Lesson on the topic: “XVII century. Popular uprisings in Russia"
Target:
1. On the example of popular uprisings, characterize the 17th century as
"rebellious".
2. To prove that in the conditions of further enslavement of the peasants, the people
unrest does not subside.
Type: combined with presentation.
Concepts: "Rebellious age", uprising, enslavement of peasants.
Equipment: map: "People's uprisings in Russia in the 4070s of the XVII century."
Org. Moment Introduction. (using presentation).
The "rebellious" age is a century of upheavals,
Age of change and victory.
The people have lost all freedom
Drip of tyranny for a long century.
But the Orthodox did not reconcile,
He fought hard.
The whole century fought mercilessly,
But there is no end to the struggle...
Continuing to study the 17th century, today we will focus on such a definition of it,
like "rebellious". After all, the 17th century was remembered by Russia as the century of Troubles, peasant
uprisings led by I. Bolotnikov and S. Razin, near the city
uprisings, the Solovetsky rebellion and the streltsy uprisings. And therefore the goal
our lesson: on the example of several urban uprisings, to prove that XVII
century was really "rebellious". But before we get to the topic of the lesson,
Let's remember what the 17th century was like.
Describe the political system of Russia in the 17th century.
The social structure of Russia in the 17th century.
What's new in the economy?
What is manufacturing?
Conclusion. In industry, the development of early capitalist
production, but it was hampered by serf relations, which
formed the basis of agriculture.
How did agriculture develop?
What are the disadvantages of this path?
General conclusion. The development of the country after the troubled times was very
controversial character. On the one hand, the economy has stepped forward noticeably,
on the other hand, the situation of the masses, who bore the main
the severity of the tax burden. This led to the intensification of social struggle,
which characterizes this period.
Russia, Russia, Motherland,
Not an easy way through the ages
You saw everything on the road
Joy, pain and fear.
But the wounds healed
And century after century passed.
You expanded, grew stronger,
Rebuilt again
rulers changed
Laws composed
The dynasty has changed
And it got more complicated again.
The 17th century passed uneasily,
The people went to fight for freedom.
Uprisings, riots, lasted a hundred years
That century was called "rebellious" for this.
We have come to the concretization of this social struggle. To the "rebellious" age.
This will be the topic of our lesson.
What is the definition of this concept?
The "rebellious" age is a time of mass discontent of various segments of the population
their economic and social position.
In 1648, a new, powerful movement broke out, called the Salt
riot.
In the first years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, special influence
used by the tutor of the king Boris Ivanovich Morozov. powerful man and
smart. He did a lot for the penetration of European achievements in Russia,
but for state needs and for reforms in the army there is no money
enough. On February 7, 1646, a high tax on salt was introduced by decree. And the salt
was the product that people could not refuse in the 17th century.
It was not possible to prepare food in the future without salt. In 16461648
salt prices increased 34 times. The people were starving, while thousands of pounds
cheap fish rotted on the Volga: because of the high cost of salt, fishermen do not
could prepare it. Everyone was not happy. Less expensive salt was sold
the former, and the treasury suffered significant losses. At the end of 1647 the tax
was canceled, but the population had to immediately pay taxes for 16461647.
A flurry of requisitions fell upon the people and caused widespread indignation, which
escalated into open protests against the authorities.
What is the main reason for the rebellion?
On June 1, 1648, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from
pilgrimages from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. As soon as he entered the city, his
was met by a crowd of Muscovites of petitioners. They surrounded the carriage and began
complain about Leonty Stepanovich Pleshcheev - the head of the Zemsky order,
in charge of the administration of the capital.
Chronicle: “There was confusion, in the world they beat the brow of the sovereign with all the earth on
Zemstvo judge on Levontiy Stepanov, son of Pleshcheev, which is from him in the world
became a great tax. Pointed out injustice and daily
evil deeds committed by him and asked that he be removed, and on his
the place was planted by an honest man. But the sovereign king of that day throughout the earth
Levonti did not extradite.
The king went on. The rebels tried to file a petition to the queen, but
Streltsy guard dispersed them, while arresting 16 people, whom
sent to a torture chamber - the Konstantin-Eleninskaya tower of the Kremlin. it
enraged the people, and stones flew into the royal retinue. Some boyars
were injured.
On June 2, 1648, a procession took place with a cross and an icon of God of Vladimir
mother in the Sretensky Monastery. The rebels surrounded the king, demanding
to release the arrested, the king promised to listen to the people when he returned from
monastery. After the prayer service, the tsar returned to the Kremlin, followed by several thousand
rebels.
Chronicle: “And how the sovereign went from the holiday, and for him, the sovereign, they came
on his sovereign's court of all ranks of townspeople and all orders of archers with
great ignorance. Relentlessly and with loud cries demanded
final decision of their desires and expressed complaints.
For negotiations, the princes Volkonsky and Tyomkin Rostovsky came out to the rebels,
but the mob took them hostage. Archers went over to the side of the rebels and
serfs. The rebels moved from demands and threats to action.
Chronicle: "They plundered many boyar courts and okolnichy, and noblemen, and
living rooms".
From 40 to 70 households were affected (Morozova, Trakhaniotova - chief
Pushkarsky order, Chisty - the head of the Ambassadorial order, Pleshcheev -
head of the Zemsky order). Pure, who was considered the initiator of the tax,
chopped up, throwing the body on a pile of dung. On June 3, the uprising continued. Patriarch
Joseph on Red Square tried to persuade the people, the boyars joined him,
Morozov's opponents. They nominated as their protege a relative of the king -
Romanov, who wanted to take the place of Morozov. The rebels saw in Romanov
"good, good" boyar and wanted him to rule with the king. And
shouted about this to the king:
Chronicle: “And for the time being, the great sovereign, there will be no decree for us, and
we are from the city, we will not go out of the Kremlin; and there will be internecine strife and blood
big s boyars and people from all ranks with us, with all people and with all the mob
and all the people!”
The tsar was forced to extradite Pleshcheev (he was torn to pieces). June 4, the king is forced
was to return Trakhaniotov, who was sent as governor to Ustyuzhna
Zheleznopolskaya, and handed him over to the rebels (he was executed). Morozov tried
run away, but the coachmen recognized him and almost killed him. He hid in the royal chambers,
then he was sent away.
The events included the nobles and the upper tenants. Using confusion and
weakening of the government, they filed a petition to the king (requirement
streamline legal proceedings, establish the correct conduct of cases in orders,
convene the Zemsky Sobor).
Unrest continued both in the capital and in the regions. In this environment, the authorities 16
June collected the Zemsky Cathedral. For the preparation of the Code, a commission was created in
led by Odoevsky. In January 1649, the Code was adopted.
Working with a document:
What did the people get?
What did it lead to?
After that there were uprisings in other cities: Kursk, Kozlov, Yelets,
Chuguev, Ustyug, Pskov, Novgorod.
A student's story about the uprising of 1650 in Pskov and Novgorod.
Bright, but fleeting was another uprising in Moscow called
Copper Riot of 1662. (Student's story.)
We examined the most striking examples of urban uprisings of the "Rebellious" century.
Let's summarize:
Who were the rebels?
What were their goals?
What are the results of the uprisings?
So, the uprisings as a whole ended inconclusively.
The situation of the people did not improve and they were looking for freemen - where? (On South.)
We talked about urban uprisings, but the bulk of the population was -
who? (Peasants.)
What does the Code say about peasants?
How could the peasants resist the situation?
Where did they go?
On the outskirts of Russia, a mass of peasants and runaway townspeople accumulated.
What happened there? (Student's story.)
What could it lead to? (A new peasant uprising.)
That's what we'll talk about in the next lesson.
Conclusion. Obsolete orders hampered the development of new economic
relations, which led to a deterioration in the situation of the people and, as a result, to
social struggle that characterizes the 17th century as "rebellious".
Homework: paragraph in the textbook.
1. "Salt Riot"
The 17th century in Russian history gained a reputation as "rebellious". Indeed, it began with the Troubles, the middle of it was marked by urban uprisings, the last third - by the uprising of Stepan Razin.
The most important reasons for such a scale of social conflicts, unprecedented before in Russia, were the development of serfdom, the strengthening of state taxes and duties.
In 1646, a duty was introduced on salt, which significantly increased its price. Meanwhile, salt in the XVII century. was one of the most important products - the main preservative that allowed the storage of meat and fish. Following the salt, these products themselves have risen in price. Their sales fell, unsold goods began to deteriorate. This caused discontent, both consumers and merchants. Growth in government revenues was less than expected as salt smuggling developed. Already at the end of 1647, the "salt" tax was abolished. In an effort to compensate for the losses, the government cut the salaries of service people "according to the instrument", that is, archers and gunners. General discontent continued to grow.
On June 1, 1648, the so-called "salt" riot took place in Moscow. The crowd stopped the carriage of the tsar, who was returning from pilgrimage, and demanded that the head of the Zemsky order, Leonty Pleshcheev, be replaced. Pleshcheev's servants tried to disperse the audience, which only provoked even more bitterness. On June 2, pogroms of boyar estates began in Moscow. The clerk Nazariy Chistoy, whom Muscovites considered the inspirer of the salt tax, was killed. The rebels demanded that the closest associate of the tsar, boyar Morozov, who actually led the entire state apparatus, and the head of the Pushkar order, boyar Trakhaniotov, be handed over for reprisal. Not having the strength to suppress the uprising, in which, along with the townspeople, servicemen "according to the instrument" participated, the tsar yielded, ordering the extradition of Pleshcheev and Trakhaniotov, who were immediately killed. Morozov, his tutor and brother-in-law (the tsar and Morozov were married to sisters) Aleksei Mikhailovich “prayed” from the rebels and sent him into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
The government announced the cessation of collecting arrears, convened a Zemsky Sobor, at which the most important demands of the townspeople to ban the transition to the "white settlements" and the nobles - to introduce an indefinite search for fugitives were satisfied (for more details, see topic 24). Thus, the government satisfied all the demands of the rebels, which indicates the relative weakness of the state apparatus (primarily repressive) at that time.
2. Uprisings in other cities
Following the Salt Riot, urban uprisings swept through other cities: Veliky Ustyug, Kursk, Kozlov, Pskov, Novgorod.
The strongest were the uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod, caused by a rise in the price of bread due to its deliveries to Sweden. The urban poor, who were threatened by famine, expelled the governor, defeated the courts of wealthy merchants and seized power. In the summer of 1650, both uprisings were suppressed by government troops, although they managed to enter Pskov only due to discord among the rebels.
3. "Copper Riot"
In 1662, a major uprising again took place in Moscow, which went down in history as the "Copper Riot". It was caused by an attempt by the government to replenish the treasury, devastated by a difficult long war with Poland (1654-1667) and Sweden (1656-58). In order to compensate for the huge costs, the government put copper money into circulation, equating it with silver in price. At the same time, taxes were collected in silver coins, and goods were ordered to be sold with copper money. The salaries of servicemen were also paid in copper. Copper money was not trusted, especially since they were often forged. Not wanting to trade for copper money, the peasants stopped bringing food to Moscow, which caused prices to skyrocket. Copper money depreciated: if in 1661 two copper rubles were given for a silver ruble, then in 1662 - 8.
On July 25, 1662, a riot followed. Some of the townspeople rushed to smash the boyar estates, while others moved to the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, where the tsar was in those days. Alexei Mikhailovich promised the rebels to come to Moscow and sort things out. The crowd seemed to calm down. But in the meantime, new groups of rebels appeared in Kolomenskoye - those who had previously broken the courtyards of the boyars in the capital. They demanded that the tsar extradite the boyars most hated by the people and threatened that if the sovereign "does not give them back those boyars," then they "will begin to have them themselves, according to their custom."
However, during the negotiations, archers called by the tsar had already arrived in Kolomenskoye, who fell on the unarmed crowd and drove it to the river. Over 100 people drowned, many were hacked or captured, and the rest fled. By royal order, 150 rebels were hanged, the rest were beaten with a whip and branded with iron.
Unlike the "salt", "copper" rebellion was brutally suppressed, as the government managed to keep the archers on its side and use them against the townspeople.
4. Rebellion of Stepan Razin
The largest popular performance of the second half of the XVII century. happened on the Don and Volga.
The population of the Don was the Cossacks. The Cossacks were not engaged in agriculture. Their main occupations were hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and raids on the possessions of neighboring Turkey, the Crimea and Persia. For guard service to protect the southern borders of the state, the Cossacks received royal salaries in bread, money and gunpowder. The government also put up with the fact that runaway peasants and townspeople found shelter on the Don. The principle "no extradition from the Don" was in effect.
In the middle of the XVII century. equality no longer existed in the Cossack environment. The elite of the wealthy (“home-loving”) Cossacks stood out, who owned the best fisheries, herds of horses, who received the best share in the booty and the royal salary. Poor ("goat-like") Cossacks worked for the homely.
In the 40s. 17th century the Cossacks lost access to the Azov and Black Seas, as the Turks fortified the fortress of Azov. This prompted the Cossacks to move their campaigns for prey to the Volga and the Caspian Sea. The robbery of Russian and Persian merchant kravans caused great damage to trade with Persia and the entire economy of the Lower Volga region. Simultaneously with the influx of fugitives from Russia, the hostility of the Cossacks to the Moscow boyars and clerks also grew.
Already in 1666, a detachment of Cossacks under the command of Ataman Vasily Us invaded Russia from the Upper Don, reached almost Tula, destroying noble estates on its way. Only the threat of a meeting with a large government army forced Mustache to turn back. Numerous serfs who joined him went with him to the Don. The speech of Vasily Us showed that the Cossacks are ready at any moment to oppose the existing order and authorities.
In 1667, a detachment of a thousand Cossacks went to the Caspian Sea on a campaign "for zipuns", that is, for prey. At the head of this detachment was ataman Stepan Timofeevich Razin - a native of the homely Cossacks, strong-willed, intelligent and mercilessly cruel. Razin's detachment during 1667-1669 robbed Russian and Persian merchant caravans, attacked coastal Persian cities. With rich booty, the Razintsy returned to Astrakhan, and from there to the Don. "Campaign for zipuns" was purely predatory. However, its meaning is wider. It was in this campaign that the core of the Razin army was formed, and the generous distribution of alms to the common people brought unprecedented popularity to the ataman.
In the spring of 1670, Razin began a new campaign. This time he decided to go against the "traitor boyars". Without resistance, Tsaritsyn was captured, the inhabitants of which gladly opened the gates to the Cossacks. The archers sent against Razin from Astrakhan went over to his side. Their example was followed by the rest of the Astrakhan garrison. The resisting voevoda and the Astrakhan nobles were killed.
After that, Razin headed up the Volga. Along the way, he sent out "charming letters", calling on the common people to beat the boyars, governors, nobles and clerks. To attract supporters, Razin spread a rumor that Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich (actually already deceased) and Patriarch Nikon were in his army. The main participants in the uprising were Cossacks, peasants, serfs, townspeople and workers. The cities of the Volga region surrendered without resistance. In all the captured cities, Razin introduced management along the lines of the Cossack circle.
Failure awaited Razin only near Simbirsk, the siege of which dragged on. Meanwhile, the government sent a 60,000-strong army to suppress the uprising. On October 3, 1670, near Simbirsk, the government army under the command of the governor Yuri Baryatinsky inflicted a severe defeat on the Razints. Razin was wounded and fled to the Don, to the Kagalnitsky town, from which he began his campaign a year ago. He hoped to re-gather his supporters. However, the homely Cossacks, led by the military ataman Kornila Yakovlev, realizing that Razin's actions could bring royal wrath to all the Cossacks, seized him and handed him over to the government governors.
Razin was tortured and in the summer of 1671 he was executed on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow along with his brother Frol. The participants in the uprising were subjected to cruel persecution and executions.
The main reasons for the defeat of the Razin uprising were its spontaneity and low organization, the fragmentation of the actions of the peasants, as a rule, limited to the destruction of the estate of their own master, the lack of clearly conscious goals for the rebels. Even if the Razintsy managed to win and capture Moscow (this did not happen in Russia, but in other countries, for example, in China, the rebellious peasants managed to take power several times), they would not be able to create a new just society. After all, the only example of such a just society in their minds was the Cossack circle. But the whole country cannot exist due to the seizure and division of other people's property. Any state needs a system of government, an army, taxes. Therefore, the victory of the rebels would inevitably be followed by a new social differentiation. The victory of the unorganized peasant and Cossack masses would inevitably lead to great sacrifices and would cause significant damage to Russian culture and the development of the Russian state.
In historical science there is no unity on the question of whether Razin's uprising should be considered a peasant-Cossack uprising or a peasant war. In Soviet times, the name "peasant war" was used, in the pre-revolutionary period it was about an uprising. In recent years, the definition of "rebellion" has again prevailed.
What to look for when answering:
Causes of "rebelliousness" of the 17th century. - the formation of serfdom and the growth of state duties, caused by numerous wars and an increase in the state apparatus in connection with the completion of centralization and the gradual formation of absolutism.
All uprisings of the 17th century. were spontaneous. The participants in the events acted under the influence of desperation and the desire to capture prey. It should be noted the fundamental difference in the outcome of the Salt and Copper riots, caused by the strengthening of power between 1648 and 1662.
Speaking of the Razin uprising, it should be noted that most of the major uprisings began in the outskirts, since, on the one hand, many fugitives accumulated there, not burdened with a large economy and ready for decisive action, and on the other hand, the power there was much weaker than in the center of the country.
This topic also includes the uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery (1667-1676), which is mentioned in topic 28 in connection with the church schism.
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Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
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2 slide
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The rebellious century The 17th century entered the history of Russia as "rebellious". 1603 Cotton Rebellion. 1604–1613 Time of Troubles. 1648 Salt riot in Moscow. 1650 Uprisings in Novgorod and Pskov, Veliky Ustyug, Kozlov, Kursk. 1662 Copper riot in Moscow. 1670–1671 The uprising of the Cossacks on the Don. 1682 and 1699 Streltsy riots in Moscow. 1660s-1680s Unrest of the Old Believers
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The rebellious age What caused such "rebelliousness" of the 17th century? In the 17th century there is a formation of serfdom, causing a protest of the peasantry. The peasants, forced to flee to the outskirts, join the ranks of the most restless class - the Cossacks. In the 17th century there is a strengthening of the bureaucracy, which requires an increase in taxes. Frequent wars ruin the treasury and also force the authorities to raise taxes. The main tax burdens fall on the shoulders of the townspeople, who express their protest with riots. ?
4 slide
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Copper riot in Moscow Why did the decree on the introduction of copper money lead to a riot of Moscow townspeople? The price of copper money was equal to the price of silver, although at that time the value of a coin was determined by the actual content of the precious metal in it. It was prescribed to trade with copper money, and pay taxes in silver. Copper coins are easy to counterfeit. Silver penny Copper coins?
5 slide
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Copper riot in Moscow What do the Copper and Salt riots have in common? Both riots were caused by the government's attempts to increase the revenues of the treasury. Both riots were spontaneous. Both rebellions were directed against the boyars, whom the rebels accused of greed. Both riots resulted in robberies, pogroms and murders. Copper riot in Moscow. Hood. E. Lissner?
6 slide
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Copper riot in Moscow What are the differences between the Copper and Salt riots and what causes them? The main difference is that the Salt Riot succeeded and the Copper Riot was crushed. ? Copper riot in Moscow. Hood. E. Lissner This was due to the fact that service people did not participate in the Copper Riot, who received significant benefits with the adoption of the Cathedral Code.
7 slide
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Don Cossacks The main rebellious force in Russia in the 17th century. the Cossacks appeared. Who are the Cossacks? What were their occupations and lifestyle? Cossack - in Turkic "free". Runaways from the Horde, and later from Russian lands, became Cossacks. They fled from the tax, from duties, for "freedom". The free steppes on the outskirts of the state, where the supervision of the authorities was weaker, became the habitat of the Cossacks. After the Troubles, the Cossacks concentrated on the Don. Don Cossack (Khoperets) in the 16th century. ? Let's repeat!
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Don Cossacks Farming on the Don was prohibited. Probably, the Cossack elite feared that with the advent of agriculture, the free Cossack spirit would disappear. Cossack estate Reconstruction? Why did the Cossacks decide to abandon the cultivation of the land?
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Don Cossacks The Cossacks were engaged in fishing, bred horses, organized predatory raids on their neighbors. The robber life of a Cossack, who knew neither labor, nor dependence and taxes, was free and full of risk. All issues of Cossack life were decided at a general gathering - a Cossack circle. Lower Don Cossack Upper Don Cossack
10 slide
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Don Cossacks Most often, the Cossacks raided the possessions of the Crimea and Turkey, the Kalmyk nomad camps, and also robbed merchant caravans on the Don and on the Volga. Cossacks on horseback. The tsarist government, seeing in the Cossacks a "frontier army" defending the borders, paid them a salary in money, bread and gunpowder.
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The Don Cossacks There was no equality on the Don: the Cossacks were divided into the wealthy (wealthy) and the poor (poor). The homely owned the best pastures and vast herds, they got a large share of the booty and the royal salary. Especially a lot of home-grown people were on the Lower Don, while on the Upper Don, goiter predominated. Household Cossack
12 slide
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The Don Cossacks The Cossacks adhered to the principle “there is no extradition from the Don!”: a fugitive who reached the Don became a Cossack. Why did the Russian government put up with the presence of many whites on the Don without even trying to carry out a search? Because the government needed the Cossacks to protect the borders. ? Cossack in full combat gear
13 slide
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Don Cossacks After the Cossacks left Azov in 1642 without receiving help from Moscow, the Turks fortified the fortress, blocking the mouth of the Don for the Cossacks. The Cossacks, having lost access to the Sea of Azov, began to rob merchant caravans on the Volga more often. Both Persian and Russian merchants suffered from them. ? What could this lead to?
14 slide
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Campaign of Vasily Usa The Cossacks of Vasily Usa robbed and burned noble estates. Only near Tula the detachment was stopped by the tsarist troops. Leaving for the Don, Vasily Us took with him several hundred peasants who joined the Cossacks. In 1666, ataman Vasily Us for the first time led the Cossacks on a raid not on the Crimean or Kalmyk possessions, but on the southern districts of Russia. ? What is the significance of the campaign of Vasily Us? The Cossacks realized the possibility of action against Russia.
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Stepan Razin's uprising In 1667, a native of the village of Zimoveyskaya, Stepan Timofeevich Razin, formed his Cossack gang and went on a campaign for "zipuns", i.e. for prey. . Ataman Razin was energetic, powerful and merciless. The Cossacks obeyed him implicitly. Ataman Stenka Razin. Engraving of the 17th century.
16 slide
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Stepan Razin's uprising In the summer and autumn of 1667, Razin's Cossacks plundered Russian and Persian merchant caravans on the Lower Volga. Then they went to the Caspian, climbed the river. Yaik to the Yaik town, wintered, and in the spring of 1668 moved along the western coast of the Caspian Sea. A detachment of two thousand Razin plundered the cities: Tarki, Derbent, Baku, Rasht, Ferahabad. After wintering on Pig Island, Razin returned to Astrakhan in August 1669. Stepan Razin's campaign for "zipuns"
17 slide
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Rise of Stepan Razin In Astrakhan, Razin's Cossacks "walked", generously distributing the loot and striking the inhabitants with wealth. From Astrakhan, Razin returned to the Don, spent the winter in the Kagalnitsky town, and in the spring of 1670 again went to the Volga. Now he was going to go up the Volga - against the Moscow boyars-"traitors". Stepan Razin. 17th century engraving
18 slide
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The uprising of Stepan Razin Razin took Tsaritsyn without a fight: the inhabitants themselves opened the gates for him. The Astrakhan archers sent against Razin went over to his side. June 22, 1670 Razin captured Astrakhan. Only a few nobles and streltsy heads resisted him, and most of the archers stuck to the rebels. Capture of Astrakhan by Razin. Engraving of the 17th century All those who resisted, led by the governor S. Prozorovsky, were killed.
19 slide
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The uprising of Stepan Razin Having captured Astrakhan, Razin moved up the Volga. Saratov and Samara voluntarily surrendered to him. In the captured cities, Razin introduced management by the type of the Cossack circle. The territory covered by the uprising of S. Razin.
20 slide
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Stepan Razin's uprising Razin sent "lovely letters" to the surrounding cities, calling for the killing of boyars, nobles, and orderly people. “Stepan Timofeevich is writing to you with all the mob. Who wants to serve God and the sovereign, and the great army, and even Stepan Timofeevich, and I sent the Cossacks, and at the same time you should bring out the traitors and the worldly kravapivtsy. And my Cossacks will begin to repair some kind of fishery [fishing] and you would go to them for advice and bonded and apal would go to the regiment to my Cossacks. Peasants, serfs, and the townspeople flocked to Razin. "A lovely letter" by S. Razin
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The Revolt of Stepan Razin People's Court. Hood. B. Shcherbakov? Describe what is happening in the picture
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Stepan Razin's uprising Razin's uprising was no stranger to imposture: one of Razin's associates portrayed Patriarch Nikon, and the other - Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, who fled from the "evil boyars." When the prince ascends the throne, the Razintsy promised, there will be "freedom" for everyone. Razin's ships on the Volga. Engraving from the book "Three Journeys" by Jan Streis, an eyewitness to Razin's uprising. In "charming letters" Razin claimed that he was not going against the tsar, but against the boyars.
23 slide
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The uprising of Stepan Razin In 1670, Nikon was imprisoned, and therefore it could be argued that the "evil boyars" quarreled with the tsar and the patriarch. Since Razin claimed that he was supported by Nikon, it can be concluded that the rebels were not attracted by the idea of fighting for the "old faith". Stepan Razin. Hood. V. Surikov? What does the use of the name Nikon by the rebels indicate?
In the 17th century in Russia there were mass phenomena. The Time of Troubles is over. All spheres of public life were completely destroyed: the economy, politics, social relations, culture, spiritual development. Naturally, it was necessary to restore the economy. Many reforms and innovations hurt the population of that time. As a result - popular movements. Let's try to analyze this topic in more detail.
The subject of "history" (7 cl.): "People's movements"
The period of the "rebellious age" is included in the compulsory school minimum. The course "Patriotic History" (Grade 7, "People's Movements") highlights the following causes of social upheaval:
- due to constant military conflicts.
- Attempts by the authorities to limit the Cossack autonomy.
- Strengthening the red tape.
- Enslavement of the peasants.
- Church reforms that led to a split among the clergy and the population.
The above reasons give reason to believe that the popular movements in the 17th century are associated not only with the peasantry, as it was before, but also with other social strata: the clergy, the Cossacks, the archers.
This means that powerful forces that know how to wield weapons begin to oppose the authorities. Cossacks and archers managed to gain combat experience in constant wars. Therefore, their participation in unrest in scale can be compared with civil wars.
salt riot
I would like to recall modern pensioners who actively monitor the prices of salt in stores. An increase of one or two rubles today is accompanied by various reproaches and criticism of the authorities. However, the rise in salt prices in the 17th century provoked a real riot.
On July 1, 1648, a powerful wave of protest broke out. The reason was the additional duty on salt, due to which the government decided to replenish the budget. The situation led to the fact that the protesters "intercepted" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich when returning from prayer to the Kremlin. People complained to the "good tsar" about the actions of the "bad" boyar - the head of L. S. Pleshcheev. In the eyes of an ordinary man in the street, he alone was to blame for all the troubles of the state: red tape, embezzlement, raising prices not only for salt, but also for other food products.
The "bad" boyar had to be sacrificed. “On the sly” the tsar got rid of not only the “scoundrel” Pleshcheev, but also his relative, the boyar B. Morozov, his tutor. In fact, he was the "secret cardinal" in the country and solved almost all administrative issues. However, after this, the popular movements in the country did not end. Let's move on to the rest.
Popular Movements (Grade 7, History of Russia): Copper Riot
The salt situation has not taught the government to be cautious about reforms. There was a catastrophic lack of money in the country. And then the authorities carried out the most "killer" economic reform that could only be invented - the devaluation of the coin.
Instead of silver money, the government introduced copper coins into circulation, which cost 10-15 less. Of course, it was possible to come up with wooden (in the truest sense of the word) rubles, but the authorities did not dare to tempt fate so much. Naturally, merchants stopped selling their goods for copper.
In July 1662, pogroms and riots began. Now people did not believe in a "good king". The estates of almost all the royal entourage were subjected to pogroms. The crowd even wanted to destroy the residence of the "anointed of God" in the village of Kolomenskoye. However, the troops arrived in time, and the king went out to negotiate.
After these events, the authorities dealt cruelly with the rebels. Many people were executed, arrested, some had their hands, feet, tongues cut off. Those who were lucky were sent into exile.
Rebellion of Stepan Razin
If the previous popular movements were organized by the peaceful unarmed population, then armed Cossacks with combat experience took part in it. And this turned out to be a more serious problem for the state.
The Cathedral Code of 1649 was to blame for everything. This document finally established serfdom. Of course, it began to form since the time of Ivan III, with the introduction of St. George's Day and the attachment of workers to the lands of feudal lords. However, it established a life-long search for fugitive peasants and their return to their former owners. This norm was contrary to the Cossack liberties. There was a centuries-old rule “no extradition from the Don”, which meant protecting everyone who got there.
By the mid-60s of the 17th century, a huge number of fugitive peasants had accumulated on the Don. This led to the following consequences:
- The impoverishment of the Cossacks, as there was simply not enough free land. In addition, there were no wars, which traditionally reduce the population of the Cossacks and serve as a source of wealth.
- The concentration of a huge combat-ready army in one place.
All this, of course, could not but result in popular movements.
"Zipun Campaign"
The first stage of the uprising of peasants and Cossacks led by S. Razin went down in history as a "campaign for zipuns", that is, for prey (1667-1669). The purpose of the campaign was to plunder merchant ships and caravans carrying cargo from Russia to Persia. In fact, Razin's detachment was a pirate gang that blocked the main trading artery on the Volga, captured the Yaitsky town, defeated the Persian fleet, and then returned in 1669 with rich booty to the Don.
This successful and unpunished campaign inspired many other Cossacks and peasants who were suffocating from poverty. They massively reached out to S. Razin. Now the idea of making a revolution in the country has already arisen. S. Razin announced a campaign against Moscow.
Second stage (1670 - 1671)
In fact, S. Razin's speech resembles a future peasant war led by E. Pugachev. Wide large numbers, participation in the conflict of local national tribes speak of a full-scale civil war. On the whole, national history (popular movements in particular) has never seen such massive uprisings of its own people before that time.
The course of the uprising
The rebels immediately took the city of Tsaritsyn. We approached the well-fortified fortress of Astrakhan, which then surrendered without a fight. All governors and nobles were executed.
Success provoked a massive transition to the side of Razin in such large cities as Samara, Saratov, Penza, which indicates a serious political crisis within Russian society. In addition to the Russian population, the peoples of the Volga region also reached out to him: Chuvash, Tatars, Mordovians, Mari, etc.
Reasons for the large number of rebels
The total number of rebels reached 200 thousand people. There are several reasons why thousands were drawn to Razin: some were tired of poverty, taxes, others were attracted by the status of “free Cossacks”, and still others were criminals. Many national communities wanted autonomy and even independence after the victory of the revolution.
End of the uprising, massacres
However, the goals of the rebels were not destined to come true. Lacking organizational unity and common goals, the army was uncontrollable. In September 1670, she tried to take Simbirsk (modern Ulyanovsk), but failed, after which she began to disintegrate.
The main number, led by S. Razin, went to the Don, many fled to the interior regions. Against the rebels, the punitive expedition was led by the governor, Prince Yu. Baryatinsky, which in fact means the use of all available military forces. Fearing for their lives, the rebels betrayed their leader, who was then quartered.
Up to 100 thousand people were killed and tortured by the official authorities. Russia had never known such mass repressions before that time.
By the second half of the 17th century, serfdom had reached its zenith. Following the publication of the Code of 1649, the tendency towards self-liberation of the peasants intensified - their spontaneous and sometimes threatening flight to the outskirts: to the Volga region, Siberia, to the south, to the places of Cossack settlements that arose back in the 16th century and have now become centers of concentration of the most active layers of the unfree population.
The state, which stood guard over the interests of the ruling class of feudal lords, organized mass searches for the fugitives and returned them to their former owners. In the 50s-60s of the 17th century, the unsuccessful experiments of the treasury, the war between Russia and the Commonwealth for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, exacerbated the brewing discontent. Even shrewd contemporaries clearly saw the essential features of the new. "The rebellious age" - such an assessment they gave to their time.
At the very beginning of this century, the country was shaken by the first Peasant War, which reached its peak in 1606-1607, when Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov stood at the head of the rebels - peasants, serfs, urban poor. With great difficulty and considerable effort, the feudal lords suppressed this mass popular movement. However, it was followed by: a speech led by the monastery peasant Balash; unrest in the troops near Smolensk; more than 20 urban uprisings that swept across the country in the middle of the century, starting from Moscow (1648); uprisings in Novgorod and Pskov (1650); "copper riot" (1662), the scene of which again becomes the capital, and, finally, the Peasant War of Stepan Razin.
1
. The origins of the social upheavals of the "rebellious age"
A difficult situation at the end of the 16th century developed in the central districts of the state and to such an extent that the population fled to the outskirts, abandoning their lands. For example, in 1584, only 16% of the land was plowed up in the Moscow district, and about 8% in the neighboring Pskov district.
The more people left, the harder the government of Boris Godunov put pressure on those who remained. By 1592, the compilation of scribe books was completed, where the names of peasants and townspeople, owners of yards were entered. The authorities, having conducted a census, could organize the search and return of the fugitives. In 1592–1593, a royal decree was issued to abolish the peasant exit even on St. George's Day. This measure extended not only to the owner's peasants, but also to the state, as well as to the townspeople. In 1597, two more decrees appeared, according to the first, any free person who worked for six months for a landowner turned into a bonded serf and did not have the right to redeem himself for freedom. According to the second, a five-year period was set for the search and return of the runaway peasant to the owner. And in 1607, a fifteen-year investigation of the fugitives was approved.
The nobles were given "obedient letters", according to which the peasants had to pay dues not as before, according to the established rules and sizes, but as the owner wants.
The new “township building” provided for the return of fugitive “taxers” to the cities, the assignment to the townships of the owner’s peasants who were engaged in crafts and trade in the cities, but did not pay taxes, the elimination of courtyards and settlements inside the cities, which also did not pay taxes.
Thus, it can be argued that at the end of the 16th century, a state system of serfdom, the most complete dependence under feudalism, actually took shape in Russia.
Such a policy caused great dissatisfaction among the peasantry, which at that time formed the overwhelming majority in Russia. Periodically, unrest broke out in the villages. An impetus was needed in order for discontent to turn into "distemper".
The impoverishment and ruin of Russia under Ivan the Terrible meanwhile did not pass in vain. Masses of peasants left for new lands from fortresses and state burdens. The exploitation of the rest intensified. The farmers were entangled in debts and duties. The transition from one landowner to another became more and more difficult. Under Boris Godunov, several more decrees were issued that strengthened serfdom. In 1597 - about a five-year term for the search for fugitives, in 1601-02 - about limiting the transfer of peasants by some landowners from others. The desires of the nobility were fulfilled. But social tension from this did not weaken, but only grew.
The main reason for the aggravation of contradictions in the late XVI - early XVII centuries. there was an increase in serf burden and state duties of peasants and townspeople (posad people). There were great contradictions between the Moscow privileged and the outlying, especially the southern, nobility. Made up of fugitive peasants and other free people, the Cossacks were a combustible material in society: firstly, many had blood grievances against the state, boyars-nobles, and secondly, they were people whose main occupation was war and robbery. There were strong intrigues between various groups of boyars.
In 1601–1603 an unprecedented famine broke out in the country. First there were heavy rains for 10 weeks, then, at the end of summer, frost damaged the bread. Another crop failure next year. Although the king did a lot to alleviate the situation of the hungry: he distributed money and bread, brought down the price of it, arranged public works, etc., but the consequences were severe. About 130,000 people died in Moscow alone from the diseases that followed the famine. Many, from hunger, gave themselves up as slaves, and, finally, often the masters, unable to feed the servants, expelled the servants. Robbery and unrest of runaway and walking people began (the leader of Khlopko Kosolap), who operated near Moscow itself and even killed governor Basmanov in a battle with the tsarist troops. The rebellion was crushed, and its participants fled to the south, where they joined the troops of the impostor, Bolotnikov and others.
2. "Salt" and "copper" riots in Moscow. Urban uprisings
The "salt" riot, which began in Moscow on June 1, 1648, was one of the most powerful actions of Muscovites in defense of their rights.
The "salt" rebellion involved archers, lackeys - in a word, those people who had reasons to be dissatisfied with the government's policy.
The rebellion began, it would seem, with a trifle. Returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the young Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was surrounded by petitioners who asked the Tsar to remove L.S. Pleshcheev, motivating this desire with the injustice of Leonty Stepanovich: the fact that he took bribes, created an unfair court, but there was no response from the sovereign. Then the complainants decided to turn to the queen, but this also did not work: the guard dispersed the people. Some were arrested. The next day, the tsar staged a religious procession, but even here complainants appeared demanding the release of the first number of petitioners arrested and still resolving the issue of cases of bribery. The tsar asked his “uncle” and relative, the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, for clarification on this matter. After listening to the explanations, the king promised the petitioners to resolve this issue. Hiding in the palace, the tsar sent four ambassadors for negotiations: Prince Volkonsky, deacon Volosheinov, Prince Temkin-Rostov, and roundabout Pushkin.
But this measure did not turn out to be a solution to the problem, since the ambassadors behaved extremely arrogantly, which greatly angered the petitioners. The next unpleasant fact was the exit from the subordination of the archers. Due to the arrogance of the ambassadors, the archers beat the boyars sent for negotiations.
On the next day of the rebellion, forced people joined the tsar's disobedient. They demanded the extradition of the bribe-taking boyars: B. Morozov, L. Pleshcheev, P. Trakhanionov, N. Chisty.
After this incident, the tsar was forced to turn to the clergy and opposition to the Morozov court clique. A new deputation of the boyars was sent, headed by Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, a relative of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The inhabitants of the city expressed their desire that Nikita Ivanovich began to rule with Alexei Mikhailovich (it must be said that Nikita Ivanovich Romanov enjoyed confidence among Muscovites). As a result, there was an agreement on the extradition of Pleshcheev and Trakhanionov, whom the tsar, at the very beginning of the rebellion, appointed governor in one of the provincial towns. Things were different with Pleshcheev: he was executed the same day on Red Square and his head was handed over to the crowd. After that, a fire broke out in Moscow, as a result of which half of Moscow burned out. It was said that Morozov's people set the fire in order to distract the people from the rebellion. Demands for the extradition of Trakhanionov continued; the authorities decided to sacrifice him just to stop the rebellion. Streltsy were sent to the city where Trakhanionov himself commanded. On June 4, 1648, the boyar was also executed. Now the look of the rebels was riveted by the boyar Morozov. But the tsar decided not to sacrifice such a “valuable” person and Morozov was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery in order to return him as soon as the rebellion subsided, but the boyar would be so frightened by the rebellion that he would never take an active part in state affairs.
In an atmosphere of rebellion, the top tenants, the lower strata of the nobility sent a petition to the tsar, in which they demanded the streamlining of the judiciary, the development of new laws.
As a result of the petitioned authorities, concessions were made: the archers were given eight rubles each, the debtors were freed from beating money, the stealing judges were replaced. Subsequently, the rebellion began to subside, but not everything got away with the rebels: the instigators of the rebellion among the serfs were executed.
On July 16, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which decided to adopt a number of new laws. In January 1649, the Council Code was approved.
Here is the result of the "salt" rebellion: the truth triumphed, the people's offenders were punished, and to top it all off, the Council Code was adopted, which was designed to alleviate the people's lot and rid the administrative apparatus of corruption.
Before and after the Salt Riot, uprisings broke out in more than 30 cities of the country: in the same 1648 in Ustyug, Kursk, Voronezh, in 1650 - "bread riots" in Novgorod and Pskov.
The Moscow uprising of 1662 (“Copper Riot”) was caused by a financial catastrophe in the state and the difficult economic situation of the working masses of the city and countryside as a result of a sharp increase in tax oppression during the wars of Russia with Poland and Sweden. The mass issue by the government of copper money (since 1654), equated to the value of silver money, and their significant depreciation against silver (6–8 times in 1662) led to a sharp rise in the price of food, huge speculation, abuse and mass counterfeiting of copper coins ( in which individual representatives of the central administration were involved). In many cities (especially in Moscow), famine broke out among the bulk of the townspeople (despite good harvests in previous years). Great dissatisfaction was also caused by the decision of the government on a new, extremely difficult, extraordinary tax collection (pyatina). Active participants in the "copper" rebellion were representatives of the urban lower classes of the capital, and peasants from villages near Moscow. The uprising broke out in the early morning of July 25, when leaflets appeared in many districts of Moscow, in which the most prominent government leaders (I.D. Miloslavsky; I.M. Miloslavsky; I.A. Miloslavsky; B.M. Khitrovo; F.M. Rtishchev ) were declared traitors. Crowds of rebels went to Red Square, and from there to the village. Kolomenskoye, where Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was. The rebels (4-5 thousand people, mostly townspeople and soldiers) surrounded the royal residence, handed over their petition to the tsar, insisting on the extradition of the persons indicated in the leaflets, as well as on a sharp reduction in taxes, food prices, etc. Taken by surprise, the tsar, who had about 1,000 armed courtiers and archers, did not dare to take reprisals, promising the rebels to investigate and punish the perpetrators. The rebels turned to Moscow, where, after the departure of the first group of rebels, a second group formed and the destruction of the courtyards of large merchants began. On the same day, both groups united, arrived in the village. Kolomenskoye, again surrounded the royal palace and resolutely demanded the extradition of government leaders, threatening to execute them without the tsar's sanction. At this time in Moscow, after the departure of the second group of rebels in the village. With the help of archers, the Kolomenskoye authorities, by order of the tsar, switched to active punitive actions, and 3 archery and 2 soldier regiments (up to 8 thousand people) were already pulled into Kolomenskoye. After the rebels refused to disperse, the beating of mostly unarmed people began. During the massacre and subsequent executions, about 1 thousand people were killed, sunk, hanged and executed, up to 1.5–2 thousand rebels were exiled (with families up to 8 thousand people).
June 11, 1663 was followed by a royal decree on the closure of the yards of the "money copper business" and the return to the minting of silver coins. Copper money was redeemed from the population in a short time - within a month. For one silver kopeck they took a ruble in copper money. Trying to benefit from copper kopecks, the population began to cover them with a layer of mercury or silver, passing them off as silver money. This trick was soon noticed, and a royal decree appeared on the prohibition of tinning copper money.
So, the attempt to improve the Russian monetary system ended in complete failure and led to a breakdown in monetary circulation, riots and general impoverishment. Neither the introduction of a system of large and small denominations, nor an attempt to replace expensive raw materials for minting money with cheaper ones failed.
Russian monetary circulation returned to the traditional silver coin. And the time of Alexei Mikhailovich was called "rebellious" by his contemporaries
3. Peasant war led by S. Razin
In 1667, after the end of the war with the Commonwealth, a large number of fugitives poured into the Don. Famine reigned in the Don.
Back in March 1667, Moscow became aware that many residents of the Don "selected to steal to the Volga." The Cossack Stepan Timofeevich Razin stood at the head of the mass of unorganized, but brave, determined and armed people. He showed his willfulness by recruiting his detachment from the Cossack goal and alien people - fugitive peasants, townspeople, archers, who were not part of the Donskoy army and were not subordinate to the Cossack foreman.
He conceived a campaign in order to distribute the captured booty to the needy, feed the hungry, clothe and shoe the undressed and undressed. Razin, at the head of a detachment of Cossacks of 500 people, did not go to the Volga, but down the Don. It's hard to tell what his intentions were at that moment. It seems that this campaign was aimed at lulling the vigilance of the Volga governors and attracting supporters. People came to Razin from different places. Lead your troops to him.
In mid-May 1667, the Cossacks and the fugitive peasantry crossed over the crossing to the Volga. Razin's detachment grew to 2000 people. First, the Razints met a large trade caravan on the Volga, which included ships with exiles. The Cossacks seized goods and property, replenished stocks of weapons and provisions, took possession of the plows. Streltsy commanders and merchant clerks were killed, and exiles, most of the archers and rivermen who worked on merchant ships voluntarily joined the Razintsy.
Cossacks clashed with government troops. As the events of the Caspian campaign developed, the rebellious nature of the movement became more and more manifest.
Avoiding a clash with government troops, he in a short time and with small losses spent his flotilla at sea, then moved to the Yaik River and easily captured the Yaitsky town. In all battles, Razin showed great courage. The Cossacks were joined by more and more people from the huts and plows.
Having entered the Caspian Sea, the Razintsy headed to its southern shores. Some time later, their ships stopped in the area of the Persian city of Rasht. The Cossacks sacked the cities of Rasht, Farabat, Astrabad and wintered near the "amusing palace of the Shah", setting up an earthen town in his forest reserve on the Miyan-Kale peninsula. Having exchanged the captives for the Russians in the ratio of "one to four", in this way they replenished with people.
The release of Russian captives languishing in Persia and the replenishment of the Razin detachment with the Persian poor goes beyond the scope of military predatory actions.
In a naval battle near Pig Island, the Razintsy won a complete victory over the troops of the Persian Shah. However, the trip to the Caspian Sea was marked not only by victories and successes. Razintsy had heavy losses and defeats. The fight with large Persian forces near Rasht ended unfavorably for them.
The reports of the governors of the southern cities about the independent behavior of Razin, that he "became strong" and was again plotting "distemper", alerted the government. In January 1670, a certain Gerasim Evdokimov was sent to Cherkassk. Razin demanded that Evdokim be brought in and interrogated him, from whom did he come: from the great sovereign or the boyars? The messenger confirmed that from the king, but Razin declared him a boyar scout. The Cossacks drowned the royal envoy. In the town of Panshin, Razin gathered the participants of the upcoming campaign in a large circle. The ataman announced that he intended to “go from the Don to the Volga, and from the Volga to go to Russia ... so that ... from the Muscovite state, bring the boyars and duma people as traitors and in the cities the voivodes and clerks people” and give freedom to “black people”.
Soon 7000 Razin's army moved to Tsaritsyn. Having captured it, the Razintsy remained in the town for about 2 weeks. The battles in the lower reaches of the Volga in the spring and summer of 1670 showed that Razin was a talented commander. On June 22, Astrakhan was captured by the Razintsy. Without a single shot, Samara and Saratov passed to the Razintsy.
After that, the Razintsy began the siege of Simbirsk. At the end of August 1670, the government sent an army to suppress the Razin uprising. A month's stay near Simbirsk was Razin's tactical miscalculation. It made it possible to bring government troops here. In the battle near Simbirsk, Razin was seriously wounded, and later executed in Moscow.
Apparently, one of the main reasons for the failure of the Simbirsk was the lack of a permanent staff in the rebel army. Only the core of the Cossacks and archers remained stable in the Razin army, while numerous peasant detachments, which made up the bulk of the rebels, kept coming and going. They did not have military experience, and during the period that they were not in the ranks of the Razintsy, they did not have time to accumulate it.
4. Movement of schismatics
An important fact of Russian history of the XVII century. there was a church schism, which was the result of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon.
The most significant of the innovations adopted by Patriarch Nikon and the church council of 1654 was the replacement of baptism with two fingers with three fingers, the pronunciation of the doxology to God “aleluia” not twice, but three times, the movement around the lectern in the church not in the course of the Sun, but against it. All of them dealt with the purely ritual side, and not with the essence of Orthodoxy.
The schism of the Orthodox Church took place at the council of 1666-1667, and from 1667 the schismatics were put on trial by the "city authorities", who burned them for "blasphemy against the Lord God." In 1682, Archpriest Avvakum, the main opponent of Patriarch Nikon, died at the stake.
Archpriest Avvakum became one of the brightest personalities in Russian history. Many considered him a saint and a miracle worker. He participated together with Nikon in correcting liturgical books, but was soon dismissed due to ignorance of the Greek language.
On January 6, 1681, the tsar went with a large number of people to consecrate the water. At this time, the Old Believers committed a pogrom in the Assumption and Archangel Cathedrals of the Kremlin. They smeared royal vestments and tombs with tar, and also placed tallow candles, which were considered unclean in church use. At this time, the crowd returned, and an associate of the rebels, Gerasim Shapochnik, began to throw "thieves' letters" into the crowd, which depicted caricatures of the tsar and the patriarchs.
The schism brought together a variety of social forces that advocated the preservation of the traditional character of Russian culture intact. There were princes and boyars, such as the noblewoman F.P. Morozova and Princess E.P. Urusov, monks and white clergy who refused to perform new rites. But there were especially many ordinary people - townspeople, archers, peasants - who saw in the preservation of the old rites a way of fighting for the ancient folk ideals of "truth" and "freedom". The most radical step taken by the Old Believers was the decision taken in 1674 to stop praying for the tsar's health. This meant a complete break of the Old Believers with the existing society, the beginning of the struggle to preserve the ideal of "truth" within their communities.
The main idea of the Old Believers was "falling away" from the world of evil, unwillingness to live in it. Hence the preference for self-immolation over compromise with the authorities. Only in 1675-1695. 37 fires were registered, during which at least 20 thousand people died. Another form of protest of the Old Believers was the flight from the power of the tsar, the search for the "secret city of Kitezh" or the utopian country Belovodie, under the protection of God himself.
Conclusion
The 17th century is called by contemporaries the "rebellious age". This is the time of major social movements: two powerful peasant uprisings, a number of urban uprisings, as well as a church uprising that grew into a social movement. The reasons for the speeches were different. The "salt riot" was caused by dissatisfaction with the policy of the government of B.I. Morozov; urban uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod occurred as a result of a sharp increase in the price of bread; "copper rebellion" caused a financial crisis, and the Solovetsky uprising - the reform of Patriarch Nikon. The culmination of the popular uprisings was an uprising led by S.T. Razin.
None of the performances ended in victory. In the course of the struggle for the final centralization of the state against local sovereignty and local liberties, the government brutally suppressed any manifestation of freethinking - whether it manifested itself in the economic, social or religious sphere. But despite the defeat, the "copper" rebellion led to the abolition of copper money and other government concessions.
The reasons for the defeat of the performances were their spontaneous nature, the lack of a clear program of action in some cases, the contradictions between social groups in the camp of the rebels, as was the case during the uprising of Stepan Razin. Some performances were suppressed after the betrayal of some of their members.
During the century, there was more than one urban uprising, the cause of which was the illiterate policy of the government. Indeed, in the middle of the seventeenth century, the situation in the cities became tense: the authorities looked at the inhabitants of the cities as an inexhaustible source of income. This was manifested in the following: from year to year, the state sought to increase the taxes of the settlement and, at the same time, reduce the salaries of service people.
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