What is there that no rule can do without? Of course, no exceptions! Irregular verbs in the English language are also not spared. But, as they say, an irregular verb is not as scary as it is painted to be. Today we will look at different methods of memorizing irregular verbs.
Let's open any table of irregular verbs ( see at the end of the article), and you will see three columns there. The first column presents verbs in the impersonal, or (only without the particle to). This is what corresponds to Russian verbs ending in -т: draw, write, read – (to) draw, write, read.
The second column is - drew, wrote, read (yesterday, for example) - drew, wrote, read.
In the third column is the so-called second participle, or past participle.
Note The first participle corresponds to the Russian -yushchy/-yayushchy: drawing, writing, reading. In English, the first participle ends in –ing. – drawing, writing, rading.
Let's return to the third column, which represents the past participle - it corresponds to the Russian “made” - drawn, written, read. Third column for
- verbs in .
- perfect tense verbs:
I have already written my essay. I have already written an essay (or “I already have my essay written”).
I have read three books this month. I read three books this month. (Or I have three books read).
Have you ever drawn anything like that? Have you ever drawn anything like this? (Or have you ever had something like this drawn?)
What does "irregular verbs" mean?
Why are irregular verbs still “irregular”? The fact is that according to the rules, the so-called second and third forms are constructed by adding the ending –ed.
I work – I worked yesterday. – I have worked for three companies.
In irregular verbs, the second and third forms are formed in a completely individual way (go – went – gone), or do not change at all (put-put-put).
Methods of memorization
- Alphabetically - cram. Boring and useless.
- Make cards with three shapes on one side and a translation on the other. Periodically, when you have a minute (in transport, in the morning over a cup of coffee, etc.), go through the cards, checking yourself. If you remember, we put it in the second pile; if not, we leave it in the first and come back later. And so on until there is confident memorization. When you go through the cards, try to come up with examples - this also activates imaginative thinking, it’s easier to remember, and words are learned not separately, but in context.
- Poems. More like a child's way. But in whom does not a child live?? If you like it and evoke positive emotions, then why not? Here are examples of such poems
I'm at the buffet buy-bought-bought (buy)
First class sandwich
For him I pay-paid-paid, (pay)
In the classroom, on the desk lay-laid-laid (put)
And not at all think-thought-thought, (think)
That his neighbor will make him smarter.
And now I'm very sad -
Smell-smelt-smelt it’s very tasty! (smell)
Look, Screwtape's slingshot
Put-put-put (put) in your pocket
And begin-began-begun (begin)
Bully bully!
He's a pillow cut-cut-cut, (cut)
Brother in the bathroom shut-shut-shut, (close)
All newspapers are light-lit-lit, (set on fire)
Hit-hit-hit dog. (beat)
He ring-rang-rung (call) the neighbor
And, of course, run-ran-run. (run)
And not at all think-thought-thought, (think)
That the police will come.
Dig-dug-dug we are a vegetable garden, (dig)
Come-came-come there people. (come)
We said: “Go-went-gone, (go, leave)
This is not a farce for you.”We fight-fought-fought with our enemies, (fight, fight)
They are caught in a catch-caught-caught trap. (catch, catch)
Day bring-brought-brought good luck, (bring)
We get-got-got reward. (receive)
If the hares bite-bit-bitten, (bite)
Don't give them eat-ate-eaten, (eat)
They will soon learn-learnt-learnt (learn)
Dashing matches burn-burnt-burnt. (spark off)
If a friend meet-met-met, (meet)
Keep him tight-kept-kept. (hold)
Well, what if lose-lost-lost, (to lose)
That's why it's cost-cost-cost. (cost)
Airplanes fly-flow-flown. (fly)
Our children are grow-grew-grown. (grow)
Well, the wind blow-blew-blown, (blow)
He knows-knew-known about everything. (know)
Grandfather and grandmother find-found-found (to find)
Basset hound dog.
Very close to old people
The dog become-became-become. (become)
Give-gave-given grandfather to him (give)
Dear basturma -
The dog needs to be fed-fed-fed (feed)
Something tasty for lunch!
Salad and cutlets for yourself
Old people don't let-let-let. (let)
Today grandmother and grandfather
Another life lead-led-led: (lead)
Grandfather dozes in the bath with a smile,
Grandmother dwell-dwelt-dwelt in the closet, (dwell)
Dog in bed lie-lay-lain, (lie down)
Just like Saddam Hussein.
We break-broke-broken the old house – (to break)
It was very boring there.
New house we draw-drew-draw, (draw)
Build-built-built – and we’ll live. (build)
- I like the idea of classifying irregular verbs into groups based on the similarity of formation of the second and third forms. This way it is much easier to teach them.
Table of irregular verbs in English:
Group 1 – all three forms are the same
Cost | Cost | Cost | cost |
---|---|---|---|
Cut | Cut | Cut | Cut |
Put | Put | Put | Putting |
Hit | Hit | Hit | hit, hit |
Hurt | Hurt | Hurt | Injure |
Let's | Let's | Let's | Let |
Shut | Shut | Shut | Close |
Group 2 – the second and third forms coincide
Burn | Burnt | Burnt | Burn, burn |
---|---|---|---|
Learn | Learn | Learn | Learn |
Smell | Smelt | Smelt | Smell |
Feel | Felt | Felt | Feel |
Leave | Left | Left | Leave, leave |
Meet | Met | Met | Meet |
Dream | Dreamt | Dreamt | Dream |
Mean | Meant | Meant | mean, imply |
Keep | Kept | Kept | keep, store |
Sleep | Slept | Slept | Sleep |
Lend | Lent | Lent | lend, lend |
Send | Sent | Sent | Send |
Spend | Spent | Spent | Spend, spend |
Build | Built | Built | Build |
Lose | Lost | Lost | Lose, lose |
Shoot | Shot | Shot | Fire |
Get | Got | Got | Receive |
Light | Lit | Lit | Light up, illuminate |
Sit | Sat | Sat | Sit |
Buy | Bought | Bought | Buy |
Bring | Brought | Brought | Bring |
Catch | Caught | Caught | Catch |
Fight | Fought | Fought | Fight |
Teach | Taught | Taught | Teach, teach |
Sell | Sold | Sold | Sell |
Tell | Told | Told | Tell |
Find | Found | Found | Find |
Have | Had | Had | Have |
Hear | Heard | Heard | Hear |
Hold | Held | Held | Hold |
Read | Read | Read | Read |
Say | Said | Said | Talk, say |
Pay | Paid | Paid | To pay |
Make | Made | Made | Do, produce |
Understand | Understood | Understood | understand |
Stand | Stood | Stood | Stand |
Group 3 – the second and third forms do not match
Break | Broke | Broken | Break |
---|---|---|---|
Choose | Chose | Chosen | Choose |
Speak | Spoke | Spoken | Speak |
Steal | Stole | Stolen | Steal |
Wake | Woke | Woken | Wake up, wake up |
Drive | Drove | Driven | Drive |
Ride | Rode | Ridden | ride |
Rise | Rose | Risen | Get up |
Write | Wrote | Written | Write |
Beat | Beat | Beaten | Beat |
Bite | Bit | bitten | Bite |
Hide | Hid | Hidden | Hide |
Eat | Ate | Eaten | Eat |
Fall | Fell | Fallen | Fall |
Forget | Forgot | Forgotten | Forget |
Forgive | Forgave | Forgiven | Forgive |
Give | Gave | Given | Giving |
See | Saw | Seen | See |
Take | Took | Taken | Take |
Blow | Blew | Blown | Blow |
Grow | Grew | Grown | Grow |
Know | Knew | Known | Know |
Throw | Threw | Thrown | Throw |
Fly | Flew | Flown | Fly |
Draw | Drew | Drawn | Paint |
Show | Showed | Shown | Show |
Begin | Began | Begun | Start off |
Drink | Drank | Drunk | Drink |
Swim | Swam | Swum | Swim |
Sing | Sang | Sung | Sing |
Ring | Rank | Rung | Call |
Run | Ran | Run | Run |
Come | Came | Come | Come |
Become | Became | Become | Become |
Be | Was/were | Been | be |
Go | Went | Gone | go, walk |
- To make the process of memorizing irregular verbs more fun, my students and I make up stories together. That is, one person takes out a card, remembers all the forms and meanings, and then writes a sentence using the second or third form. The next one takes out the second card and continues the story. As a rule, it turns out very funny. And bright positive emotions, especially laughter, are known to promote memory.
Don’t put it off for a long time - it’s better to cut some leaves right now, make cards - and go ahead! And find an accomplice to make up stories.
Here you can find a table of irregular English verbs with translation into Russian and transcription, videos on learning and memorizing irregular verbs, links.
There is a special category of verbs in the English language that does not follow generally accepted rules when forming the past participle. They are usually called “wrong”. Unlike “regular” verbs, which are appended with the ending –ed to form the past participle, these verbs either remain unchanged or take unusual forms that are not always easy to remember. For example:
put – put – put;
drive – drove – driven.
If the first verb is easy to learn and use in sentences, then the second one has to be learned directly by memorization.
Where did such difficulties with some verbs come from? Scientists have concluded that these are some kind of “fossils” remaining in the language from ancient times. During its development, the English language adopted a large number of words from other European languages, but some words remained unchanged. It is this category that irregular verbs belong to.
Table of irregular English verbs:
VERB | PAST SIMPLE | PAST PARTICIPLE | TRANSLATION |
abide [əbʌid] | abode [əbəud] | abode [əbəud] | endure, endure |
arise [ə"raiz] | arose [ə"rəuz] | arisen [ə"riz(ə)n] | To arise, to happen |
awake [ə"weik] | awoke [ə"wəuk] | awoken [ə"wəukən] | Wake up, wake up |
be | was, were | been | Be |
bear | bore | borne | carry, bear |
beat | beat | beaten ["bi:tn] | Beat |
become | became | become | Become |
begin | began | begun | Start off |
hold | beheld | beheld | contemplate, see |
bend | bent | bent | Bend |
bereave | bereft/bereaved | Deprive, take away | |
beseech | bethought/beseeched | Beg, beg | |
beset | beset | beset | Surround |
bet | bet | bet | argue |
bid | bid / bade | bidden | Offer, order |
bind | bound | bound | Bind |
bite | bit | bitten | bite, peck |
bleed | bled | bled | Bleed |
blow | blew | blown | Blow |
break | broke | broken ["brouk(e)n] | Break |
breed | bred | bred | Breed, multiply |
bring | brought | brought | Bring |
browbeat ["braubi:t] | browbeat ["braubi:t] | browbeaten ["braubi:tn]/ browbeat ["braubi:t] | Intimidate, intimidate |
build | built | built | Build |
burn | burnt | burnt | burn |
burst | burst | burst | Break out |
bust | busted | busted | Go bankrupt, go broke |
buy | bought | bought | Buy |
cast | cast | cast | Throw, throw away |
catch | caught | caught | Catch, grab, catch |
choose | chose [ʃəuz] | chosen | Choose |
cleave | cleft | cleft | Split, cut |
cling | clung | clung | cling, hold on |
clothe | clothed/clad | Dress | |
come | came | come | Come |
cost | cost | cost | Cost |
creep | crept | crept | Crawl |
cut | cut | cut | Cut |
deal | dealt | dealt | Deal with |
dig | dug | dug | Dig |
disprove | disproved | disproved/disproven | Refute |
dive | dove | dived | Dive, submerge |
do | did | done | Do |
draw | drew | drawn | Draw, drag |
dream | dream | dream | Dream, doze |
drink | drank | drunk | Drink |
drive | drove | driven ["drivn] | Drive |
dwell | dwelt/dwelled | reside, inhabit | |
eat | ate | eaten ["i:tn] | Eat |
fall | fell | fallen ["fɔ:lən] | Fall |
feed | fed | fed | Feed |
feel | felt | felt | Feel |
fight | fought | fought | Fight |
find | found | found | Find |
fit | fit | fit | Fit to size |
flee | fled | fled | Run away, disappear |
fling | flung | flung | Throw, throw |
fly | flew | flown | Fly |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | Forbid |
forgo (forego) | forewent | foregone | refuse, abstain |
forecast ["fɔ:ka:st] | forecast ["fɔ:ka:st] | forecast ["fɔ:ka:st] | Forecast |
foresee | foresaw | foreseen | Anticipate, predict |
foretell | foretold | foretold | Predict, foretell |
forget | forgot | forgotten | Forget |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | Forgive |
forsake | forsook | forsaken | Leave, leave |
freeze | froze | frozen ["frouzn] | Freeze |
get | got | got | Receive |
gild | gilt | gilt | Gild |
give | gave | given | Giving |
go | went | gone | Go |
grind | ground | ground | Grind, grind |
grow | grew | grown | Grow |
hang | hung | hung | Hang |
have | had | had | Have |
hear | heard | heard | Hear |
hide | hid | hidden ["hidn] | Hide |
heave | heaved / hove | heaved / hove | Pull, push |
hew | hewed | hewn/hewed/ | chop down, cut down |
hit | hit | hit | Hit the target |
hide | hid | hidden | Hide, hide |
hold | held | held | Hold |
hurt | hurt | hurt | Hurt |
inlay [ɪnˈleɪ] | inlaid [ɪnˈleɪd] | inlaid [ɪnˈleɪd] | invest (money), inlay |
input [ˈɪnpʊt] | input [ˈɪnpʊt] | input [ˈɪnpʊt] | Enter, enter |
interweave [ɪntəˈwiːv] | interwove [ɪntəˈwəʊv] | interwoven [ɪntəˈwəʊv(ə)n] | Weave |
keep | kept | kept | Contain |
kneel | knelt | knelt | Kneel |
knit | knit | knit | Knit, darn |
know | knew | known | Know |
lay | laid | laid | Putting |
lead | led | led | News |
lean | leant | leant | Tilt |
leap | leapt | leapt | Jump, gallop |
learn | learn | learn | Learn |
leave | left | left | Leave |
lend | tape | tape | Occupy |
let | let | let | Let |
lie | lay | lain | Lie |
light | lit | lit | illuminate |
lose | lost | lost | Lose |
make | made | made | Produce |
mean | meant | meant | To mean |
meet | met | met | Meet |
mistake | mistook | mistaken | To be wrong |
mow | mowed | town | Mow, cut |
overcome [əʊvəˈkʌm] | overcame [əʊvəˈkeɪm] | overcome [əʊvəˈkʌm] | overcome, overcome |
pay | paid | paid | To pay |
plead | declare / pled | Beg, beg | |
prove | proved | proven | Prove |
put | put | put | Put |
quit | quit | quit | Go out |
read | read | read | Read |
relay | relayed | relayed | Transmit, broadcast |
rid | rid | rid | To deliver, to liberate |
ride | rode | ridden ["ridn] | Ride a horse |
ring | rank | rung | Ring |
rise | rose | risen ["rizn] | Get up |
run | ran | run | Run |
saw | sawed | sawed / sawn | Sawing, sawing |
say | said | said | Speak |
see | saw | seen | See |
seek | sought | sought | Search |
sell | sold | sold | Sell |
send | sent | sent | Send |
set | set | set | Put |
sew | sewed | sewn | Sew |
shake [ʃeik] | shook [ʃuk] | shaken ["ʃeik(ə)n] | Shake |
shave [ʃeɪv] | shaved [ʃeɪvd] | shaved [ʃeɪvd]/ shaven [ʃeɪvən] | Shave, shave |
shear [ʃɪə] | sheared [ʃɪəd] | sheared [ʃɪəd]/ shorn [ʃɔ:n] | Cut, cut |
shed [ʃed] | shed [ʃed] | shed [ʃed] | Spill, lose |
shine [ʃaɪn] | shone [ʃoʊn] | shone [ʃoʊn] | Shine, shine |
shit [ʃit] | shit [ʃit] | shit [ʃit] | Shit |
shoe [ʃu:] | shod [ʃɒd] | shod [ʃɒd] | Shoe, shoe |
shoot [ʃu:t] | shot [ʃɒt] | shot [ʃɒt] | Shoot, take pictures |
show [ʃəu] | showed [ʃəud] | shown [ʃəun] | Show |
shrink [ʃriŋk] | shrank [ʃræŋk] | shrunk [ʃrʌŋk] | Reduce |
shut [ʃʌt] | shut [ʃʌt] | shut [ʃʌt] | Close |
sing | sang | sung | Sing |
sink | sank, sunk | sunk | Drown |
sit | sat | sat | Sit |
slay | slew | slain | Kill, put to death |
sleep | slept | slept | Sleep |
slide | slide | slide | Slide |
sling | slung | slung | Hang |
slink | slunk/slinked | Slip away | |
slit | slit | slit | Cut, cut |
smell | smelt | smelt | Smell, feel |
smite | smote | smitten [ˈsmɪtn] | Hit, hit |
sow | sowed | south | Sow |
speak | spoke | spoken ["spouk(e)n] | Speak |
speed | sped | sped | Hurry, rush |
spell | spelled | spelled | To spell |
spend | spent | spent | Spend |
spill | spilt | spilt | Shed |
spin | spun | spun | Twist, twirl |
spit | spit/spat | spit/spat | Spit |
split | split | split | Divide, break |
spoiler | spoilt | spoilt | Spoil |
spread | spread | spread | spread out |
spring | sprang | sprung | Jump |
stand | stood | stood | Stand |
steal | stole | stolen ["stəulən] | Steal |
stick | stuck | stuck | prick |
sting | stung | stung | Sting |
stink | stank | stunk | Stink, smell |
strew | strewed | strewn | To sprinkle |
stride | strode | stridden | Step |
strike | struck | struck/stricken | Strike, strike |
string | strung | strung | string, hang |
strive | strive / strive | Try, try | |
swear | swore | sworn | swear, swear |
sweat | sweat / sweated | Sweat | |
sweep | swept | swept | Sweep |
swell | swelled | swollen ["swoul(e)n] | Swell |
swim | swam | swum | Swim |
swing | swung | swung | Sway |
take | took | taken ["teik(ə)n] | Take, take |
teach | taught | taught | Learn |
tear | tore | torn | Tear |
tell | told | told | Tell |
think [θiŋk] | thought [θɔ:t] | thought [θɔ:t] | Think |
throw [θrəu] | threw [θru:] | thrown [θrəun] | Throw |
thrust [θrʌst] | thrust [θrʌst] | thrust [θrʌst] | Stick it in, stick it in |
thread | trod | trodden | Trample, crush |
[ʌndəˈɡəʊ] | passed [ʌndə"wɛnt] | undergone [ʌndə"ɡɒn] | experience, endure |
understand [ʌndə"stænd] | understood [ʌndə"stud] | understood [ʌndə"stud] | Understand |
undertake [ʌndəˈteɪk] | undertook [ʌndəˈtʊk] | took [ʌndəˈteɪk(ə)n] | undertake, commit |
undo ["ʌn"du:] | undid ["ʌn"dɪd] | undone ["ʌn"dʌn] | Destroy, cancel |
upset [ʌp"set] | upset [ʌp"set] | upset [ʌp"set] | Upset, upset |
wake | woke up | woken ["wouk(e)n] | Wake up |
wear | wore | worn | Wear |
weave | wove / weaved | wove / weaved | Weave, weave |
wed | wed / wedded ["wɛdɪd] | wed / wedded ["wɛdɪd] | Marry |
weep | wept | wept | Cry |
wet | wet | wet | Get wet |
win | won | won | Win |
wind | wound | wound | Wriggle |
withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | Remove, delete |
withhold | withheld | withheld | Hold, hide |
withstand | withstood | withstood | Withstand, resist |
wring | wrung | wrung | Squeeze, twist |
write | wrote | written ["ritn] | Write |
Video on learning and memorizing irregular English verbs:
Top 100 irregular verbs in English.
In this video, the author analyzes the most popular irregular verbs in the English language (top 100, compiled by himself). Examples are given for all irregular verbs, voiceovers, etc. The most commonly used irregular verbs come first, then the least used.
Pronunciation of irregular English verbs.
British version of English irregular verbs. The author gives you the opportunity to repeat after him and thus hone the correct pronunciation of irregular verbs.
Learning irregular English verbs using rap.
An interesting video for learning English irregular verbs superimposed on rap.
Examples of using irregular verbs:
1. I could swim when I was five. | 1. I knew how to swim when I was five years old. |
2.Peter became an entrepreneur by chance. | 2. Peter became an entrepreneur by accident. |
3. He took another day off. | 3. He took another day off. |
4.They had two cats and a dog. | 4. They had two cats and one dog. |
5. We did lots of work yesterday. | 5. We did a lot of work yesterday. |
6.Jane ate the last piece of cake. | 6. Jane ate the last piece of pie. |
7. He got another chance to gain her heart. | 7. He got another chance to win her heart. |
8. I gave my old bycicle to the neighbor's son. | 8. I gave my old bicycle to my neighbor's son. |
9. We went shopping to the mall two days ago.. | 9. We went shopping in the nearest shopping center two days ago. |
10.She made a rather delicious pasta. | 10. She made quite tasty pasta. |
11.Have you bought a new car? | 11. Did you buy a new car? |
12. We've driven all the way down to her house. | 12. We drove all the way to her house. |
13. She's grown so much since we last saw her. | 13. She has grown so much since we last saw her. |
14. Have you ever ridden a trycicle? | 14. Have you ever ridden a tricycle? |
15. You don't need to repeat twice, as it is understood. | 15. You don’t need to repeat it twice, since everything is clear. |
16. Their dog has bitten my sister today. | 16. Their dog bit my sister today. |
17.Have you chosen your future profession? | 17. Have you chosen your future profession? |
18. We've completely forgotten to call the Smiths. | 18. We completely forgot to call the Smiths. |
19. I've hidden a folder and now I can"t find it. | 19. I hid the folder and now I can’t find it. |
20. It was thought to be necessary for him. | 20. Everyone thought that this would benefit him. |
The main difficulty with English verbs is that in English there is no rule by which their past form is formed. And worse than that, there is no logic in her education.
To use these verbs in the past tense, you need to memorize them. Moreover, many irregular verbs have two different past tense forms. To do this, you will need constant practice, which you can get in English courses for adults from Easy Speak.
Since when using irregular verbs you will come across the concepts of “verb forms” more than once, in this article we will look at what they are.
What are the forms of English verbs?
A verb is an action that someone/something does. For example: lie down, run, jump, swim.
All English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. Knowing whether a verb is regular or irregular is necessary in order to use it in the past tense.
In Russian we add "l" at the end to put the verb in the past tense.
Present time: reading, writing, walking, swimming.
Past tense: read, wrote, walked, swam.
In English, some verbs are formed according to rules, while others are not. I think you've already guessed that this is the difference between regular and irregular verbs.
Regular verbs in English- these are those verbs whose past form is formed according to the rules by adding the ending -ed.
For example
work - worked,
work - worked.
Irregular verbs in English- these are verbs whose past form is not formed according to the rules. At the same time, there is no logic in its education.
For example
buy - bought,
buy - bought.
One of the main difficulties for students is that there is no rule by which one can determine whether a verb is regular or irregular. You can find out only by looking it up in the dictionary or memorizing it.
Verb form is how the verb changes depending on the time it is used.
Both regular and irregular verbs have 3 forms.
Verb forms in English
All verbs have 3 forms.
First form verb- this is the verb itself in the present tense, in the initial form.
For example
(to) work - to work,
(to) do - to do,
(to) buy - buy.
Second form verb is a verb in the past tense (this form is used in all simple past tenses).
worked - worked,
did - did,
bought - bought.
Third form of the verb is a verb in the past tense, which also carries the characteristics of an object (this form is used in the tenses of the Perfect group).
worked - worked,
done - done,
bought - bought.
Note: Of course, when using the 3rd form in our speech, we do not translate it literally, but translate it in the usual past tense.
For example
I have done my homework.
I did my homework (Literally: I did my homework).
How are English verb forms formed?
In regular verbs, both forms of the past tense are formed according to the same rule, so attention is usually not focused on them.
To form the 2nd and 3rd forms, we add the ending -ed to the verb.
Work - worked - worked.
For irregular verbs, the 2nd and 3rd forms can:
- coincide with each other.
Have-had-had,
have - had.
- differ.
Do - did - done,
do - did.
This is precisely the complexity of irregular verbs. To use all 3 forms correctly, you need to memorize them.
Let's look again at the table of formation of 3 forms of verbs.
Table of verb forms in English.
Verb | 1 form | 2nd form education | 3rd form education |
Correct | Add the ending -ed to the verb. | ||
Wrong | The initial form is a verb without changes. | We use the 2nd form of the verb. | We use the 3rd form of the verb. |
In the article, we looked at the most popular ways to memorize irregular verbs and chose the most effective one.
Irregular Verbs in English, these are verbs that have special forms (Past Simple) and (Past Participle). Among them there are both very common ones (feel - to feel, speak - to speak) and rare ones (cleave - to cut, forswear - to renounce). The tables below show common irregular verbs.
Read also:
Despite the fact that irregular verbs change in a special way, they still have some regularity. In the table below, the verbs are given with translation and transcription and are distributed based on the coincidence of forms:
- Verbs AAA - all three forms are the same (cut - cut - cut, cut).
- ABA verbs – the 1st and 3rd forms coincide (run – ran – run, run).
- Verbs ABC – the 2nd and 3rd forms coincide (teach – taught – taught, teach).
- ABC verbs – all forms are different (know – knew – known, know).
Inside the table, words are distributed not alphabetically, but by frequency, i.e. the higher the word, the more often it is used. Attached to the tables pdf files– you can print them out, stick them on cardboard and cut out cards for learning words.
AAA verbs: the same in three forms Download PDF | |||
---|---|---|---|
Translation | Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle |
put | put |
put |
put |
let | let |
let |
let |
cut | cut |
cut |
cut |
put (install) | set |
set |
set |
bet | bet |
bet |
bet |
throw (cast metal) | cast |
cast |
cast |
cost | cost |
cost |
cost |
beat | hit |
hit |
hit |
to cause a pain | hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
to knit | knit |
knit |
knit |
stop | quit |
quit |
quit |
distribute | spread |
spread |
spread |
ABA type verbs: forms 1 and 3 match | |||
run | run |
ran |
run |
come | come |
came |
come |
become | become |
became |
become |
Verbs like ABB: forms 2 and 3 match | |||
read | read |
read |
read |
teach (gain knowledge) | learn |
learn (learned) |
learn (learned) |
think | think [θiŋk] |
thought [θɔ:t] |
thought [θɔ:t] |
teach (educate) | teach |
taught |
taught |
smell (smell) | smell |
smelt |
smelt |
hear | hear |
heard |
heard |
hold | hold |
held |
held |
bring | bring |
brought |
brought |
stand | stand |
stood |
stood |
lose (lose) | lose |
lost |
lost |
meet | meet |
met |
met |
lead | lead |
led |
led |
understand | understand [ʌndə’stænd] |
understood [ʌndə’stud] |
understood [ʌndə’stud] |
win | win |
won |
won |
buy | buy |
bought |
bought |
send | send |
sent |
sent |
sell | sell |
sold |
sold |
catch | catch |
caught |
caught kɔ:t] |
fight | fight |
fought |
fought |
put (lay) | lay |
laid |
laid |
sit | sit |
sat |
sat |
bind | bind |
bound |
bound |
bleed | bleed |
bled |
bled |
build | build |
built |
built |
burn | burn |
burnt |
burnt |
deal with | deal |
dealt |
dealt |
dig | dig |
dug |
dug |
feed | feed |
fed |
fed |
hang | hang |
hung |
hung |
hide | hide |
hid |
hidden [‘hɪdn] |
lean | lean |
lean (leaned) |
lean (leaned) |
lend (to someone) | lend |
tape |
tape |
illuminate | light |
lit |
lit |
ride | ride |
rode |
ridden [‘rɪdn] |
sew | sew |
sewed |
sewed (sewn) |
spell or spell | spell |
spelled |
spelled |
shed | spill |
spilt |
spilt |
spit | spit |
spat (spit) |
spat (spit) |
spoil | spoiler |
spoilt |
spoilt |
stick | stick |
stuck |
stuck |
strike | strike |
struck |
struck |
sweep | sweep |
swept |
swept |
cry | weep |
wept |
wept |
twist | wind |
wound |
wound |
Verbs likeABC: all forms are different |
|||
go | go |
went |
gone |
know | know |
knew |
known |
take | take |
took |
taken [‘teik(ə)n] |
see | see |
saw |
seen |
give | give |
gave |
given |
write | write |
wrote |
written [‘ritn] |
speak | speak |
spoke |
spoken [‘spouk(e)n] |
drive a car | drive |
drove |
driven [‘drivn] |
break | break |
broke |
broken [‘brouk(e)n] |
wear clothes) | wear |
wore |
worn |
There is | eat |
ate |
eaten [‘i:tn] |
drink | drink |
drank |
drunk |
draw (draw) | draw |
drew |
drawn |
steal | steal |
stole |
stolen [‘stəulən] |
throw | throw [θrəu] |
threw [θru:] |
thrown [θrəun] |
blow | blow |
blew |
blown |
fall | fall |
fell |
fallen [‘fɔ:lən] |
start off | begin |
began |
begun |
forget | forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
forgive | forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
fly | fly |
flew |
flown |
freeze (freeze) | freeze |
froze |
frozen [‘frouzn] |
grow | grow |
grew |
grown |
call | ring |
rank |
rung |
shake | shake [ʃeik] |
shook [ʃuk] |
shaken [‘ʃeik(ə)n] |
sing | sing |
sang |
sung |
stink | stink |
stank (stunk) |
stunk |
try | strive |
strove |
striven [‘strɪvn] |
to swear | swear |
swore |
sworn |
tear | tear |
tore |
torn |
wake | wake |
woke up |
woken [‘wouk(e)n] |
Pay attention to the words read And wind. In the 2nd and 3rd forms read is read as . And the verb wind - to twist, should not be confused with the noun wind - wind.
The ten most basic irregular verbs
Among the commonly used irregular verbs we can distinguish the most basic. You need to know them first. Start learning verbs from them, and not in alphabetical order. You can learn them in literally 5 – 10 minutes.
Translation | Infinitive (1st form) | Past Simple (2nd form) | Past Participle (3rd form) |
---|---|---|---|
go | go |
went |
gone |
know | know |
knew |
known |
think | think [θiŋk] |
thought [θɔ:t] |
thought [θɔ:t] |
take | take |
took |
taken [‘teik(ə)n] |
see | see |
saw |
seen |
give | give |
gave |
given |
write | write |
wrote |
written [‘ritn] |
speak | speak |
spoke |
spoken [‘spouk(e)n] |
hear | hear |
heard |
heard |
buy | buy |
bought |
bought |
These verbs need to be learned first
Notes:
- Over time, some verbs have almost turned from irregular to regular. For example, even in not very old textbooks it is written that the verb to work– irregular, it has the forms: work – wrought – wrought. Now the form wrought is hardly used except in established expressions like “wrought iron,” so I have not included it in this table.
- Verbs to learn(learn), to lean(lean) are also more often used as correct: learned, leaned, especially in the USA.
- Pay attention to the forms read – read – read. The word is written the same, but read differently.
- Don't confuse the verb wind(twist) and noun wind- wind. They are written the same, but have different pronunciation and meanings.
- In the British version the verbs sew pronounced like
Verb- this is an independent part of speech that answers the questions what to do?, what to do? (to be, to study, to dream, to go...)
According to the method of formation of past tense forms (V2) and past participles (V3), all verbs of the English language are divided into 2 groups: regular verbs (Regular Verbs) and irregular verbs (Irregular verbs).
The English verb has three forms. Verb forms are designated by Roman numerals I, II, III.
I form(or an infinitive without to), for example: to make (to do) – make – the first, or main form, which answers the question what to do?, what to do? Using the first form of the verb, the Present Simple Tense is formed. When forming Present Simple Tense, the ending is added to the I form of the verb in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it – he, she, it) –s or -es(he jumpes, she jumpes, it jumpes, he cries, she cries, it cries, he does, she does, it does) . With other pronouns (I, we, you, you, they - I, we, you, you, they) the I form of the verb is used without changes.
II form serves to form the simple past tense (Past Simple Tense). When forming the simple past tense, both regular and irregular verbs are used. Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding a suffix to the stem I form –ed(jump – jumped – jump – jumped) . If the verb is not regular, then its past tense form corresponds to the second column in the table of irregular verbs (be – was/were, do – did, make – made).
III form- Participle II (Participle II) is a special form of the verb that denotes the attribute of an object by action and answers the questions of the adjective (lost, baked, made). For regular verbs, form III coincides with form II: jump (I) – jumped (II) – jumped (III) (jump – jumped – jumped). II and III forms of irregular verbs can be formed in various ways, indicated below.
Regular verbs
Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding a suffix to the stem I form -ed (-d), which is pronounced like:
- [ d] after vowels and voiced consonants: to clean (clean) – cleaned (cleaned); to play (play) - played (played);
- [ t] after the deaf ones: to work (work) – worked (worked), to look (look) – looked (looked);
- after [d] And [t]: to want (want) – wanted (wanted), to mend (repair) – mended (repaired).
When forming II and III forms of verbs, pay attention to the following spelling rules:
- If the I form is a short root syllable and ends with one consonant, then when adding the ending –ed the last vowel of the root is doubled: to stop (stop) – sto pped(has stopped).
- -y, preceded by a consonant, the letter y changes to i: to carry (carry) - carried (carried), to study (study) - studied (studied). But if the stem of the verb ends in -y, preceded by a vowel, then simply adds to the stem of the verb - ed: to play (play) – played (played), to stay (stay) – remained (remained).
- If the stem of the verb ends in -e, which is not pronounced, then II and III forms of the verb are formed by adding the ending - d: to arrive (arrive) – arrived (arrived).
Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs- these are verbs that have special, fixed forms of the past tense and participles; their forms do not have a clear formation algorithm and are acquired by memorizing: to make (to do) - made (made) - made (made). Most English irregular verbs are native English, derived from verbs that existed in Old English. Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems (changing the verb according to persons - I'm going, you're going, he's going...).
Irregular verbs are used to form the past simple (Past Simple), present perfect (Present Simple), past perfect tenses (Past Perfect), in passive voice (Passive voice), when converting direct speech into indirect speech (Reported speech), in conditional sentences ( Conditional sentences).
table of irregular verbs
Infinitive | Past Tense | Past Participle | Translation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
arise | [ə"raiz] | arose | [ə"rəuz] | arises | [ə"riz(ə)n] | arise, appear |
awake | [ə"weik] | awoke | [ə"wəuk] | awoken | [ə"wəukən] | wake up, wake up |
be | was,were | , | been | be | ||
bear | bore | born | give birth, bring | |||
beat | beat | beaten | ["bi:tn] | beat | ||
become | became | become | become | |||
begin | began | begun | start off) | |||
bend | bent | bent | bend, bend | |||
bind | bound | bound | bind | |||
bite | bit | bitten | ["bɪtn] | bite) | ||
bleed | bled | bled | bleed | |||
blow | blew | blown | blow | |||
break | broke | broken | ["broukən] | break) | ||
breed | bred | bred | bring up | |||
bring | brought | brought | bring | |||
build | built | built | build | |||
burn | burnt | burnt | burn, burn | |||
burst | burst | burst | burst out, explode | |||
buy | bought | bought | buy | |||
cast | cast | cast | throw, pour (metal) | |||
catch | caught | caught | catch, grab | |||
choose | chose | chosen | ["tʃouzən] | choose, select | ||
come | came | come | come | |||
cost | cost | cost | cost | |||
cut | cut | cut | cut | |||
dig | dug | dug | dig, dig | |||
do | did | done | do | |||
draw | drew | drawn | draw, drag | |||
dream | dream | dream | dream, dream | |||
drink | drank | drunk | drink | |||
drive | drove | driven | ["drɪvən] | drive | ||
eat | ate | eaten | ["i:tn] | There is | ||
fall | fell | fallen | ["fɔ:lən] | fall | ||
feed | fed | fed | feed | |||
feel | felt | felt | feel | |||
fight | fought | fought | fight | |||
find | found | found | find | |||
fit | fit | fit | fit to size | |||
fly | flew | flown | fly | |||
forget | forgot | forgotten | forget | |||
forgive | forgave | forgiven | forgive | |||
freeze | froze | frozen | ["frouzən] | freeze | ||
get | got | got | receive | |||
give | gave | given | ["gɪvən] | give | ||
go | went | gone | go, walk | |||
grow | grew | grown | grow | |||
hang | hung | hung | hang, hang out | |||
have | had | had | have | |||
hear | heard | heard | hear | |||
hide | hid | hidden | ["hɪdn] | hide | ||
hit | hit | hit | hit the target | |||
hold | held | held | hold | |||
hurt | hurt | hurt | injure, bruise | |||
keep | kept | kept | keep, save | |||
kneel | knelt | knelt | kneel | |||
knit | knit | knit | knit (knitting) | |||
know | knew | known | know | |||
lay | laid | laid | put | |||
lead | led | led | lead, lead | |||
lean | leant | leant | tilt | |||
learn | learn | learn | learn | |||
leave | left | left | leave, leave | |||
lend | tape | tape | borrow, lend | |||
let | let | let | let | |||
lie | lay | lain | lie | |||
light | lit | lit | illuminate, light up | |||
lose | lost | lost | lose | |||
make | made | made | do | |||
mean | meant | meant | to mean | |||
meet | met | met | meet | |||
mistake | mistook | mistaken | make a mistake | |||
pay | paid | paid | to pay | |||
put | put | put | put, put | |||
read | read | read | read | |||
ride | rode | ridden | ["rɪdn] | ride | ||
ring | rank | rung | call, ring | |||
rise | rose | risen | ["rɪzən] | get up | ||
run | ran | run | run | |||
say | said | said | speak | |||
see | saw | seen | see | |||
seek | sought | sought | search | |||
sell | sold | sold | sell | |||
send | sent | sent | send | |||
set | set | set | put, put | |||
shake | [ʃeɪk] | shook | [ʃʊk] | shaken | ["ʃeɪkən] | shake |
shine | [ʃaɪn] | shone | [ʃoun, ʃɒn] | shone | [ʃoun, ʃɒn] | shine, shine, glisten |
shoot | [ʃu:t] | shot | [ʃɒt] | shot | [ʃɒt] | fire |
show | [ʃou] | showed | [ʃoud] | shown | [ʃoun] | show |
shrink | [ʃriŋk] | shrank | [ʃræŋk] | shrunk | [ʃrʌŋk] | sit down (about material), reduce (s), reduce (s) |
shut | [ʃʌt] | shut | [ʃʌt] | shut | [ʃʌt] | close |
sing | sang | sung | sing | |||
sink | sank | sunk | drown | |||
sit | sat | sat | sit | |||
sleep | slept | slept | sleep | |||
smell | smelt | smelt | sniff, smell | |||
slide | slide | slide | slide | |||
sow | sowed | south | sow, sow | |||
smell | smelled | smelled | sniff, smell | |||
speak | spoke | spoken | ["spoukən] | speak | ||
spell | spelled | spelled | to spell | |||
spend | spent | spent | spend | |||
spill | spilt | spilt | shed | |||
spit | spat | spat | spit | |||
split | split | split | split | |||
spoiler | spoilt | spoilt | spoil | |||
spread | spread | spread | distribute | |||
stand | stood | stood | stand | |||
steal | stole | stolen | ["stoulən] | steal | ||
stick | stuck | stuck | stick, stick, persist | |||
sting | stung | stung | sting | |||
strike | struck | struck | strike, strike | |||
strive | strove | striven | ["strɪvn] | try, strive | ||
swear | swore | sworn | take an oath | |||
sweep | swept | swept | revenge, sweep | |||
swim | swam | swum | swim | |||
take | took | taken | ["teɪkən] | take, take | ||
teach | taught | taught | learn | |||
tear | tore | torn | tear | |||
tell | told | told | tell | |||
think | [θɪŋk] | thought | [θɔ:t] | thought | [θɔ:t] | think |
throw | [θrou] | threw | [θru:] | thrown | [θroun] | throw |
understand | [ʌndər "stænd] | understood | [ʌndər "stʊd] | understood | [ʌndər "stʊd] | understand |
upset | [ʌp"set] | upset | [ʌp"set] | upset | [ʌp"set] | upset, upset (plans), upset |
wake | woke up | woken | ["woukən] | wake up | ||
wear | wore | worn | wear | |||
weep | wept | wept | cry | |||
wet | wet | wet | wet, moisturize | |||
win | won | won | win, win | |||
wind | wound | wound | wriggle, wind, wind (watch) | |||
write | wrote | written | ["rɪtn] | write |