Mini workshop production of furniture boards as a business. Features of the manufacturing technology of furniture panels Production of furniture panels from solid wood

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Products are used for the manufacture of wooden furniture, countertops, window sills and stairs. Wood is used as a raw material: oak, ash, larch, pine, linden, beech. Edged timber is glued with special glue. One-piece shield and spliced shield are offered. One-piece - lamellas glued in width, spliced - also in length. Coloring, varnishing available.

In the production of lumber, a board 10-50 mm wide is allowed, grades "Extra", "Economy", A, B, etc. categories. Dry before gluing. The advantages of the product are natural wood, environmental friendliness, durability, beauty. Products surpass furniture with facades made of veneer, chipboard, MDF in terms of characteristics and are inferior only to solid wood products. Spike - open, closed.

The manufacturer encourages furniture factories, wood suppliers and dealers to cooperate. Address, phone, website in the "Contacts" tab. Order delivery - Moscow, regions, foreign countries. Dealers - personal wholesale prices. To order a price list or buy materials in bulk, contact the manager.

The furniture board is a sheet wood material that has a rectangular or square shape.

It is made by gluing wooden bars together in width and length (in some cases). The width of each individual bar is about 10 - 50 millimeters.

Furniture board production technology allows the use of softwoods such as spruce and pine. Boards made of beech, oak, maple, ash and birch are quite popular.

History of furniture board production technology

Furniture panels are used for the manufacture of furniture, various building elements, as a decor. It is an environmentally friendly and aesthetically pleasing material compared to its chipboard counterpart. The furniture board has been used for quite a long time.

The technology for the production of furniture panels has not changed much over the past hundred years. In the non-conical version, the wood bars were compressed with a metal clamp. At the present time, this function is performed by the press. The mass use of this product began in the 70s of the last century.

Today, among the glued wood materials in the construction and furniture industry, cheaper analogues of the furniture board have appeared.

In this regard, the scope of its application is rather narrowly focused:

it is a hypoallergenic natural material, so it is environmentally friendly;

with proper processing, it looks aesthetically pleasing and elegant;

furniture board is quite a practical material.

Advantages of furniture board production technology

Glued furniture board has significant features compared to other structural materials used in the manufacture of furniture:

Long service life.

Shield furniture is repairable. This is due to the homogeneity of the wood structure. Even a damaged piece of furniture can be very easily restored, after which it will acquire its original appearance.

Wood refers to hygroscopic materials that regulate the humidity of the air in the room.

Furniture from such a shield is able to adsorb harmful substances.

The use of new gluing technologies makes it possible to preserve the natural texture of the wooden surface.

The furniture board does not stick out during its operation and has minimal shrinkage.

The environmental friendliness of this material allows it to be used for interior decoration, as well as for the manufacture of furniture.

The furniture board can be obtained in any size (length, width and thickness).

Due to numerous advantages, the furniture board is very popular not only in Russia, but also in the world market. As a raw material for obtaining this material, edged lumber is used.

Stages of furniture board production

Drying equipment must be present at any production of glued panels. Only in this option can you be 100 percent sure that the wood will stick together reliably and firmly.

The technology for the production of furniture panels allows you to get different types of this material, depending on the area in which it will be used.

There are two types: single-layer and multi-layer. The first type is also called a massive or simple furniture board. Its thickness ranges from 14 to 60 millimeters. It is made from wood slats, timber or boards, about 18 mm wide, which are glued together in one layer parallel to the direction of the wood fibers.

A multi-layer shield consists of two front sides and an odd number of inner layers. All layers are laid symmetrically in thickness. It is she who determines the positive properties of this type of material. The thickness of the multilayer shield can reach 75 millimeters.

The main stages of furniture board production technology:

Drying blanks.

Preliminary trimming of the product.

Opening defects and cutting the resulting workpiece along its width.

Cutting out defective areas.

Splicing the product along the length and obtaining lamellas.

Lamella calibration.

Applying glue.

Shield bonding.

Calibration and grinding.

Trimming the shield based on the specified format.

New technologies for the production of furniture panels at the exhibition

The furniture board is a product of deep processing of wood, so gluing can significantly reduce wood costs, as well as make the most efficient use of lumber. This brings new varieties of high-quality materials to the furniture market.

Today, handmade furniture items are very popular. After all, it is in them that the master can embody all his original ideas that will help decorate and make the interior of the home individual. In this regard, the question arises, how to make.

A furniture shield can be purchased at a hardware store, or you can make it yourself, while saving money.

Many people who have never been involved in gluing boards believe that there is nothing complicated in this process and the technology of work is quite simple. But gluing shields is far from an easy job, hiding many features.

The quality of a furniture board is influenced not only by the material and its texture, but also by the ability of the master to combine the wood pattern, the accuracy of the joint and the quality of the glue.

Properly prepared shields have the following characteristics:

preserve the natural texture and pattern of wood;
do not shrink, deform or crack;
are an environmentally friendly material;
regardless of the size of the blanks, the shields can have any required dimensions.

Material selection and preparation

Having decided to make any piece of furniture, you need to choose the right material. Typically, furniture panels are used in production, having a thickness of 2 cm (or 20 mm). This means that at home it is necessary to make blanks of a similar thickness. This is where the difficulties begin: boards with a total thickness of 20 mm are not suitable for gluing a shield. Even the most ideal wood when gluing will require additional processing. It will need to be cut or sanded. Therefore, the boards must be taken with a margin.

The best option for the manufacture of furniture panels is boards with a thickness of 2.5 cm. An allowance of 0.5 cm is removed in 2 steps: when processing surface defects before gluing and when finishing after it. Thus, the workpiece is brought to a thickness of 2 cm.

When choosing a material, you should immediately abandon warped or uneven wood. It is better to cut blanks from a massive board with a thickness of at least 5 cm: sawing it lengthwise into 2 parts, you will get boards with the same color and texture. You also need to pay attention to the length of the blanks. It should have a margin of 2 to 5 cm, which will allow high-quality processing of the end sections of the glued panels.

To make the material with your own hands at home, you need to prepare the usual carpentry tools:

The device of the machine for gluing workpieces.

planer or jointer;
surface grinders and belt grinders;
coarse sandpaper;
level;
corner;
machine for gluing workpieces.

You will also need to prepare the wood from which the bars will be cut. It is better if these are wood species such as pine, aspen, birch or oak. Each furniture board is made from bars of the same breed. Typically, the dimensions of the bars have a ratio of width and thickness of 1:1, but other dimensions, for example, 1:3, can be used.

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Algorithm and manufacturing rules

After the material has been prepared, its surface must be carefully sanded, and then the wood should be cut into bars of the required size. Cuts must be made strictly at an angle of 90 degrees. If any defects or irregularities form, the shield will fail. In some cases, small distortions can be eliminated with a planer or jointer.

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Combination of elements

An extremely important stage is the combination of blanks in color, texture and pattern. There is no need to hurry here, it is necessary to match the bars to each other as accurately as possible. A properly glued shield should be of the same uniform color, with a continuous pattern across the entire width. If parallel lines of the pattern pass along one edge of the workpiece, they must also pass along the other edge of the product.

In the case when the bars are glued incorrectly, the inverted shield looks like a fence made of separate boards. To prevent this from happening, you must try to choose wood for the product with a straight, and not a curvilinear or oval arrangement of fibers. In addition, close attention must be paid to the orientation of annual rings on wood cuts. They are arranged according to two main principles:

Each wood has its own shade, so it is very important to choose the right color for each board.

plots (boards from which the furniture board is made) alternate in the direction of the rings;
the plots are glued together so that all the rings look in the same direction.

In the first case, the surface of the shield after manufacturing has a slightly wavy pattern resembling numerous deflections. With the second method, the pattern resembles one large deflection. This manufacturing method can be used when working with hard and stable woods, such as cherry.

The orientation of annual rings should also be taken into account in the manufacture of furniture for various purposes. So, when assembling countertops that experience little stress and almost do not warp, this factor may not be decisive. And in the manufacture of door panels or massive tables that do not have reinforcing elements, preference should be given to assembly by alternating rings on bars.

After all the elements are matched to each other, they are marked with triangles. This allows you to fold the bars during gluing the way you intended.

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Preparation and gluing blanks

In order to glue the furniture board with high quality, it is necessary to design a simple device. The main feature of such a device should be its flat surface. Prepare the following materials:

To grind the shield, you can use a grinder.

chipboard sheet;
4 planks with a height equal to the height of the bars;
2 wedges;
self-tapping screws or several clips.

The next step is to assemble the device. Lay the chipboard sheet on the table. Planks are installed along the sheet with clamps or self-tapping screws. Prepared slats are laid out between the slats according to the marks made during their sorting. The principle of operation of the device is shown in the diagram: image 1.

Then coat each of the sides of the bars in contact with each other with glue. Any glue used to glue wood elements will work here. It can be PVA or "Joiner". A soft brush is used to apply the glue, but you can work by smearing the composition with your finger. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that there is enough glue for gluing the elements, but not very much.

All glued surfaces are tightly pressed against each other. To fix the future shield on the edges of the slats, 2 more slats are installed perpendicular to them. They can also be fixed with clamps or screws. The slats protect the elements lubricated with glue from bending and deformation.

For tighter contact, the bars can be pressed against each other with wedges. The wedges are driven under the slats until drops of glue appear between the blanks. This is the first sign that there is sufficient pressure on the workpieces for high-quality gluing. In this position, the shield should be left for no more than 1 hour. Then it is taken out and dried during the day.

FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING FURNITURE BOARD

(SPbGLTA, St. Petersburg, RF)

The article places for consideration key regulations of the technology of manufacture furniture shield, as well as conditions and factors having influence on the quality of treatment of the furniture shield and its gluing.

Furniture board - as the main semi-finished product used in the production of cabinet furniture made of solid wood, stair parts, etc., is the most demanded environmentally friendly material. And at the same time, the process of its manufacture is characterized by labor-, material-, and energy-consuming, in contrast to the technology for manufacturing board materials such as chipboard, fiberboard, MDF.

The multi-operational nature of the technological process is due to the specifics of the material itself - wood- as an object of processing, the equipment and materials used, as well as the requirements for the quality of the final product. Wood with anisotropy of properties, different density, structure, flaws, type of sawing significantly affects the choice of technology. There are several schemes of the manufacturing process, but the most common and effective is the so-called "Swedish" technology. But in any case, compliance with the technology, modes, processing parameters is a guarantee of obtaining a high-quality furniture board that meets consumer and operational requirements. As a rule, lamellas in a furniture board are glued to a smooth joint using PVAD-based adhesives with the addition of a hardener, or without it, if this is not specified in the terms of reference. Such binders have a transparent, elastic adhesive seam of high strength, which is necessary for a furniture board, withstand temperature and humidity deformations, and mechanical loads. With the use of these adhesives in the bonding technology, it is possible to use HDTV intensification or conductive heating.

It is necessary to note the following conditions of the technological process, without which gluing a high-quality shield is impossible:

Homogeneity of moisture indicators of lumber drying quality. The final humidity required by the technology (for a furniture board it is 8±1.5%). Such tight limits on humidity are due to operational and technological requirements. The lower one is associated with the gluing process (surface wettability with a binder, absorbency, penetration ability of the glue), further machining of the shield (calibration, grinding, milling). Overdried wood impairs the quality of its processing, forms chips, peels the fiber, and has low plasticity. Too high moisture content of the lumber to be processed leads to even worse problems in board bonding, sanding and finishing. When planing, the quality of the jointed surface of the lamellas is unsatisfactory due to the formation of hairiness. The high humidity of the lamellas affects the duration of holding in a hot press, the polymerization of the binder and the strength of the glue line. The heterogeneity of the humidity indicators of the quality of lumber drying, especially the differences in humidity over their cross section, as a result of cutting into lamellas, leads to the fact that slats with different humidity, different from the average, get into the assembled shield. This contributes to the appearance of various kinds of deformations. The desire of the lamellas to an equilibrium moisture state in the glued shield when it is kept under certain conditions, contributes to varying degrees to their shrinkage and swelling. Such processes entail either warping of the shield or cracking at its ends during its processing and operation.

Undoubtedly, the uniformity of moisture indicators of drying quality is a key condition for the production of high-quality furniture panels.

The geometry of the slats, i.e. squareness and dimensional stability. For pressing, this is a very important condition. If it is not observed, proper contact between the bonding surfaces is not ensured, non-adhesion is formed along the entire length of the shield - this is a marriage. The geometry of the lamellas can be achieved by the accuracy of the equipment settings, the qualifications of the service personnel and the technical equipment of the machines on which lumber is processed. Modern equipment allows this requirement to be met, but not always. Lamellar planing guarantees the geometry, if the knives in the planing drums are set perpendicular to the tables (planing bases) and the clarity of working out the clamps and feed rollers. When using Swedish technology, i.e. planing lumber with simultaneous cutting them into lamellas, the most accurate perpendicularity of the processed edges is ensured, since the saw shaft with the saw set is perpendicular to the tables. The correct positioning of the saw shaft in relation to the tables of the four-sided machine, as well as the adjustment of the clamps, will make it possible to obtain a lamella with strictly perpendicular sides.

The amount of binder applied to the surfaces to be glued (glue consumption). Glue consumption is regulated by the supplier, but is specified by the gluing conditions, viscosity, wood species, its moisture content, application equipment, etc. The average consumption is 120-150 g/sq. m. Insufficient application of the binder is the reason for the low strength of the adhesive joint and, as a result, the sticking of the shield. Consumption too high - it is necessary to increase the holding time, both before pressing and during the gluing process, the productivity of the leading equipment drops sharply. In the technology of applying glue, it is convenient to use the roller method. The upper clamping is adjustable, the lower one is corrugated with grooves, the depth and width of which has certain dimensions. Glue in the process of its application to the lamella should be located on the surface in the form of even strips without gaps.

Pressing pressure. An essential condition for gluing, without pressing pressure it is impossible to ensure proper contact between the surfaces to be glued. Optionally, the pressure must be high in order to prevent deformation of the lamellas in the shield. The criterion for evaluating the pressing pressure is a small amount of glue that has come out on the ends and on the surface of the shield.

The conditions listed above are necessary, not fulfilling them entails serious economic problems for the enterprise. The percentage of scrap is increasing, it is good if it is tracked in the initial operations, and not in the final product at the consumer.

In addition to the basic conditions in the technology of manufacturing furniture panels, there are a number of features that should be mentioned.

First, the duration of technological holdings of the material. There is an opinion that a planed lath should not be in a free state for a long time, more than a day, i.e. everything that is planed should be glued. This is due to the loss of activity of the adhesive surface, namely its oxidation and closure of wood pores. Exposure of the shield after gluing before further machining. German experts believe that a glued shield should be aged for at least 4 hours, some say at least 6. In any case, the boards must be cured, especially after hot pressing, to ensure the relaxation of temperature and humidity stresses arising during the bonding process.

Secondly, the pressing temperature. Temperature is an intensification of the process, for various breeds it should be regulated. For softwoods, the pressing temperature should not exceed 75 - 80 °C. If the lumber was dried without crystallization of the resin, then the high pressing temperature promotes the release of resin on the surface of the shield, and this has an unsatisfactory effect on further grinding (the abrasive is quickly clogged with wood dust along with osmol), the grinding surface becomes wavy and in some cases burns. As a result, it is not the process of grinding as one of the types of wood cutting, but the mashing of wood. Therefore, finishing such a shield with paints and varnishes will be problematic. For hardwoods, especially oak, there is no need for high temperatures. The basic density of oak is much higher than that of pine, and, accordingly, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is greater. In addition to the temperature, the polymerization of the binder is also affected by the duration of exposure of the panels in the hot press. It is believed that for softwoods, the holding time is at least 1.5 - 2 minutes for each centimeter of the thickness of the shield at a temperature on the surface of the press plates of 75 - 80 ° C. For hardwoods, these values should be adjusted depending on the species, its initial moisture content and other factors. Specifically for oak furniture panels, exposure should not be long, as well as high temperatures, since tannin coloring substances are released and, when interacting with a binder, a dark adhesive seam is formed.

Thirdly, when setting up the shield, the condition of the correct orientation of the annual rings in adjacent lamellas, as well as radial, tangential and mixed cuts, especially for oak materials, must be observed. It is impossible to allow slats of different sawing in one shield; it is necessary to perform strict sorting. Failure to comply with these conditions in a place with poor-quality drying of wood entails serious consequences in the operation of such panels. Various shrinkage (swelling) in the radial and tangential directions, when the shields are held under certain conditions, can cause their strong deformation and integrity violation.

In conclusion of this work, the following should be noted, all the listed features of the furniture board manufacturing technology are only a small part of a huge issue. The answers to which lie in the specifics and eccentricity of the problem under study, since few manufacturers of furniture panels pay due attention to its technology, increasing the useful yield when cutting, improving quality, and rationally using wood as a product of wildlife.