stone (brick, foam block). Houses of this style mostly have a built-in or attached garage for 2 cars. In the struggle for this category of buyers, developers allowed savings, sometimes even in terms of violations of foundation construction and waterproofing technologies. Cottage settlements are massively built up with this commercial type of houses, since their cost is quite low and the design solutions are simple, but instead of the usual $600-700 in the USA, in Russia the construction price fluctuates around $1,000 per sq.m, excluding interior decoration and engineering systems . As a result of tuning this style, the Castle style appeared. Photo 7.6.

8. Modern style All architecture after the Art Deco era is called. Modern architecture implies a complete absence of stylistic canons and an experiment in using the possibilities of new building materials. It also has several stages of development:

Functionalism characterizes the presence of large areas of glazing, pure geometric shapes (usually rectangular), the absence of excesses in the decoration of facades and the use of large undivided planes from one material, a variety of roof shapes (often flat). The condensed philosophy of style is sincerity and pragmatism: "form is determined by function, and facade by form." Photo 8.1 (by Portner Architects).

Minimalism strives for the triumph of good taste - for the greatest possible ease of execution, respect for the basic rules of composition, the use of natural materials, maximum attention to detail, uniform colors, lighting design and the desire to achieve maximum functionality. Photo 8.2 (by Maxim Winkelaar and Bob Ronday).

Deconstructivism tried to free architecture from the hegemony of aesthetics, beauty, functionality and build a building, renouncing all the generally accepted deep principles of creating architectural structures, including: tectonics, balance, verticals and horizontals - destroying the old principles and creating something of their own. Photo 8.3 (by McBride Charles Ryan).

High tech with its aesthetics of metal, machines and industrial architecture. Photo 8.4 (author AM Alexey Kozyr).

Eco-tech (Bio-tech), where the architectural expressiveness of building structures is achieved by borrowing natural forms and direct use of wildlife forms in architecture, in the form of natural landscape elements and living plants. Photo 8.5 (by Guz Architects).

Vanguard- a bright and non-standard style, unexpected and provocative color solutions, contrasts and shapes, using incompatible, at first glance, textures and materials, with extraordinary solutions when pairing volumes and planes, creating asymmetric designs, bizarre shapes and curves. Photo 8.5 (by AM Atrium).

The cost of building houses of modern architectural style is approximately 1,000-1,500 dollars per square meter, excluding interior decoration and engineering systems.

It should be emphasized that almost each of the above architectural styles has its own pseudo-style, where for various reasons it deviates from standard canons, the proportions and composition of facades are lost, and inexpensive imitations of natural finishing materials are used.

Each of us travels the world. Someone leaves far and for a long time, considering the world unknown to us, and someone goes abroad only once a year, on vacation. But we all understand that calendars, postcards and souvenirs are only a small reminder of where we have been and what we have seen. We offer you a completely new format for such memories - the recreation of the famous architecture of the places you have visited at the dacha. For obvious reasons, it simply will not work to completely recreate all the interesting and original of our world, and therefore we personally will start with the most famous ones. For example, let's take some wonders of the world, add the buildings of the capitals of Europe to the collection, take something incredible from Asia and Africa, and also simply recreate in miniature what is beautiful and impressive in a standard form.

We want to warn you right away that such a design of a summer house is a time-consuming and expensive pleasure, and therefore, before starting a project, be sure to evaluate your own capabilities and professionalism, as well as the budget that you can allocate for such a thing.

This is the main section of the new article site about interesting and original architecture that we want to reproduce on our own site. There will be not only famous buildings, but also something that can simply decorate the cottage nicely. You have the right to independently regulate the choice and determine what you want to build. But you should only understand that the quality of the object depends on you. We offer only a method and materials, but you reproduce the architecture with your own hands ... so the result is your responsibility!

Chinese wall in the country

Yes, even so! We will start with this structure, since it is the simplest. You can build a wall from any picture downloaded on the Internet, or take images from travel magazines, there are many different angles.

We immediately choose a place and build the Great Wall of China from ordinary bricks. If at all in a miniature form, then it is possible to create a building material from high-density polystyrene foam. From it you can cut not only bricks, but also additional architectural structures.

We are building with bricks. We will need a platform, it can even be made of inexpensive concrete, which is poured with a layer of 15-20 cm on a drainage pad. It is necessary for the strength of the entire structure. Further along it, you can begin construction on a standard solution of cement, sand and water. The main thing here is to correctly depict the lines, shape, give the right atmosphere. But it is worth knowing that all this is transmitted by decor, and therefore the initial construction does not play a special role.

We build a wall of expanded polystyrene. High strength polystyrene has quite interesting qualities. From it you can cut almost anything you need.

It will be possible to glue this material with many adhesives, and sometimes even polyurethane foam is best suited. In principle, it can be used to display many additional elements. For example, the same wall columns, turns. It will only be necessary to cut the foam in shape, and plaster on top.

Let's move on to finishing the building. All that is needed is paint of suitable shades.

You can paint both brick and polystyrene walls. Dilute the paint so that it is the same color and different shades, and work further on the original plan and image. As a result, you may end up with a very serious architectural element, around which it is now worth working with additions - creating steps, a forest, hillocks.

Eiffel tower in the country

The Eiffel Tower is a very interesting design, which will take a very long time to repeat in miniature. There is not so much physical labor as time for details, because everything needs to be displayed as similarly as possible.

The tower is boiled out of metal, mounted on a concrete frame or a dug-in metal base in order to have good strength. But not everything is as simple as it seems right away, because the main guide towers will need to be bent, and three encircling metal belts should be made around the entire “growth” of the tower.

It is clear that it is unlikely that anyone will observe all the details and reproduce such a masterpiece with their own hands, but it’s still possible to create a good likeness.

Installation on a solid foundation, attaching the four main parts that form the tower, and then tying with a simpler material - reinforcement, rod, wire. Do not forget to also install a light backlight inside, the evening view of such beauty will be amazing.

Leaning Tower of Pisa - a miracle in the country garden

The Leaning Tower of Pisa in the country is something experimentally new. But why can some architecture on your own site be repeated in miniature, but it is not?

One has only to want, and such a tower will be built. At the same time, its construction will take less time and will be easier than the same Eiffel Tower.

Why so? The answer is simple - most often duplicates, if you can call them that, are built from lightweight materials. It is quite difficult to install a heavy structure at an angle so that it does not collapse over time ... especially if you are not a professional builder or designer. Therefore, it is enough to build a tower of plastic or even very thick cardboard, which is then sealed or opened with protective varnishes and oils.

A huge plus is that only the base will have to be built, then you just need to pull cardboard with a tower pattern over a plastic or lightweight aluminum frame. It can even be high-quality photo printing, which will look amazing from a distance. If you are going to draw, it is better to first apply the drawing with paints on cardboard or paper, and only after that install the material on the finished inclined frame.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon in the landscape

We talked a lot about living fences, vertical flower beds and hanging gardens, and therefore this design will not be too complex an architectural element. It is also good that it is far from necessary to build it according to a strictly defined format. You can fantasize, invent, copy or even complete everything into a single project, the main thing is to make it beautiful and attractive.

Most often, such projects are based on castles and structures of that time, which are built from a variety of building materials. Further, they are populated with living plants - herbs, ornamental shrubs, flowers, sometimes even bonsai. It is very important only to pre-prepare sites, containers, compartments, balconies and other places for planting on such a structure.

We build pyramids in the country

You can start with a heavier building and build shell rock pyramids. Its color and texture are perfect for such an architectural masterpiece. One has only to choose a site for construction, install a waterproofing layer from a conventional film or more expensive material, and get down to business.

All you need to reproduce the Egyptian pyramids is a shell rock to the extent that you expect, free gloved hands, and an average grinder.

Having arranged the base, you build a pyramidal structure, and when building the upper part of the pyramid, you simply cut the stone with a grinder. You can cope with such a task in just a day, scatter sand dunes near the pyramid and enjoy the beautiful view.

You can also build a frame-type pyramid, for example, make it from a profile and plywood. The design is durable and lightweight, as well as the ability to quickly disassemble the pyramid and assemble it in the right place.

You can devote time to many historical buildings that will easily take their place in the garden of your dacha, but we cannot talk about all of them, their number is very large. But you, in view of your own professionalism, can reproduce even complex elements - monuments, the structure of the Taj Mahal, amphitheaters and others. But you can always move on to more typical, but no less interesting buildings for summer cottages, which can positively affect the landscape design of the site. These can be lighthouses, forts, more modern buildings and structures that are world attractions.

How to arrange a summer cottage (video)

What you need for the architectural design of the cottage

In order to decorate the cottage in a similar format, completely turn the neighbors' worldview on the landscape and get world-famous architecture on the site, you you need to follow some rules:

Always start work only with a high-quality and prepared project;
Work only with high-quality material that is familiar to you, and determine feasible tasks for yourself;
It is imperative to bring everything to the end initially, because incompleteness is the worst thing that can be in decor;
Correctly choose sizes, shapes and colors, be sure to determine your choice with the initially established style of the summer cottage;
Skillfully combine several architectural elements, pour them into an already established, ready-made drawing of a summer house.

Let's say right away, if such a task seems difficult or impossible at all, it is better not to start the process. It would be much more correct to buy plaster figures or plastic elements for garden decor than to waste time, money and nerves!

The architectural design of a summer cottage has many directions, and the one we have chosen is not the most popular and in demand. But it is one of those that can really “change the picture” with high quality and bring something exclusive and extremely unusual to the landscape.

The American architectural style is a descendant of the old European one. Emigrants from Europe, and primarily from England, brought the architectural trends of their countries to North America, where they introduced and developed them. A feature of this style is, of course, the desire of the first settlers to demonstrate the scale and wealth of the house. Hence the feeling of the house as a whole architectural complex.

American architecture is distinguished by spaciousness, symmetry, numerous cascading roofs, columns, many large windows, often with shutters, sometimes spiers, a high central staircase, horizontal extension, a minimum of relief details, light plaster as decoration. With all their appearance, these projects of houses and cottages demonstrate the successful life of the owners in the new uninhabited lands.

English style

The English style is a combination of aristocracy and restraint, refined taste and expensive materials. This architectural style in our country is more often defined by the general term "English style", but in reality it is two interrelated styles - Georgian and Regency style, which were named by historical eras. In the modern sense, the English house is a mixture of these styles.

They were formed under the influence of mainland Europe, but they were rethought here in their own way. Features of the English style: rectangular, symmetrical plan; uniform distribution and dimension of all windows; brick, poorly decorated walls; low-lying entrance with a portico; medium height roof slopes; minimum removal of the roof over the walls; five windows on the main facade; steam pipes; pilasters on the sides of the door; paneled doors.

The house in true English style is built entirely of red brick. The facade of an English house is quite strict and only in rare cases small decorations are allowed. A mandatory attribute is the presence of a lawn and flower beds.

F.L. style Wright (prairie style)

Born June 8, 1867, Frank Lloyd Wright is the world's greatest architect, the most prolific, controversial and inspiring.

Wright disliked the intricate detail and fussiness of existing architectural styles. He advocated cleanliness and simplicity of lines, and believed that well-constructed buildings complemented the surroundings.

The prairie style spread to the midwestern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The prairie style is characterized by pronounced and emphasized horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with wide overhangs, windows combined into horizontal stripes, and maximum integration of the building into the landscape. The name of the style comes from the long horizontal lines, evoking prairie landscapes.

This style is also characterized by minimalist decoration of facades, the central location of the fireplace room as a symbol of the family hearth. The complication of the geometry of the house is achieved with the help of glazed galleries, balconies, parapets and flower beds. The boundary between the interior and the terrace is lost. The common areas look like halls.

Gothic style

Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of material culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, more precisely, Burgundian architecture. The Gothic style is characterized by arches with a pointed top, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpers, tympanums, archivolts) and multicolored stained-glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize the vertical. The Neo-Gothic architectural style is characterized by adapted Gothic elements: lancet arches, high elongated pediments, light-framed towers, internal columns, tall narrow windows with traditional sashes.

European style

One of the most popular architectural styles today is European. Based on the architectural traditions of the past, conservative, it harmonizes well with nature.

European-style houses are distinguished by regular geometric shapes, often complicated by bay windows. When designing, as a rule, the shape of a square or close to a square is used.

The plinth is usually finished with stone or tile. The roof is made of two or four slopes. Traditionally, red natural tiles were used as roofing, which today is being replaced by metal ones. The door is decorated in a color that contrasts with the color of the walls. Windows are usually small, rectangular or arched. When planning the interior space, great attention is paid to its efficiency, thanks to which it is possible to place everything you need in a relatively small area.

Italian style

The Italian style in architecture has been formed over the centuries, which largely determines its truly unique character.

The Italian style is sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance. It originated in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The English architect John Nash is considered to be the founder. The Italian style combined the architectural finds of Italian architects of the 16th century with elements of Palladian and neoclassicism.

The Italian style in architecture is the choice of people who value quality, tradition and natural beauty. This direction in design and architecture is characterized by the use of natural materials, traditions, comfort and simplicity. Italian-style wood and stone are combined with wrought iron elements. The walls are most often covered with decorative plaster and decorated with stucco decoration or mosaics.

The Italian-style house is characterized by almost flat roofs with low slopes, barely visible from the ground, brackets supporting the roof eaves, a tower or bell tower, a belvedere.

Classic style

In architecture, classicism is understood as an architectural style common in Europe in the 18th - early 19th centuries, the main feature of which was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture. The architecture of classicism is characterized by a regular layout and clarity of form, a symmetrical axial composition, and restraint of decor.

Cottages in the classical style are characterized by strict observance of the principles of proportionality and harmony. Spatial solutions are concise, focused on the predominance of rectilinear and clear outlines in plans with the dominance of symmetrical-axial planning systems.

The decoration uses facade plaster, pitched tiled roofs, marble and gypsum - for columns and balustrades, iron and cast iron - for gratings, balconies and fences.

Despite the advantages of trendy architectural styles, classical motifs are still popular. After all, adherence to the classics is a sign of the solidity and fine taste of the owner of the house.

Minimalism

Minimalism appears in the 60s of the XX century in the USA. The main idea of minimalism in architecture is the desire to leave only the most necessary, each element should perform the maximum number of functions. Characteristic features of minimalism: the maximum possible conciseness, adherence to composition, use of natural materials, maximum functionality and attention to detail, strict lines and geometry, uniform color scheme, attention to lighting design, use of light colors.

Much attention is paid to the choice of materials and their quality. Priority is given to natural materials such as stone, wood, glass or marble.

Minimalism is widely used both in public buildings, offices, shopping centers, and in private homes.

Minimalism is ideal for lovers of simplicity, tranquility and rigor. Minimalist spaces radiate calmness and silence. This is a "purified" style, but in turn elegant and innovative in form and finish.

Modern

Modern was born at the turn of the 20th century. in European architecture as a movement to create the style of its era. Art Nouveau is characterized by the rejection of obligatory symmetrical forms, silhouettes and ornaments, stylizing the forms of plants in smooth, curving lines. The facades are distinguished by rounded contours of the openings, the use of wrought iron gratings and glazed ceramics. Particular attention is paid to the design of window openings with an ornate pattern of bindings and stained-glass windows.

The emergence of the principle of constructing buildings "from the inside out" and in connection with this, the openness of the compositions and the variety of forms. The interior forms the core of the house and defines its appearance. In terms of the building, most often they tend to be square, the rooms are grouped around the hall.

The Art Nouveau style develops mainly in the architecture of urban mansions and expensive apartment buildings, country villas and summer cottages. Modern promotes individuality. Like a century ago, a house in this style provides comfort, coziness and bright, memorable architecture.

german style

A style based on practicality, economy and rationality. This is manifested in everything - in the layout, design, choice of materials and design features. The shape of the houses tends to be square.

The windows in traditional German houses are small, rectangular or arched, divided by a sash. Windows often have shutters. Frames are usually massive. Doors are made of wood and painted in a color that contrasts with the color of the wall of the house. The plinth is finished with facing tiles “under natural stone”. There are almost always bay windows or balconies. A bay window is often the highlight of a home. The roof is often gable, but it can also be four-slope. Roofing - bituminous or metal tiles, shades of red. The planning features are reduced to making the house as economical and rational as possible. German-style houses most often have one or two floors plus an attic. In order to save space, the layout is arranged in such a way that the house has a minimum of corridors.

norwegian style

The Norwegian house is a variant of the Scandinavian style house. The Norwegian house is a continuation of the historic Viking longhouse style. Norwegian houses are elongated sloping houses, most often on one floor, red, brown or black with natural roofing material. Business card of the Norwegian house - inverted green roof

The earliest real log houses in Norway and Sweden date back to the 11th century. AD, while in Russia log cabins were already known from the 8th-9th centuries. AD Probably the technology was brought by Varangian mercenaries returning from service in Russia. Later, the Russian log house was used in Norway only for non-residential buildings, such as wells, robes, bridge bulls, pasture haylofts. And already in the XI century. In Norway, a fundamentally different method of felling with a self-locking lock is known, which does not allow cracks to open when the tree dries out. The Norwegian logging technique in its modern form appeared already in the 13th century.

Provence

Provence is one of the historical regions in the south of France. The peculiarities of a Provence-style house are refinement and a kind of romantic tenderness of the exterior of the house. A special place belongs to the details. Such a house has practically no basement, and such a house naturally does not have a porch that is familiar to us. The garden path just rests on the front door. The walls of the house must be made of brick or stone. Most often, the walls are covered with plaster of light colors. In some places, the plaster can expose the brick wall, and this gives the house a peculiar zest. Balconies with balustrades can be located on the second floor. The windows on the first floor are narrow and must have blinds. The windows on the second and third floors are bigger. The roof is multi-pitched, high, under the tiles. The roof is decorated with numerous towers with dormer windows. For a Provence-style house, doors are an important detail. They should be massive with forged hinges and have a viewing window.

Traditionally, various extensions are attached to the house: a summer kitchen, a summer outbuilding or a garage.

Rococo

Rococo - from fr. rococo, from fr. rocaille - decorative shell, shell, rocaille). The architectural (decorative) style of Rococo appeared in France (1715-1723) and reached its apogee under Louis XV, moved to other European countries and dominated it until the 1780s. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style. He did not introduce any new structural elements into the architecture.

Rococo architecture tends to be light, welcoming, playful. In the creations of this architecture, straight lines and flat surfaces almost disappear; established orders are modified; columns lengthen, then shorten and twist in a helical shape; their capitals are distorted by coquettish changes, the cornices are placed above the cornices; the roofs are girdled along the edge with balustrades; pediments represent breaking convex and sunken lines, crowned with vases, sculptural figures. In the frame of windows, doors, walls inside the building, in plafonds, intricate stucco ornamentation is used, consisting of curls resembling plant leaves, flower garlands and shells.

Russian estate

The first estates appeared in the distant past. Moscow was once just a manor too. Carved facades, classical forms, small turrets, patterned windows - wooden Russian estates amaze with their beauty.

Skillful artistic wood carving was a characteristic and original decoration of Russian wooden buildings - and this is one of the few traditions that have survived among the people to this day. The carving is embossed and through. Be sure to decorate the top of the roof - the "ridge", it was often made in the form of a horse's head, a porch canopy, shutters and window trim. The decoration of the roof was dominated by the animal pagan style, coming from the Scythian nomads. They depicted symbolic amulets, including horses, birds, roosters, and snakes.

The concept of a family nest in a Russian estate acquires great value. Russian style emphasizes the status of the owner of the house, who is proud of his history and origin. A Russian estate is a place of residence, as well as an opportunity to preserve and pass on to descendants one's history, surname and traditions.

northern modern

In Russian modernist architecture, the direction - the northern modernist style - stood out especially. The style received its main development in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of Swedish architecture, as well as the Finnish architectural school of national romanticism. This was facilitated by economic and cultural ties with the Finnish and Swedish states, where national romanticism was the main trend in art.

Characteristic features of northern modernism are a combination of artificial and natural finishing materials, facing the basement of the building with Finnish granite, covering the upper floors with finishing bricks or textured plaster. The form of buildings built in the northern modern style is massive and free from small decor. Rustication, ornaments and bas-reliefs on the themes of Russian folklore were widely used. The architectural decor is massive, the color is minimalistic, the color scheme is severe in the northern way.

Scandinavian style

The countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula - Sweden, Norway and historically and geographically connected with them Denmark and Finland had similar conditions for the development of architecture.

The Scandinavian house is simple, but by no means primitive, compact, but not cheap. It was created to protect its inhabitants from unpleasant climatic influences and provide them with maximum comfort.

Scandinavian-style houses are one- and two-story buildings, concise and discreet. Traditionally, houses were made of wood, which was tinted or varnished. The windows in Scandinavian-style houses are quite large, sometimes they are panoramic. The emphasis is on wooden massive frames. The basement and basement in the houses of the Scandinavian style are absent. The roof is covered with tiles, metal - painted or "natural" or various polymeric materials. It can be both pitched and even, but pitched is more common. In front of the front door, a porch with a wooden staircase and carved railings, or a terrace is usually built.

Modern style

A house in a modern style implies openness to nature, large spaces, panoramic windows. In a modern style, they often combine rooms - for example, a living room with a fireplace room, a kitchen with a dining room.

The credo of modern architecture is embedded in the name itself - this is what would correspond to today, a fundamental orientation towards the novelty of architecture, both constructive and planning ideas, and external forms.

The main principles of modern architecture: the use of the latest building materials and structures, a rational approach to solving interior spaces (functional approach), the absence of decoration trends, the fundamental rejection of historical elements in the appearance of buildings. In the decoration of facades can be used: facade plaster, facing brick, wood, stone, porcelain stoneware. As a rule, the owners of houses in a modern style are active, dynamic people who travel a lot and are familiar with different cultures firsthand.

Mediterranean (Mediterranean) style

The Mediterranean is Greece, Spain, Italy, France, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and other countries that have contributed to the formation of an architectural style called the Mediterranean. In this style, there are miniature houses with tiled roofs, immersed in lush vegetation, and luxurious snow-white villas on the coast.

Such buildings are characterized by plastered walls, flat or low tiled roofs, the use of terracotta tiles and stone in the decoration. The walls can be decorated with ornaments. Balconies and windows are trimmed with wrought iron railings. The roof extension is quite large and decorated with a cornice. The buildings necessarily have large balconies or spacious covered terraces.

A characteristic feature of the Mediterranean house is the presence of a courtyard, a secluded patio, hidden from prying eyes. Such a technique can be very relevant for Russians who are forced to put country houses almost close to each other. Functional and practical comfort is created by improvised means, not without ingenuity, commitment to tradition and love of creativity.

Medieval

Castle architecture was born from the Romanesque style that dominated Europe from around 1000 AD. and before the emergence of Gothic art in the thirteenth century. The earliest structures were copied from Roman military camps. The construction of gigantic stone structures began with the Normans, and classical castles appeared in the 12th century.

The castle type of a country house is characterized by large forms, massive and high walls, the presence of balconies, bay windows, terraces and towers, an intricate composition in terms of plan and facade. Facing bricks, stone, plaster can be used to finish the facade of the house. There are no architectural excesses in houses of this style; noble simplicity creates a feeling of monumentality and stability. The windows are arched, or rectangular, but with an interesting ending. Doors can be of any shape, they have many decorative elements - a visor, framing made of forging or stucco, stained glass, mosaics. Facades are often asymmetrical. The shape of the roof in such cottages is always complex, since the house often consists of several parts.

Fachwerk

Fachwerk - from the German Fachwerk, Fach - panel, section, Werk - structure. This is one of the oldest building structures, widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages. Such houses were built in different countries, but most of them in Germany - about 2.5 million.

Fachwerk houses were built everywhere in Germany already in the 12th century. The heyday of the half-timbered style came in the 16th century. Half-timbered buildings were influenced by fashionable architectural trends: Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance.

Half-timbered houses have a rigid wooden frame made of posts, beams and braces. The space between the wooden beams, called panels, was filled with a mixture of clay and reeds. Then the panels were plastered and painted in light colors, while the frame of dark beams remained in sight. It was he who divided the facade into separate cells of various shapes and gave the house that unique originality, which became the main architectural feature of the half-timbered style. The wooden beams of the construction of half-timbered houses have many different motifs: crosses, figures, flowers, geometric patterns.

High tech

Hi-tech comes from English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology. This is the architectural and design style of the late XX - early XXI century. Style promotes the aesthetics of the material. The main features of hi-tech are the most functional use of space and discreet decor. The style is characterized by swift, straight lines, protruding structural elements, silver-metal color, wide use of glass, plastic and metal. Hi-tech refers to ultra-modern styles; it uses designs typical of industrial buildings. Used materials - glass, metal, natural wood.

The style arose from the architecture of industrial premises, where all elements of the furnishings are subject to a functional purpose. At first, it was more of an approach to architecture than a particular style. Elements of industrial aesthetics moved into the living space, where they were further developed: a mixture of high technology and constructivism came out.

High-tech style is very popular now among people who live in the spirit of the times and are young at heart.

Chalet

The chalet style originated in Savoy, in a province in the southeast of France. It absorbed the rich history of the Alpine mountains and local traditions. Translated from French "chalet" - a shawl; warmly; and, in fact, a Swiss house in the mountains. Initially, an alpine chalet is a dwelling built securely from massive timber, protecting shepherds from bad weather in the mountains.

The chalet is a safe and practical accommodation. A chalet is a house with a sloping roof, the slopes of which protrude strongly above the main walls. This design of the roof served to protect the house and the local area from snow and bad weather. Spacious terraces also appeared for practical reasons. With their help, the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe house is significantly increased. An open terrace is an integral part of the chalet, which may not have a fence and be considered as part of the local area.

Chalet-style houses are usually chosen by people who strive not only to create a cozy home, but also care about the environmental friendliness of their home. The feeling of unity with nature arises in everyone who gets into the chalet.

swedish style

The Swedish style is a variation of the Scandinavian approach to architecture. Red and white cottages fit perfectly into both the winter and summer Swedish landscape and are a landmark of this country. The traditional Swedish cottage is a simple, wood-paneled, red-painted cottage with white corners, windows, and doors. Swedish dwellings at all times were mostly wooden (or half-timbered in forest-poor areas). The manor complex includes a residential building and outbuildings united around the courtyard. Swedish architecture is characterized by strict simplicity and sparse decor.

Functionality and simplicity, commitment to natural materials, discreet color combinations are typical of the Swedish style as well as Scandinavian architecture in general. Wooden houses made of light woods with wide window openings look like a natural addition to the landscapes of Sweden and beyond.

dutch style

The Dutch country house style is a variation on colonial design that offers a simple layout behind the main façade. In the external appearance of such buildings, an original style was formed, which is both practical and decorative. The house in the Dutch style is characterized by a large sharp gable roof with hips, simple windows, and the asymmetry of the facade. Traditionally, the basement of the house is finished with stone, and the facades are made in light-colored plaster. The house has a symmetrical layout. The main entrance leads to the hallway around which the rooms are located. The way of life of diligent, tidy, hardworking Dutch is reflected in the interior of the Dutch house, demonstrating well-being, modesty and convenience. Dutch country houses look solid, but at the same time cozy. Suitable for families looking for peace and comfort behind a modest facade.

Roman style

The Romanesque style in medieval Europe preceded the Gothic. The term itself appeared in the XII century, when historians found that European architects widely used many elements of the ancient Roman style. The main objects of the architects were monasteries and castles, more reminiscent of fortresses. The appearance of the buildings is full of calm and solemn power. Characteristic features of Romanesque buildings were massive walls, the heaviness and thickness of which were emphasized by narrow window openings and stepped friezes. The main features of the style are circular or semi-circular arches, stone vaults. Facing of the facade is made of bricks, abundance of brick decoration of pediments, friezes, windows and doors. Ceramic tiles are used as roofing. Romanesque buildings fit into the landscape, their compact forms and clear silhouettes repeat the natural relief.

Czech style

The Czech Republic is one of the most cultural and beautiful countries not only in Europe but also in the world. The cultural heritage of the Czech Republic is so vast that it can sometimes be very difficult to simply describe the places where you have been, the Czech architecture still makes the greatest contribution to the cultural heritage. The architecture of this country has been created for centuries. The Czech style of cottages has common features with European and German styles. The Czech-style house is characterized by regular geometric shapes, high multi-pitched roofs covered with tiles, sometimes with straw, the plinth is made of natural stone, and arched windows and doors are often used. A squat house in the Czech style will fit perfectly into the landscape and will not stand out in the landscape.