Concept and features of professional vocabulary
Words related to professional vocabulary are called professionalisms. Halperin interpreted professionalisms as “...words associated with the production activities of people united by one profession or occupation.” In his opinion, professionalisms are correlated with terms. The latter appear to define newly emerging concepts as a result of scientific discoveries and technological progress. Professionalisms denote in a new way already known concepts, usually objects and processes of labor (activity). Professionalisms differ from terms in that terms are a specialized part of literary and book vocabulary, and professionalisms are a specialized part of non-literary colloquial vocabulary. The semantic structure of professionalism is obscured by a figurative representation in which the distinguished features can be quite random and arbitrary. The emergence of professionalism is based on semantic specialization - the narrowing of the meaning of a word.
An example is the speech of teachers. Their vocabulary is dominated by words such as lesson introspection, curriculum, extracurricular activities, lesson plan, etc.
Professionalisms- these are words and phrases that are currently not officially recognized designations of special concepts.
Professionalisms usually appear in cases where there is a need to designate a variety of a concept or object, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized and then begin to be called terms.
Please name the words professionalism and their meaning and who uses them? and got the best answer
Answer from Daria Alexandrova (Stepanova)[guru]
For example:
chief director - chief director;
Examples:
Source:
Reply from Unfamiliar[guru]
Reply from Kamilla Sycheva[newbie]
Professionalisms are colloquial synonyms of terms accepted in a professional group:
for example: The steering wheel is a steering wheel (in the speech of drivers), a typo is a blunder (among newspapermen), etc.
Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc.
Unlike terms that are official names of special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strict character.
Reply from Akemi Hirano[newbie]
Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.
The basis of many professionalisms is some kind of vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means ‘to land the plane hard’, i.e. to land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are contrasted with terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is “semi-official” compared to terminology: these are informal synonyms of official scientific names.
Reply from Ivan Kosatukhin[newbie]
PROFESSIONALISM, words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group
For example:
“to the mountain”, “assault” (in the miners’ speech)
chief director - chief director;
overlay - "mistake" (from the actor's speech),
jamb - "error" - (from the speech of engineers),
wiper - “car windshield wiper”; steering wheel - steering wheel (from the speech of motorists). .
Professional vocabulary also includes words and expressions used in various fields of production and techniques that, however, have not become generally used.
Professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc.
Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. A special group includes technicalisms - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.
Professionalisms, in contrast to their commonly used equivalents, serve to distinguish between closely related concepts used in a certain type of human activity. Thanks to this, professional vocabulary is indispensable for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader.
Particularly highlighted are professional slang words that have a reduced expressive connotation.
Examples:
for journalists - snowdrop - “a person working as a correspondent for a newspaper, but enrolled in a different specialty”; what to call? - “how to title (article, essay)?”; add italics (emphasize in italics).
In the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, the specialist who selects illustrations is called a build editor. Build editor is a term. However, in the actual production process it is most often called a build for short - this is professionalism, professional jargon. Bild trampled all the photos according to the layout - undoubtedly, this sentence uses professionalism, but not terms.
in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name for capital repairs is used; specialists who build and maintain computer systems in companies are system administrators.
The following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers:
ending - a graphic decoration at the end of a book, clogged font - worn out, worn out font from outdated linotype printing, etc.
Journalists call the preparation of a future text, a draft, a fish or a dog.
Engineers jokingly call the self-recording device a snitch.
In the speech of pilots there are the words nedomaz, peremaz, meaning undershooting and overshooting the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage - balloon, give a goat - to land the plane hard, as a result of which it bounces after touching the ground, etc.
Many of these professionalisms have a judgmental or understated tone. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called skippers. Bankers in conversations with each other will use the word auto loans instead of the term car loans, officials call housing and communal services communal services, and the social sphere - social services, etc.
Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a certain speaking group, united by some production activity, specialty or profession (medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms denote special concepts, tools or products of labor, and labor production processes. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are some examples: scalpel - a small surgical knife, usually with an arched blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German: Spon “sliver”) - a thin metal plate, not reaching the height of the font, inserted between the lines of type to increase the distance between them; quarterdeck - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (Latin alibi “in another place”) - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezdra - the wrong side of tanned leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they are seriously different from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,
- they are part of the vocabulary of the literary language.
In a number of cases, the scope of use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. This is explained either by the wide distribution of a special subject and concept, or by their metaphorical use to designate objects and phenomena of reality that were not previously named by them. For example, the words combine, globe, screen became part of the national dictionary after harvesting with a combine became firmly established in our agriculture, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to their metaphorical use, the following words, for example, became popular from professionalism: emergency (cf.: “An emergency was declared”) - originally the naval command “All up!”; fermentation (cf.: fermentation of minds) - originally a biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally a mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf.: growth rate) is originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that, as lexical units, are known only in special use, for example: troetes (from the carpenters' dictionary) - a long nail connecting three timbers at once; print - a print or photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos is a fibrous white material from which fireproof products are made (this word first came to us from the Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., as well as words that with other meanings are part of the national vocabulary: bridge - place on the deck, from where the commander commands the ship; header - title in large font, title of several articles (typesetting), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in oral speech of representatives of any profession, specialty and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is also possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can be justified only as a certain stylistic means for depicting work activity and the production landscape, for the speech characteristics of characters. When using certain professionalisms, you should remember that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of work, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "
Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in the vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in Ozhegov’s well-known dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.
Professionalisms in the Russian language: place and meaning
First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.
Special vocabulary also penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows that perigee, and no one will be surprised by the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.
Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.
Communication between specialists, all kinds of scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.
special vocabulary
First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. These terms are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example is professionalism in medicine.
Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.
Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.
The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms of scientific concepts. Examples of professionalisms can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Occurrence classification
There are three ways to form special words:
Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.
Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.
Features of speech and special words
Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all. The dryness of the official business style will not surprise anyone, therefore, professionalisms in it have a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.
As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:
For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;
They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;
Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.
For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:
Informational;
Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);
Saving speech effort - professionalism always explains in shorter terms;
Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.
Where do special words come from?
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects have shared the definition for the big road - highway.
Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.
Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require specific names to be grouped into thematic groups.
About lexical-thematic groups
Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:
Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.
Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.
Even professionalism can indicate the quality of work. In construction, they say about brickwork: waste (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).
All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.
About lexical-semantic groups
They are united not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of an object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:
Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening a dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.
Terminological synonyms. In different fields, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, crowbar is called a “pencil”.
Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.
And finally about jargon
Each profession has a number of words, phrases, and expressions that contain very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.
The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - a social dialect widespread in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.
Conclusion
Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.
The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech
Research by Irina Chernyshova, Dasha Novikova and Zosia KostrovaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.
Ways to carry out work:
1). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results obtained
4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole
Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Results in chart form
3).Analysis of results
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, between the shape of a part and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words of colloquial vocabulary in their reduced, rough expression, and also in the fact that they, like jargons and colloquialisms, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we received:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).
From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the word “professionalism” in this meaning does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting the survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we do not need the term “professionalism” in everyday life. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (for example, major mood means “good mood”)
