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Presentation on the topic: DAMAGING FACTORS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION
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Definition Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction with explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, helium isotope nuclei.
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A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, so in terms of destructive and damaging effects it can be hundreds and thousands of times greater than the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives. A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, so in terms of destructive and damaging effects it can be hundreds and thousands of times greater than the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives.
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Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the enemy’s means of mass destruction, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy buildings and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also provide a strong moral and psychological impact to the enemy and thereby create the side using nuclear weapons has favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war. Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the enemy’s means of mass destruction, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy buildings and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also provide a strong moral and psychological impact to the enemy and thereby create the side using nuclear weapons has favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.
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Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. The characteristics of the damaging effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.
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Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by TNT equivalent, i.e. such amount of TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear ammunition by power is conventionally divided into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt) super-large (over 1 Mt).
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Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and in water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: airborne, ground (overwater), underground (underwater).
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Airborne nuclear explosion An airborne nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Severe radioactive contamination of the area occurs only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of a cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.
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The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, electromagnetic pulse. During an airborne nuclear explosion, the soil in the area of the epicenter swells. Radioactive contamination of the area, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas where neutron munitions are used, induced activity is generated in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause injury (irradiation) to personnel.
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An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short-term blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear fission, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instantaneous gamma radiation, ionization of environmental atoms occurs, which leads to the emergence of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.
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At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the charge material turns into a high-temperature plasma emitting X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of hot gases of the luminous region, trying to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching its maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances by air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.
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Ground (above-water) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column is connected to the explosion cloud from the moment of formation. A characteristic feature of a ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion is severe radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.
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Ground (above-water) nuclear explosion The damaging factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic blast waves in the ground.
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Ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater is formed on the surface of the earth and severe radioactive contamination of the area both in the area of the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosion waves occur in the ground, which can disable buried structures.
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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (underwater) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fission fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosion waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a crater in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. There is no light emission or penetrating radiation. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a plume (column of water), a base wave formed when the plume (column of water) collapses.
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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosion waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the area and atmosphere. In a comolet explosion, the main damaging factor is seismic blast waves.
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Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it that the luminous area of the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.
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Underwater nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.
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High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (scattering explosion products), electromagnetic pulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at altitude over 60 km).
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Stratospheric nuclear explosion The damaging factors of stratospheric explosions are: X-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the environment, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the air.
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Cosmic nuclear explosion Cosmic explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values of the characteristics of the physical processes accompanying them, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, resulting in a luminescent air glow that lasts for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic pulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.
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Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and distribution of the energy share of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation – 35%; penetrating radiation – 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse –1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined injuries to personnel. Weapons, equipment and fortifications fail mainly due to the impact of the shock wave.
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Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to a high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.
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Shock wave The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - in 4 s; fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).
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Shock wave The impact of shock waves on people can be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow, leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are affected by flying debris from buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.
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Shock wave At an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm2), unprotected people can receive minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to hydrocarbons with excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.
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Shock wave The degree of damage to various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).
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Light radiation Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and fire of flammable materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is the light pulse.
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Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the area. Any barrier that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns.
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Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. Its duration is 10-15 s, range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, and in the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.
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Penetrating radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In the air it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.
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Penetrating radiation As radiation passes through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of material, passing through which radiation decreases by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. Civil defense structures are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its impact by 200 up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.
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Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of air, terrain, water areas and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 °C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, towards which a dust column rises (that’s why the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and radioactive substances fall out of it.
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Radioactive contamination (contamination) Sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, when located on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which is actually a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (based on the effect on people), radiation dose rate - radiation level (based on the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.
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Electromagnetic pulse In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against electromagnetic pulses is shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.
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The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction. A hotbed of nuclear destruction is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, there have been mass casualties and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.
Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has at its border an excess pressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of continuous rubble in populated areas. The forest is completely destroyed.
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Zone of medium destruction Zone of medium destruction with excess pressure from 20 to 30 kPa. Characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal debris, continuous fires, preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.
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Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and moderate destruction of buildings and structures. The source of damage in terms of the number of dead and injured may be comparable to or greater than the source of damage during an earthquake. Thus, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was up to 140,000 people.
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Exposure to ionizing radiation In the context of military operations with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may be in zones of radioactive contamination, and the irradiation of people may become widespread. To avoid overexposure of facility personnel and the public under such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economic facilities in conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible radiation doses are established. They are: for a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 rad; b) 90 days - 200 rad; systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 rad.
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Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT is a unit of equivalent radiation dose in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by the conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, the weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. Currently, the sievert is increasingly replacing the obsolete physical equivalent of the X-ray (PER).
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Presentation on the topic "Characteristics of nuclear weapons" on life safety in powerpoint format. The presentation provides information about nuclear weapons, their purpose, and the consequences of their use. Author of the presentation: Tarasov Vladimir Yurievich. 
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Characteristics of modern weapons and the consequences of their use
Modern means of destruction include weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and bacteriological (biological)) and conventional means of attack.
Nuclear weapon
- A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive action is determined by the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. These weapons include various nuclear weapons, means of controlling them and delivering them to the target. It is the most powerful type of weapon of mass destruction.
- Nuclear weapons are intended for mass destruction of people, destruction or destruction of administrative and industrial centers, various objects, structures, and equipment.
- The damaging effect of a nuclear explosion depends on the power of the ammunition charge, the type of explosion, and the type of nuclear explosion. The power of a nuclear weapon is characterized by the TNT equivalent, i.e., the mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), the explosion energy of which is equivalent to the explosion energy of a given nuclear weapon, and is measured in tons, thousands, millions of tons. Based on their power, nuclear weapons are divided into ultra-small, small, medium, large and super-large.
Types of explosions
- A ground nuclear explosion is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height that its luminous area touches the surface of the earth and has the shape of a hemisphere or a truncated sphere.
- Aerial nuclear explosions are used to destroy low-strength structures, destroy people and equipment over large areas, or when severe radioactive contamination of the area is unacceptable.
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and their impact on people, buildings, and structures.
A huge amount of energy released during the explosion of a nuclear weapon is spent on the formation of an air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination of the area and an electromagnetic pulse, called the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
Shock wave
- The shock wave of a nuclear explosion is one of the main damaging factors. Depending on the medium in which the shock wave arises and propagates - in air, water or soil, it is called, respectively, an air shock wave, a shock wave in water and a seismic blast wave.
- An air shock wave is an area of sharp compression of air that spreads in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp jump in pressure, is called the shock wave front.
- The shock wave of a nuclear explosion, as with the explosion of conventional ammunition, can cause various injuries to a person, including fatal ones. Lesions caused by a shock wave are divided into mild, moderate and severe.
Light radiation
- The effect of light radiation from a nuclear explosion refers to electromagnetic radiation, which includes the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. The source of light radiation is the luminous area of the explosion.
- Light radiation, affecting people, causes burns to exposed areas of the body and protected by clothing, eyes and temporary blindness. Depending on the magnitude of the light pulse, skin burns are classified into four degrees.
- Light radiation in combination with a shock wave leads to numerous fires and explosions as a result of destruction of gas communications in populated areas and damage to electrical networks. The degree of damaging effects of light radiation is sharply reduced provided that people are notified in a timely manner, the use of protective structures, natural shelters (especially forests and folds of relief), personal protective equipment (protective clothing, glasses) and strict implementation of fire-fighting measures.
Penetrating radiation
- Penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion is the flow of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted from the cloud zone of a nuclear explosion. The sources of penetrating radiation are nuclear reactions occurring in the ammunition at the moment of explosion, and the radioactive decay of fission fragments (products) in the explosion cloud.
- Penetrating radiation, spreading in a medium, ionizes its atoms, and when passing through living tissue, it ionizes the atoms and molecules that make up the cells. This leads to disruption of normal metabolism, changes in the nature of the life of cells, individual organs and systems of the body.
- Reliable protection against penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion is the protective structures of civil defense. When passing through various materials, the flow of gamma rays and neutrons is weakened. The ability of a material to attenuate gamma radiation or neutrons is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. a thick layer of material that reduces the radiation dose by 2 times.
Radioactive contamination of the area
- Among the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination occupies a special place, since not only the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also an area ten or even hundreds of kilometers away can be exposed to its effects. At the same time, contamination can be created over large areas and for a long time, posing a danger to people and animals.
- The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat area with constant wind direction and speed has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conventionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger for people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed until the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or the radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion
- Reliable protection against radioactive contamination are protective structures (shelters, control devices, blocked cracks, basements of industrial and residential buildings, etc.), personal protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, dust-proof fabric masks and cotton-gauze bandages, ordinary clothes and shoes).
Electromagnetic pulse
During nuclear explosions, powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more arise in the atmosphere. Due to the short duration of existence of such fields, they are usually called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).
Air explosion
An aerial explosion is a nuclear explosion whose minimum height is above the surface of the earth, while the luminous area does not touch the surface of the earth and has the shape of a sphere.
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Weapons whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy
released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes.
Nuclear bomb explosion in Nagasaki (1945).
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Damaging factors
- Shock wave
- Light radiation
- Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation)
- Radioactive contamination of the area
- Electromagnetic pulse
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Shock wave
The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. Represents an area of sharp compression
environment spreading in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed.
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Light radiation
A stream of radiant energy including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays.
It spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 seconds.
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Electromagnetic pulse
A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms of the environment.
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Depending on the type of nuclear charge, we can distinguish:
- thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction;
- neutron weapon - a low-power nuclear charge, supplemented with a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.
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Soviet intelligence had information about work on creating an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from nuclear physicists who sympathized with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that the letter from the Soviet physicist Flerov addressed to him at the beginning of 1943, who was able to explain the essence of the problem popularly, was of decisive importance. As a result, on February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a decree to begin work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as head of the atomic project (his appointment was signed on March 10). Information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.
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On November 6, 1947, USSR Foreign Minister V.M. Molotov made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that “this secret has long ceased to exist.” This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and it had these weapons at its disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952.
American reconnaissance satellites have discovered the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting claims by Moscow, which denies that tactical weapons were deployed there.
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The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at a built test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the Pravda newspaper published a TASS message “in connection with the statement of US President Truman about carrying out an atomic explosion in the USSR”:
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Learning objectives: 1. History of the creation of nuclear weapons. 2. Types of nuclear explosions. 3. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. 4. Protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
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Questions to test knowledge on the topic: “Safety and protection of people from emergency situations” 1. What is an emergency situation? a) a particularly complex social phenomenon b) a certain state of the natural environment c) the situation in a certain territory, which may entail human casualties, damage to health, significant material losses and disruption of living conditions. 2. Name two types of emergency situations based on their origin? 3. Name four types of situations in which a modern person may find himself? 4. Name the system created in Russia for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations: a) system for monitoring and monitoring the state of the natural environment; b) Unified state system for emergency prevention and response; c) a system of forces and means to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations. 5. RSChS has five levels: a) object; b) territorial; c) local; d) village; e) federal; f) production; g) regional; h) republican; i) district.
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History of the creation and development of nuclear weapons This conclusion became the impetus for developments in the creation of nuclear weapons. In 1896, the French physicist A. Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. It marked the beginning of the era of study and use of nuclear energy. 1905 Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a large amount of energy. 1938, as a result of experiments by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, they manage to split the uranium atom into two approximately equal parts by bombarding uranium with neutrons. British physicist Otto Robert Frisch explained how energy is released when the nucleus of an atom splits. At the beginning of 1939, the French physicist Joliot-Curie concluded that a chain reaction was possible that would lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive force and that uranium could become a source of energy, like an ordinary explosive.
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On July 16, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb test, called Trinity, was conducted in New Mexico. On the morning of August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the Little Boy uranium atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The power of the explosion was, according to various estimates, from 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. On August 9, 1945, the Fat Man plutonium bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Its power was much greater and amounted to 15-22 kt. This is due to the more advanced design of the bomb. The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out at 7:00 on August 29, 1949 at the built test site in the Semipalatinsk region of the Kazakh SSR. Testing of the bombs showed that the new weapon was ready for combat use. The creation of these weapons marked the beginning of a new stage in the use of wars and the art of war.
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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.
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The explosion power of nuclear weapons is usually measured in units of TNT equivalent. TNT equivalent is the mass of trinitrotoluene that would provide an explosion equivalent in power to the explosion of a given nuclear weapon.
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Nuclear explosions can be carried out at different heights. Depending on the position of the center of the nuclear explosion relative to the surface of the earth (water), there are:
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Ground Produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height when the luminous area touches the ground. Used to destroy ground targets. Underground Produced below ground level. Characterized by severe contamination of the area. Underwater Produced underwater. Light radiation and penetrating radiation are practically absent. Causes severe radioactive contamination of water.
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Space Used at an altitude of more than 65 km to destroy space targets. High-altitude Produced at altitudes from several hundred meters to several kilometers. There is practically no radioactive contamination of the area. Airborne Used at altitudes from 10 to 65 km to destroy air targets.
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Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of nuclear weapons
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A shock wave is an area of sharp compression of air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The shock wave is the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion and about 50% of its energy is spent on its formation. The front boundary of the compressed layer of air is called the front of the air shock wave. And it is characterized by the amount of excess pressure. As is known, excess pressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the air wave front and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. Excess pressure is measured in Pascals (Pa).
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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (at the outer boundary) of over 50 kPa. All buildings and structures, as well as anti-radiation shelters and part of the shelters, are completely destroyed, continuous rubble is formed, and the utility and energy network is damaged.
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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF SEVERE DAMAGE The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (at the outer boundary) from 50 to 30 kPa. Ground buildings and structures are severely damaged, local rubble is formed, and continuous and massive fires occur.
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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF MEDIUM DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (at the outer boundary) from 30 to 20 kPa. Buildings and structures suffer moderate damage. Shelters and basement-type shelters are preserved.
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During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF WEAK DAMAGE The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (at the outer boundary) from 20 to 10 kPa. Buildings suffer minor damage.
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Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air up to millions of degrees. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, the fireball lasts 20-30 seconds. The light radiation from a nuclear explosion is very strong, causing burns and temporary blindness. Depending on the severity of the injury, burns are divided into four degrees: first - redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; fourth - charring of the skin.
Slide 19
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Penetrating radiation (ionizing radiation) is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts for 10-15 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. To assess the impact of various types of ionizing radiation on humans (animals), it is necessary to take into account their two main characteristics: ionizing and penetrating abilities. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing but weak penetrating ability. For example, even ordinary clothing protects a person from this type of radiation. However, the entry of alpha particles into the body through air, water and food is already very dangerous. Beta radiation has less ionizing power than alpha radiation, but greater penetrating power. Here you need to use any shelter for protection. And finally, gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating power. Alpha radiation comes from helium-4 nuclei and can easily be stopped by a piece of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.
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The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated environment. Distinguish: exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). characterizes the potential danger of exposure to ionizing radiation during general and uniform irradiation of the human body; the absorbed dose is measured in rads (rad). determines the effect of ionizing radiation on biological tissues of the body that have different atomic composition and density. Depending on the radiation dose, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: total radiation dose, rad degree of radiation sickness duration of the latent period 100-250 1 - mild 2-3 weeks (curable) 250-400 2 - average week (with active treatment, recovery in 1.5-2 months) 400-700 3 - severe, several hours (with a favorable outcome, recovery in 6-8 months) More than 700 4 - extremely severe no (lethal dose )
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Radioactive particles falling from the cloud to the ground form a zone of radioactive contamination, the so-called trace, which can spread several hundred kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion. Radioactive contamination - contamination of the area, atmosphere, water and other objects with radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. Depending on the degree of infection and the danger of affecting people, the trace is divided into four zones: A - moderate (up to 400 rad.); B – strong (up to 1200 rad.); B – dangerous (up to 4000 rad); D – extremely dangerous infection (up to 10,000 rads).
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Slide captions:
Modern means of destruction and their damaging factors. Measures to protect the population. The presentation was prepared by life safety teacher Gorpenyuk S.V.
Checking homework: Principles of organizing civil defense and its purpose. Name the tasks of civil defense. How is civil defense managed? Who is the Head of Civil Defense at the school?
The first test of nuclear weapons In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, an American nuclear center was created in 1942. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remains at the explosion site are fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand has turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era.
WMD Chemical weapons Nuclear weapons Biological weapons
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS Issues studied: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Characteristics of a nuclear explosion. Basic principles of protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
In the early 40s. In the 20th century, the physical principles of a nuclear explosion were developed in the United States. The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the United States on July 16, 1945. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg. History of the creation of nuclear weapons
In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb was carried out in August 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb. The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size. In the 60s of the 20th century, nuclear weapons were introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. History of the creation of nuclear weapons
NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.
The structure of an atomic bomb The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system. The housing is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given point in time and eliminates its accidental or premature activation. It includes: - a safety and cocking system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. The means of delivering nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, and aircraft. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, landmines, torpedoes, and artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon, in which a projectile made of fissile material impacts the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb launched by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.
Atomic bomb device
Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles
Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion
The (air) shock wave is an area of strong pressure spreading from the epicenter of the explosion - the most powerful damaging factor. Causes destruction over a large area, can “flow” into basements, cracks, etc. Protection: shelter. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s. Shock wave injuries are caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (velocity pressure) caused by the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are damaged mainly as a result of the projectile action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are damaged by the action of excess pressure.
2. Light emission: lasts several seconds and causes severe fires in the area and burns to people. Protection: any barrier that provides shade. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
The light emitted by a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, lasting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on exposed skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothing in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the injury, burns are divided into four degrees: first - redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; fourth - charring of the skin.
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion: 3. Penetrating radiation is an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons, lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.) Alpha radiation consists of helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.
The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated environment. A distinction is made between exposure dose and absorbed dose. Exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One roentgen is a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.
Reduction of the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material
4 . Radioactive contamination of the area: occurs in the wake of a moving radioactive cloud when precipitation and explosion products fall out of it in the form of small particles. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE). Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
In areas where there is radioactive contamination, it is strictly prohibited:
5 . Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (aircraft on-board computers, etc.) Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (since they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object slowly descended by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the Baby bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and the shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, or exposed to radiation. On an area of 12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90 thousand buildings, 62 thousand were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.
Atomic bomb "Little Man", Hiroshima Types of bombs: Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki
Types of nuclear explosions
Ground explosion Air explosion High altitude explosion Underground explosion Types of nuclear explosions
the main way to protect people and equipment from a shock wave is shelter in ditches, ravines, hollows, cellars, and protective structures; Any barrier that can create a shadow can protect you from the direct action of light radiation. It is also weakened by dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, and snowfall. Shelters and anti-radiation shelters (PRU) almost completely protect people from the effects of penetrating radiation.
Measures to protect against nuclear weapons
Measures to protect against nuclear weapons
Questions for consolidation: What is meant by the term “WMD”? When did nuclear weapons first appear and when were they used? Which countries officially have nuclear weapons today?
Fill out the table “Nuclear weapons and their characteristics”, based on the textbook data (pp. 47-58). Homework: Damaging factor Characteristic Duration of exposure after the moment of explosion Units of measurement Shock wave Light radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Electromagnetic pulse
Law of the Russian Federation “On Civil Defense” dated February 12, 1998 No. 28 (as amended by Federal Law dated October 9, 2002 No. 123-FZ, dated June 19, 2004 No. 51-FZ, dated August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ). Law of the Russian Federation “On martial law” dated January 30, 2002 No. 1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 2007 No. 804 “On approval of the regulations on civil defense in the Russian Federation.” Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1996 No. 1396 “On the reorganization of the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations into the management bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations.” Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2005 No. 999 “On approval of the procedure for creating non-standard emergency rescue units.” Methodological recommendations for the creation, preparation, and equipment of NASF - M.: Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2005. Methodological recommendations for local governments on the implementation of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the general principles of local self-government in the Russian Federation” in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety and safety of people on water bodies. Manual on organizing and maintaining civil defense in an urban area (city) and at an industrial facility of the national economy. Magazine "Civil Defense" No. 3-10 for 1998. Responsibilities of officials of civil defense organizations. Textbook “Life Safety. 10th grade ", A.T. Smirnov et al. M, "Enlightenment", 2010. Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Yu.P. Podolyan, 10th grade. http://himvoiska.narod.ru/bwphoto.html Literature, Internet resources.
