Types of paints and their purpose. What are the types of paints for exterior and interior work. natural mineral pigments

Paints allow you to give surfaces the necessary properties, protect them from corrosion, make them resistant to temperature extremes, to the effects of various destructive factors. However, building paints, the need to buy which arises in almost any repair, should be selected wisely, based on knowledge of the characteristics inherent in one or another of their types. Ignorance of these features can lead to extremely unpleasant surprises.

The whole set of building paints is divided into four types. Depending on belonging to a particular species, paints can be:

• emulsion;
• alkyd;
• adhesive;
• silicate.

Emulsion building paints: general characteristics and features of use

Emulsion products are diluted with water. Their coloring elements, together with the binder base, are distributed in the liquid, forming an emulsion, which is quite stable. After drying, they are almost impossible to wash off with water. Building paints of emulsion composition are highly economical, they are environmentally friendly and fireproof, able to fit well on any surface.

Metal surfaces should be primed before coating with emulsion compositions, which eliminates the possibility of corrosion.

Emulsion paints must not be used for painting surfaces previously treated with glossy and adhesive paints or coating varnishes. However, the emulsion paints themselves can be covered with any paints and enamels. You can use brushes or rollers to work with these paints. We already have about the rules for choosing a roller.

Building emulsion paints are devoid of unpleasant odors and dry quickly. They do not exfoliate, “breathe”, retain color well, can be used in rooms where the humidity is quite high, but lack frost resistance. Water-dispersion composition products can be used as textured products.

Effects obtained with textured paints

Depending on the characteristics of their composition, emulsion products can be:

• acrylic;
• polyvinyl acetate (PVA);
• latex;
• water-dispersion;
• silicone.

Acrylic paints: properties and price

The role of the binding element in acrylic paints, which are highly elastic and durable, is played by acrylic resins. These colorful materials are frost-resistant, have a low level of gas permeability and well protect against corrosion. They can be laid on alkaline substrates (for example, plaster), used on damp walls. They perfectly retain color, have excellent mechanical strength and water repellency.

Painting walls with acrylic paint

The cost of acrylic paints depends both on the manufacturer and the properties inherent in them. It can be from 500 to 1500 rubles for a bucket of 14 kilograms, or from 800 to 1500 rubles for 9 liters.

Latex paints: application and price

This type of paint is made with the addition of latex to them, which gives them strong water-repellent properties. They can be used to cover structured wallpapers, walls (plasterboard, brick, plaster, concrete) and ceilings. Their value lies in the fact that they are able to provide tightening of cracks with a width of 1 mm.

Paint is quite expensive. For example, a 10-kilogram bucket can cost from 2 to 4.7 thousand rubles.

Paints polyvinyl acetate (PVA): scope and price

These products are characterized by low water resistance, but they are resistant to fats, oils and light. Due to their excellent environmental friendliness, they can be safely used for interior finishing work. These paints are notable for their low budget.

Bucket with PVA paint

Features of using silicone paints

Silicone resins, which act as a binder in these paints, provide them with a water-repellent effect and the ability to bridge cracks 2 mm wide. The characteristics of silicone paints allow them to be used on all mineral surfaces, over old latex, silicate and mineral paints. The disadvantage is their relatively high cost.

An important advantage of silicone paints is their inherent water-repellent effect.

Alkyd building paints

The binding element of these paints are alkyd resins. This group of decorative materials includes enamel paints and oil paints. They can be used when painting wood and metal, as well as plaster. All paints of this group are waterproof, water and light resistant, non-toxic.

Oil paints

The basis of oil paints is drying oil, and they can be diluted with gasoline, solvent naphtha, turpentine and white spirit. They are inexpensive, but dry for a long time, while releasing some harmful substances.

The spray gun is very convenient for applying oil paints. We talked about how to choose it.

Enamel paints

Their base is varnish, which gives them a high gloss. Enamel paint materials can be used to paint metals, wood, plastered walls, etc. These fast drying, waterproof and lightfast paints are used for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Silicate building paints

Since silicate paints are based on glass, they are included in the category of mineral ones. These products are quite loose, air and vapor permeable, resistant to temperature extremes. They cannot be used on surfaces that have previously been painted with acrylic or alkyd paints. Silicate paints are diluted with water. They cannot be used on glass, ceramic, stone and metal surfaces, but they are excellent for painting plaster.

These water-based products are made from organic polymers. Their properties are consonant with the properties of emulsion paints, and they are suitable for painting dry rooms. Ready-to-use adhesive colorful materials are dry, so they are diluted with water before use.

Dry glue paints

These products are eco-friendly, convenient, but susceptible to moisture and carbon dioxide. Surfaces painted with them can quickly become moldy.

Casein paints

Can be used for indoor and outdoor work. They go well with plaster, concrete and brick. They are the most resistant and beautiful among other adhesive paints.

Dextrinated paints

Their basis is bone glue. Weak water resistance allows the use of these paints only for interior work.

So, you got acquainted with the whole variety of paints currently available on the construction market. Knowing the properties and features of each of them, you can choose the right one that you really need.

Various types of paint are used to protect surfaces from adverse environmental factors (dust, moisture, temperature changes, harmful microorganisms), as well as to give them the desired properties. Depending on the goals pursued, one or another is selected. paint type. For example, in order to prevent the development of mold fungi on surfaces, you need to choose a paint that already contains an appropriate antiseptic in its composition.

To calculate paint consumption, you can use the paint consumption calculator.

In the case of repainting surfaces, it is necessary to take into account the compatibility of paints and immediately select the right one so that you do not have to completely peel off the old paint and apply a new one, which is associated with enormous labor and material costs.

To avoid unexpected surprises when painting surfaces, you need to know what are paint types how they differ and in what area the application of each of them is justified.

Types and types of paints.

The division of paints into groups was mentioned above. Consider these groups, describe their main characteristics and possible areas of use.

The first group is emulsion paints.

Emulsion paints are obtained by diluting the binder base and coloring particles in water, resulting in a stable emulsion. After drying, emulsion paints are quite waterproof. And before drying, they are easily washed from hands and tools. Emulsion paints have the following properties:

• Profitability;
• fire safety;
• Environmental friendliness;
• Alkali resistance.

In addition, emulsion paints fit perfectly on various surfaces, dry quickly and do not have a pronounced repulsive odor. After painting surfaces with such paint, any other paints, as well as enamels, can be used in the future. However, emulsion paint should not be used if the surface has previously been painted with glossy, adhesive paints or varnishes. It is also worth noting that in order to prevent corrosion, metal surfaces need to be treated before painting with such paint. primer.

Emulsion paints are divided into the following types of paint: acrylic, water-based, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), water-dispersion, latex, silicone.

Some people do not see the difference between water-based and water-dispersion paints, because they:

• Do not exfoliate;
• "breathe", that is, they are breathable;
• Suitable for rooms with high humidity;
• Do not fade;
• They do not have frost resistance.

However, there are also differences between them. Matt water-based paints when washed, they are gradually washed off, while water-dispersion paints have increased moisture resistance (can be washed repeatedly). In addition, water-dispersion paints are mostly white, while water-based paints come in various colors and shades. Water-dispersion paints are applied to surfaces only at temperatures above +50C.

Water-based paints are textured or structural. They are used to create three-dimensional effects when decorating surfaces. They have increased strength, so they can also be used to protect surfaces from cracking.

In acrylic paints, acrylic resins act as a binder. The characteristics of such paints are as follows:

• High elasticity (adapted to living wood);
• Increased strength;
• Ability to bridge cracks up to 0.5 mm thick;
• Frost resistance (after complete drying);
• Low gas permeability (which allows them to be used to protect against corrosion, for example, reinforced concrete);
• They can be used for alkaline bases (for example, they can be applied to fresh plaster, but not earlier than after a month, so that the plaster can completely harden);
• Increased mechanical strength;
• UV resistance, which allows them to retain their color for a long time;
• Waterproof.

The disadvantage of acrylic paints is their high cost, as well as the fact that they are not suitable for painting buildings with damp walls. Cheaper analogues of acrylic paints are made using acrylic copolymers as the basis.

Latex paints are the most expensive among other emulsion paints. In their production, latex is used, which greatly enhances the water-repellent effect, which allows you to wash surfaces without restriction. Such paints are capable of tightening cracks up to 1 mm thick on the surface. Latex paints can be used on a wide variety of surfaces: walls (concrete, brick, plasterboard or covered with plaster), ceilings, textured wallpaper. These paints dry within 1 hour. However, their light fastness is somewhat lower than that of PVA paints and emulsion acrylic paints.

Polyvinyl acetate paints(PVA) - the cheapest, while they are environmentally friendly, have high light resistance, as well as resistance to fats and oils. Most often, these paints are used for painting ceilings. They have low water resistance, therefore, with repeated washing, they are gradually washed off.

AT silicone paints the binding base is emulsified silicone resin. When such paints dry, a well-water-repellent surface is formed, which perfectly passes air and steam, is resistant to pollution and the effects of harmful microorganisms. Such paints have high elasticity, can cover cracks up to 2 mm thick on the surface. Silicone paints can be used to paint fresh plaster after two days. Such paints are used for painting all types of mineral surfaces. They are very compatible with mineral, acrylic and latex paints. They can even be applied to old silicate paint. Unfortunately, due to their high cost, silicone paints are used in most cases for decoration.

The second group is alkyd paints.

The binding basis of alkyd paints is alkyd resin. Alkyd paints are divided into enamel and oil. They are used for painting surfaces made of wood, metal or plastered. They are environmentally friendly, waterproof, lightfast.

The basis of oil paints is drying oil, and diluents - gasoline, turpentine, solvent naphtha or white spirit. These paints are quite cheap, but they dry for a long time and at the same time emit harmful substances. Therefore, they are used for outdoor work. In addition, over time, the surface painted with oil paint turns yellow, which is a significant drawback of these paints.

Enamel paints have a lacquer base, so the surface painted by them acquires a beautiful glossy look. These paints are used for painting metal, wooden, plastered and puttied surfaces, appliances. They are used for interior and exterior work, dry quickly (especially nitro-enamel paints), have light resistance, water resistance, and increased resistance to corrosion.

The third group is silicate paints.

AT silicate paints the basis is liquid glass, so they can be attributed to mineral paints. They are diluted with water. Characteristics of these paints: air and vapor impermeability, resistance to temperature extremes, friability, permeability to moisture. silicate paints have poor compatibility with other types of paints, so they cannot be used to paint surfaces previously painted with acrylic or alkyd paints and vice versa. In addition, when working with silicate paints, it is imperative to protect the skin and eyes, because they contain alkali. Silicate paints do not protect surfaces from moisture, but if the humidity in the walls is higher than atmospheric, that is, with poor waterproofing of the foundation, they can be very useful. Silicate paints cannot be used to paint metal, stone, glass and ceramic surfaces, but alkaline (plastered) ones can be painted. Such paints have a limited range of colors due to their alkali content.

Paint marking and type of film-forming bases.

Paints are divided into 4 groups according to the type of film-forming base used in their production: alkyd, emulsion, silicate and adhesive. Each can of paint has its own marking containing 2 letters and several numbers. The letters indicate the type of film-forming base used for this paint. Table 1 shows the labeling of film-forming bases.

Table 1

1-2 numbers following the letters in the marking indicate the scope of this paint, and the remaining numbers - the serial number. Table 2 shows the marking of the areas of application of various paint types.

table 2

Exceptions to labeling are oil paints. They are denoted by the letters MA (oil paint), the first number after the letters indicates the area of ​​​​application of this paint, and the second number indicates the type of drying oil used as its basis. Table 3 shows the marking of the types of drying oils used.

Heading Types of paints contains articles about the types, properties, compositions and basic characteristics of paints. Here you will find structured theoretical materials that allow you to study the nature of paint and varnish coatings. For each of the types, the main advantages and disadvantages, areas of application are indicated. With the help of publications, you can make a choice of paint for repairs, painting parts and products from different materials, get acquainted with alternative coating options.

Classification options

Types of paints can be classified according to the following criteria:

• according to the composition and origin of paints: acrylic, alkyd, powder, oil, water-based, enamel, dispersion, etc.;
• by scope and operating conditions: for internal or external work; for ceiling, floor or walls; for metal, concrete, stone or wood; for car painting, anti-corrosion treatment or artwork.

There are also reviews of the most popular paints of a particular type and manufacturer. If you decide to make an informed and most correct choice of paint for certain works, we will be happy to offer the materials in this section.

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Today we will talk with you about the types of paints, what they are, learn about their modern classification and the requirements for them.

Vegetable and oil paints

People have been using paint for a long time. Even in the Stone Age, cavemen made drawings with vegetable paints, which have survived to this day. Ancient people used the material that nature offered them - ocher and coal. Later, the fat of dead animals was added to them so that the material would stay longer on the walls of the caves. With the development of civilization, new types of paints appeared. The Middle Ages introduced humanity to oil options. For a long period, a Dutchman named Jan van Eyck was considered the inventor of oil paints, and the great artists of the Italian and Netherlandish schools of painting became his followers. The materials of that era were produced on the basis of vegetable oils and egg yolks with the admixture of some substances that have not yet been identified. An example is Norwegian icons dating back to the second half of the 13th century.

But historical documents found already in the twenty-first century indicate that paints were invented long before the great Dutchman. In 2001, during the fighting in Afghanistan, huge Buddha statues were destroyed and caves were damaged. In this regard, the attention of scientists was attracted to the caves, who discovered paintings made with oil substances on their walls. Scientists attribute the age of the drawings to the middle of the seventh century BC. This precedes the emergence of European oil paints by several centuries.

The story is quite entertaining. Some dyes were not very expensive, but there were also those whose use was possible only if the customer of the painting or portrait paid for its cost in advance. For example, blue (ultramarine) was brought to Europe from Iran or Afghanistan.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Diesbach, through chemical experiments, obtained a blue paint called "Prussian blue", which replaced the expensive ultramarine. A little over a hundred years later, the French chemist Jean Baptiste Gimet invented "French ultramarine", which was the cheapest material.

But the trouble with artificial substances was that some of them were dangerous to human health. Emerald green paint, which was made from vinegar, arsenic and copper oxide, was especially distinguished by this. It was used to decorate the walls of the house on the island of St. Helena, where Napoleon Bonaparte lived after his expulsion from France. It is believed that it was this substance that caused the quick death of the great commander.

The rise and fall of oil paint

Even in the last century, oil paint was widely used for interior decoration. There were very few high-quality wallpapers and tiles, and oil ones were used almost everywhere - in public, industrial and residential premises, even for finishing the facades of buildings. Naturally, the oil paint of that time was not highly resistant to weather conditions, and facades had to be constantly repaired. In rooms with high humidity, oil also did not last long. Thus, they gradually began to be replaced by better and more resistant materials.

New finishing materials have appeared for decorating surfaces, and oil has given way to wallpaper, tiles and other decorative coatings.

Types of colors. Modern classification

At present, even a specialist can find it difficult to figure it out, since the types of paints that he meets on the shelves of building hypermarkets vary greatly in color, structure and functional purpose. And here you can not do without a strict and consistent classification.

The classification of modern coloring materials is influenced by many parameters:

• binder composition;
• type of diluent;
• application area;
• appearance of the painted surface (gloss level);
• base for painting.

Binder Composition

According to the type of binder, they are divided into:

1. Oil.
2. Lime and silicate.
3. Alkyd.
4. Water emulsion.
5. Acrylic.
6. Silicone.
7. Polyurethane.
8. Epoxy.

Thinner type

Depending on the diluent, there are:

• diluted with water;
• diluted with solvents (about them).

Application area

By area of ​​application are divided into:

• construction;
• for artwork;
• for industry.

Appearance of the painted surface (gloss level)

According to the degree of gloss are divided into:

• glossy;
• matte;
• semi-matte;
• semi-gloss;
• others, where the degree of gloss is expressed as a percentage of the displayed light from the painted surface.

Base for painting

The basis under painting means a surface which is painted by this or that type of paint. Not every base can be painted with all kinds of paints. There are quite strict distinctions on the use of certain types.

Paints by binder type

Let us consider in more detail the details by type of binder.

Oily

Oil oils are made on the basis of drying oil, natural or synthetic. The composition may include, in addition to drying oil, a coloring pigment and a filler. Oil paints are produced thickly grated and ready for use. Thickened before painting requires dilution with drying oil to the desired consistency. Drying oil can be made from sunflower, hemp or linseed oil. In terms of the quality of the resulting coating, materials based on sunflower drying oils are inferior to those on hemp and linseed drying oils.

In addition to natural drying oil, combined drying oils and “oxol” are used in oil substances, which are made from a mixture of different oils that have undergone special processing. They can be diluted with solvents. Combined drying oils include the following types:

• polymerized (LMS) is a substitute for natural drying oil, can be used in paints, both for interior and exterior use;
• glyptal drying oil consists of a mixture of vegetable oil, glycerin, solvents;
• pentaphthalic drying oil is made from alkyd resins;
• synthol, carbonol, etc. are artificial drying oils, in which there is either no natural vegetable oil at all, or there is, but a minimal amount. The quality of the product on such drying oils is significantly inferior to oil paints on natural drying oil or on oxol.

Lime and silicate

They are also called mineral, as natural substances are used for production. The most common is the usual, familiar to everyone, lime. To obtain a certain color, a coloring alkali-resistant pigment is added to lime milk. Typically, lime materials are used to paint the exterior surfaces of a building. It is recommended to paint dampened surfaces with such a solution in not hot weather. Lime paint is not very durable compared to perchlorovinyl substances, but the price of lime is much lower.

Materials based on portlancement are also mineral. They are produced ready for use and require only dilution with water immediately before use, since the cement included in the composition quickly hardens in the open air. It is recommended to paint with such a solution in two layers on a raw basis. When added to the composition of vermiculite, a rough textured surface is obtained, familiar under the name "fur coat" or "shagreen".

Silicate paints included in the list of mineral paints are made from liquid potassium glass, chalk, talc, fine sand, and pigments. They are produced in two-component compositions - dry material and liquid glass, which are mixed immediately before application to the surface. But before that, it is required to treat the surface with liquid glass primer.

All mineral paints are suitable for painting concrete, brick, wood and other porous outdoor surfaces. It is not recommended to use them for painting glass, smooth metal surfaces.

Alkyd

They are made on the basis of alkyd resin, which is obtained by processing vegetable oils with the addition of acids and desiccants. It is used for painting both inside and outside. It is diluted with solvents and drying oil. Compared to water emulsion, alkyd is more durable. But the persistent smell after painting does not allow it to be used in rooms where there are children and people prone to various allergic diseases.

Water emulsion

This type of paint has gained wide popularity in recent decades due to its non-toxicity, good hiding power, and a wide choice of base to be painted. To date, this type of paint is the most environmentally friendly type of finishing materials, which is confirmed by its use even when.

The only place where it is not recommended to use water-dispersion paint is metal bases, so as not to cause corrosion of the metal from interaction with water. Paints of this type are produced on the basis of PVA (polyvinyl acetate emulsion), on the basis of latexes and acrylics. Materials are used for painting porous surfaces, but require a preliminary primer. Diluted with water, dry quickly. Despite the fact that water is present in the composition, after staining a film forms on the surface, which can be wiped with a damp sponge, in addition, the film has high vapor and air permeability properties.

PVA-based material is not highly resistant to moisture. For painting facades and interiors with high humidity, it is better to use a material based on acrylic and latexes.

Acrylic

This type of paint belongs to the latex family, which includes, in addition to acrylic:

• polyviniacetate;
• acrylic silicone;
• styrene-acrylic;
• acrylic butadiene styrene.

Acrylic materials have a wide range of applications from painting various drywall surfaces to concrete and brick surfaces. A variety of latex paints allows you to paint wallpapers, giving them a new look, gypsum, foam concrete and much more. The film formed on the painted base lends itself well to wet cleaning, it is resistant to washing off, dirt and dust, as well as various midges, do not stick to it.

Silicone

They are made on the basis of water and silicone resin. These latest developments in the world of decorative coatings make it possible to paint almost any surface, with the exception of reinforced concrete, since air penetrates the concrete body and causes corrosion of the reinforcement. Silicone has absorbed all the best that is in silicate and acrylic paints. By painting with silicone material it is possible to close cracks up to 2 mm wide. This type of paint is combined with different colorful compositions. That is, silicone paint can cover old surfaces previously painted with cement and lime compounds, as well as water-based and latex ones. The material can be used for decorative finishing, i.e. for both interior and exterior work. But its cost is so high that it reduces the popularity of use.

Polyurethane and epoxy

Most are intended for industry. If polyurethane paint dries at a temperature of +180-200 degrees, then it makes no sense to talk about its use in construction.

Epoxy is a two-component composition and is also used mainly in industry. In construction, it can be used in the construction of concrete pools or in the repair of enamelled baths.

paint requirements

Modern paints used as decorative coatings must meet the following requirements:

• resistance to wet and dry cleaning;
• resistance to fading;
• good hiding power;
• wear resistance;
• durability;
• maintainability;
• environmental safety;
• pollution resistance;
• affordable cost.

Now it has become clear that the types of paints are a very broad topic. I wonder what will happen next?

And now watch an interesting video on how to choose paint for walls and ceilings:

as well as for metal, wood and concrete:

Definition.

Paints and varnishes (LKM) are called opaque suspensions of pigments and fillers in a solution or dispersion of a film-forming substance with the addition of functional and technological additives. Suspension, or suspension(lat. suspension, literally - suspension) - a mixture of substances, where a solid substance is distributed in the form of tiny particles in a liquid substance in a suspended (non-settled) state.

1. Composition of paints

Most paints and varnishes, which include not only varnishes and paints, but also enamels, primers, putties, are made according to a single component scheme. They must contain:

• film formers or a binder base, that is, the material that leads to the formation of a film on the surface;
• pigment, which gives the material its original color;
• filler, which saves pigment and gives the product physical properties, such as strength, gloss, application properties;
• solvents and special additives- fire-resistant defoamer, fungicidal substances that protect the material from mold and fungi.

The level of the product itself directly depends on how well the components are selected and mixed. The paint of a self-respecting manufacturer contains from 8 to 20 components. It should be noted that good components are quite expensive for manufacturers, so they are forced to keep rather high prices.

Meaning film former- bind all components of the paint and adhere it to the substrate. The main characteristics of the paint, its durability and adhesion to the substrate depend, first of all, on the film former or, more simply, on the binder. The binder affects the durability, service life of the coating under different operating conditions, gloss and drying time, as well as painting properties. .

To improve adhesion, elasticity and other properties of polymeric materials, special functional groups are introduced into the composition of the polymer film. The latter method is implemented either by copolymerization of the binder, or by introducing additives during the production of the paint itself. Thus, copolymer Synthetic resin is a polymer whose macromolecules include various monomeric units, which makes it possible to control the operational properties of polymers over a wide range.

Properly choosing the second component, it is possible, for example, to reduce the cost of the dispersion without worsening its consumer properties. This applies primarily to paints based on styrene acrylates, vinyl acrylates and vinyl acetates. The term terpolymer is also used to describe a polymer made from three monomers.

According to the chemical nature of the binder, all paints are divided into the following main types: oil, alkyd, epoxy, emulsion, silicate.

Pigments are fine-grained dyes that are “responsible” for the hiding power and color of the paint. Colored fillers are usually: flock particles, chips, natural and tinted stone chips or quartz sand, water-insoluble pigmented particles with colored dyes. Color pigments are traditionally divided into organic and inorganic.

Filler is the target supplement. Natural inorganic fillers used for paints and varnishes are obtained by grinding, enrichment, thermal treatment of rocks and minerals. Fillers for paintwork materials can serve:

• kaolin (clay);
• microcalcite (ground marble, crystalline calcium carbonate)
• talc (microtalc, technical talc)
• chalk, mica, etc.

So, when talc is introduced into the system, the particles of which have a flat shape, the material not only hardens, but also increases its weather resistance. Ground mica improves heat resistance, prevents cracking of the film at high temperatures.

Conventionally, solvents can be divided into solvents and thinners. What is the fundamental difference? The solvent dissolves the binder and at the same time reduces the viscosity, i.e. increases the fluidity of the paint. The thinner only lowers the viscosity. The manufacturer is obliged to indicate the solvent suitable for this type of paint. According to the type of solvent, paints and varnishes are classified into two classes: water-dispersion and organic-soluble.

To improve the technological and operational characteristics of paints, various additives. These additives (stabilizers, emulsifiers, antiseptics, fungicidal additives, etc.) are contained in paints in very small quantities, but they can improve one or another coating property in a decisive way. In addition, their cost significantly affects the price of the final product.

2. Characteristics of paints

We list the main indicators of paints and varnishes:

• Hiding power.
• Paint consumption.
• gloss level.
• Peretir or maximum grain size.
• weather resistance.
• Light resistance.
• Hydrophobicity.
• Thixotropy.
• Adhesion.
• Environmental friendliness.

hiding power

- this is the ability of paints and varnishes when applied to a substrate to hide the color of the surface. Hiding power is checked by applying paintwork materials to the surface, where black and white areas alternate, until the difference in shade between them completely disappears. In accordance with GOST, hiding power is expressed in grams of quantity dried up paintwork material required to cover one square meter of the substrate. The hiding power of the paint depends on many parameters, but primarily on the difference in the refractive index of the binder and pigment, binder and filler, on the particle size of the filler and pigment, as well as on the amount of the latter. The higher the hiding power, the less paint consumption.

In accordance with the German standard DIN EN 13300, gradation according to hiding power classes is carried out on the basis of the manufacturer's data on paint hiding power when painting a black and white base (checkerboard). The contrast ratio determines the difference between a painted surface with a black base and a painted surface with a white base.

Paint consumption

shows how many liquid paint is necessary to cover one square meter of an ordinary surface. Since the surface can be absorbent and non-absorbent, have different colors, etc., the consumption always fluctuates within certain limits (from and to). Consumption, of course, is related to the hiding power of the paint. The simplest way to calculate the consumption of paint, with a known hiding power and dry residue, is given below.
Hiding power - 180 g / m 2.
Dry residue - 60%.
Consumption = (Hiding power / Dry residue) * 100%.
Consumption = 300 g/m 2 .

To calculate the consumption for a single-layer coating, it is necessary to divide the resulting figure by two (150 g / m 2) and determine the range of fluctuations in consumption from the type of surface (+/- 20%). Thus, the consumption for a single-layer coating is 120 - 180 g/m 2 .

gloss level.

When light hits the paintwork, part of the light is diffusely scattered, and part is reflected at the same angle; the ratio of the intensity of reflected light to the intensity of all scattered light gives a qualitative characteristic of gloss.

The “semi-gloss” category also includes “semi-gloss” and “silky sheen”, which are less glossy than “semi-gloss”. Such properties of coatings as resistance to washing and abrasion, ease of cleaning, the possibility of using detergents, etc. higher for glossy paints.

Wet abrasion resistance.

The resistance of the coating to wet abrasion is tested according to DIN 13300 (German standard) as follows:

– a layer of material with a thickness of 250 microns is applied;

- the thickness of the dried layer is measured;

- a special sponge passes in both directions over the surface of the material exactly 200 times;

- the thickness of the remaining layer is measured.

According to the size of the layer erased by the sponge, the materials are divided into coasses.

Peretir

or maximum grain size - a parameter that characterizes the size of pigment particles in paints.

weather resistance

- a property of a paintwork that determines the resistance of decorative and operational properties to the damaging effects of various climatic factors: rain, sun, wind, high and low temperatures. Coating materials are analyzed for weather resistance using field tests, or accelerated tests in climatic chambers, where one test cycle consists of alternating exposure of the sample to UV radiation, high and low temperatures and various relative humidity, as well as carbon disulfide vapor.

Lightfastness

- the ability of the paint to withstand the effects of sunlight and especially ultraviolet radiation (wavelength of ultraviolet radiation 270-400 nm). It is applied mainly to the binder, determining its suitability for outdoor use. In addition to the fading of pigments, which is determined by their color fastness, destruction of the paint film may occur, which, most often, is expressed in yellowing and clouding of the paint and varnish. The light fastness can be adjusted using special UV absorber additives.

hydrophobicity

- a property of a paint and varnish coating that characterizes the tendency of the film not to be wetted by water and polar solvents. Hydrophobicity characterizes only the surface of the coating and can be enhanced by the use of hydrophobic additives, waxes. Hydrophobicity correlates with the properties of water absorption and weather resistance, which is very important for facade paints.

Thixotropy

- the ability of a material to restore its physical properties after an external impact. Thixotropic paint does not run off vertical surfaces. When mixing, it becomes quite liquid, the viscosity of the paint drops sharply, but after stopping mixing, the paint immediately becomes thicker. The same thixotropic paint behaves when sprayed, it passes through the sprayer quite easily, but when it hits the surface, there is a sharp increase in viscosity.

Adhesion

- adhesion of the paintwork to the painted surface, one of the main characteristics of paintwork materials. Adhesion can be mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic in nature and is measured by peel force per unit area. To improve the adhesion of polymer materials to the substrate, special functional groups are introduced into the composition of the polymer film.

Environmental friendliness

It is harmless to health and the environment. Recently, materials made using environmentally friendly components, the so-called "Green Paints", appear in the line of each manufacturer. They do not emit harmful fumes at all. These paints are recommended for use in rooms where a child or a person with allergies will live. In many European countries, there are a number of laws and regulations that restrict the use of materials made with harmful substances for indoor use. Therefore, most serious manufacturers are gradually eliminating harmful components (even if their influence is not yet sufficiently studied) from the composition of their products. In any case, holding in your hands paint for interior work made in Western Europe or the USA, you can safely say that it does not contain mercury, zinc white, lead, cadmium compounds, chlorinated phenols - in a word, substances that have an extremely negative effect on well-being and human health. Most manufacturers, when producing an ecological series of paint, assign it a special designation that helps the consumer understand that he is facing an environmentally friendly product.

3. Types of paints.

According to the chemical nature of the binder, all paints are divided into several types. Let's look at some of them, namely: alkyd, water-dispersion, silicate.

Alkyd paints.

Their binding element is alkyd resin. concept Alkyd was introduced in 1927 and comes from an abbreviation of two words: al kohol and ac id. (alcohol and acid). Alkyd resin is obtained by cooking vegetable oils (flaxseed, tallow, soybean, etc.) together with acids. The elasticity of the coating directly depends on the fat content of the alkyd resin. Special additives - driers - regulate the drying rate of alkyd resins. Alkyd paints are diluted with drying oil, turpentine, white spirit (purified kerosene).

The positive properties of alkyd paints are:

• self-curing at room temperature in the form of one-component systems;
• very wide range of compatibility and solubility;
• the ability to almost unlimitedly change the properties by choosing the appropriate feedstock and synthesis conditions;
• good wetting of pigments;
• good ability to spread, leading to a qualitative distribution of paint over the surface;
• relatively low cost.

Alkyd paints serve to protect surfaces from corrosion both inside and outside the building. They are well suited for coating wood or metal and can be used both indoors and outdoors. Alkyd paints are suitable for painting doors, window frames, furniture, radiators. They are often used to paint walls and ceilings in kitchens and bathrooms. For painting some surfaces, including radiators, alkyd paints are only suitable. They form a coating that is denser and more durable than water-dispersion compositions.

These paints are non-toxic, light and water resistant, and have a much shorter drying time than oil paints.

The disadvantages of alkyd paints are:

• fire hazard;
• unsatisfactory chemical resistance (especially to alkalis);
• increased brittleness and yellowing over time (even in the absence of light);
• relatively fast loss of gloss (with chalking);
• relatively slow drying (especially with high content of fatty acid residues).

In terms of environmental friendliness, they are inferior to water-dispersion paints. The specific smell of the paint remains even after drying. In some cases, impermeability to water vapor is also a disadvantage.

Alkyd paints have high weather resistance. As a rule, the enamel film is resistant to temperature changes from minus 50ºС to plus 60ºС. Paints can be glossy, matte, semi-gloss. So, for example, for outdoor use, preference should be given to glossy alkyd paints, since the service life of glossy alkyd paint is 20% higher than that of other alkyd paints. Alkyd paint has sufficient resistance to abrasion. Due to these properties, alkyd paint is suitable for painting not only walls and ceilings, but also for floors.

Water-dispersion paints.

Water-dispersion paint (the old name is water-emulsion paint) is an aqueous composition in which water dispersions are used as a binder:

• vinyl acetate (PVA);
• acrylic;
• butadiene-styrene (latex);
• siloxane and silicone;
• polyurethane copolymers.

A dispersion is a suspension of solid particles in liquids.
Water-dispersion paints are diluted with water (do not dissolve). Their binding base and coloring particles are distributed in an aqueous medium, forming a stable dispersion. In the process of water evaporation, they approach each other and, upon contact, stick to each other, forming a film. Paint after drying with water is not washed off. But it is easy to wash hands and tools from it (until it dries).
Water-dispersion paints are among the most economical and easy-to-apply products. They are easily applied to the surface, including wet ones, by spraying, pouring, as well as by roller, brush and dry at normal temperatures, forming matte, porous, vapor-permeable and breathable films. Paints have good hiding power. In interiors, they are mainly used for painting walls and ceilings.

Water-dispersion compositions practically do not contain organic solvents, therefore they are odorless and environmentally friendly.

As a rule, water-dispersion materials lose their properties when frozen, therefore, in cold weather, they must be stored in heated rooms.

Paints based on PVA.

Vinyl acetate homopolymer dispersions are no longer used in coatings due to relatively high film brittleness and low resistance to hydrolysis. Copolymers with vinyl esters of higher carboxylic acids, acrylates or ethylene provide films with excellent elasticity, weather and water resistance and are widely used in water-based paints and plasters based on synthetic resins.

Dispersions of copolymers of vinyl acetate with ethylene are capable of film formation even at low temperatures, and films based on them are lightfast and relatively resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. Copolymers of this composition resemble rubbers in properties.

The copolymer of vinyl acetate with ethylene is a light and elastic material with good shock-absorbing properties, surpasses polyethylene in transparency and elasticity at low temperatures, and has increased adhesion to various materials. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers are unique products that, as the content of acetate fragments increases, exhibit the full range of properties characteristic of the transition from polyethylene to polyvinyl acetate.

Acrylic paints.

Acrylic-based water-based paints are the most popular, these paints have a wider range of use, they can paint not only the ceiling, but also the walls. They are not afraid of wet cleaning, have good resistance to abrasion, so it can be painted in wet areas. Another advantage of acrylic paints is a large selection of colors for tinting, from light to dark. Acrylic paints retain color well and withstand intense UV radiation. In addition, they are easy to use and dry quickly. To obtain a high-quality finish coating, it is enough to apply two layers to the surface. At the same time, the coating is not only "breathable" (which allows these paints to be successfully applied to mineral surfaces), but also quite elastic. In addition, it has excellent adhesion to the painted surface, has increased resistance to washing and wet abrasion. Only acrylics make it possible to produce paints with high elasticity, with water-repellent properties and at the same time high vapor permeability. Suitable for alkaline bases.

latex paints.

The main advantage of latex paints over other water-based paints is: increased resistance to wet abrasion, the possibility of obtaining silky matte surfaces, and the ability to cover the substrate with a thin layer.

All this makes it possible to paint the walls on wallpaper and textured plaster, while maintaining their texture.

Latex paints differ in the degree of gloss of the finished surface. At the same time, paint with a higher degree of gloss is more resistant to wet cleaning. But glossy paint has a minus, it reveals all the irregularities of the wall, so if you decide to use such paint, you need to take care of good wall preparation.

Siloxane and silicone paints

- the most modern facade paints, combining almost all the best properties of acrylic and silicate paints. The binder in them are emulsified organosilicon resins.

An organosilicon chain consisting of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms is called a siloxane. . Molecules containing several interconnected siloxane chains , called polysiloxane or silicone.

The difference between silicone and siloxane materials are as follows:

• Siloxane materials contain acrylic resins with the addition of a small amount (in most cases about 1%) of siloxane filler. Siloxane, serves mainly only to repel water and increase vapor and gas permeability. During the drying of the layer of material, the siloxane molecules float to the surface and form a water-repellent layer.
• Silicone paints, on the other hand, contain an emulsion of silicone resin i. real silicone binder (usually 2% - 5%). When dried, the silicone emulsion is distributed over the entire volume of the film, providing unique properties to the entire volume of the material, and not just its surface. Silicone emulsion is not destroyed by ultraviolet radiation and is not susceptible to atmospheric influences.

Silicone paints have vapor permeability comparable to silicate paints, combined with a high degree of hydrophobicity. Unlike silicate paints, they form a water-resistant surface on which rainwater remains as drops without wetting the substrate. The film formed by silicone paints has the highest elasticity and does not cause surface stresses on the substrate, and therefore does not form microcracks.

After the paint dries, the surface looks like a natural natural material. The structure of the film has the ability to self-cleaning. Silicone coatings have good adhesion, good carbon dioxide permeability and water repellency, provide protection from UV radiation, have great elasticity, and hence durability. They can be applied to almost all substrates available in construction practice. Unlike acrylic polymers, silicone resins are not thermoplastic, that is, they do not soften with increasing temperature, and are electrically neutral. In combination with high water-repellent properties, this means that the surface painted with silicone paints is practically not contaminated. Silicone paints are suitable for almost all types of mineral surfaces. They are also well compatible with both mineral and acrylic or latex paints. It is believed that even old silicate and lime coatings can be repainted with silicone paints. The most important difference between siloxane and acrylic paints is their resistance to alkalis.

Silicone coatings, like silicate coatings, do not support the development of microorganisms. Therefore, they do not need the use of special fungicidal and algaecidal additives, which are necessary in acrylic paints.

Working with siloxane and silicone paints requires almost no precautions - unlike silicate paints, they are not aggressive.

Their only drawback is their high cost.

Polyurethane paints.

Polyurethane paints and varnishes are one- and two-component.

Two-component paints are cured by a chemical reaction. One-component paints cure with atmospheric moisture and are conventional paints modified with polyurethane.

One-component polyurethane paints are not a competitor to two-component ones, however, they also have remarkable properties:

• they have exceptionally good adhesion;
• dry quickly;
• form a coating on the surface that is both hard and elastic at the same time;
• have an increased level of wear resistance and are able to withstand mechanical loads, including shock;
• they successfully resist pressure, water, elevated temperature, are light-resistant and frost-resistant;
• insensitive to chemical influences, including the frequent use of detergents or oils;
• provide corrosion protection for metal surfaces.

In addition, such coatings do not have a toxic odor. These are the best and most durable paints. The thermal qualities of the polyurethane coating have opened a wide path for it to be used in the manufacture of furniture and laminated parquet.

Silicate and dispersion-silicate paints.

Silicate paints can in principle be divided into two groups:

• (2K, also referred to as pure silicate paints), consisting of liquid potassium glass, pigments and fillers. They do not contain organic ingredients.
• Dispersion-silicate paints based on liquid potassium glass, pigments, fillers, synthetic dispersion and, if necessary, water repellent. The total proportion of organic matter should not exceed 5%.

Two-component silicate paints

have been used to coat mineral substrates for over 120 years. There is liquid potash glass and liquid sodium glass. For the production of paints, liquid potash glass is mainly used, since soda glass does not have such strength characteristics and resistance to atmospheric conditions as liquid potash glass. In addition to liquid potassium glass, as a binder, the composition of the paint includes alkali-resistant mineral pigments and fillers. The result is open-cell coatings that are highly permeable to water, water vapor and carbon dioxide.
Silicate paint hardens due to silicification. During this process, a water-soluble, acid-resistant glassy binder is formed from water-soluble liquid potassium glass, which is also called a fixer.

Dispersion-silicate paints.

Dispersion-silicate paints have been produced for over 35 years. Compared to pure silicate paints, they are, first of all, easier to use and have a greater number of applications. They provide diffusion of water vapor and additionally contain water-repellent additives. Therefore, they demonstrate very good physical and structural properties and optimally protect the surface to be painted from moisture that damages the walls of the building. The good resistance is based on the so-called double silicification, in which liquid potassium glass reacts both with special fillers and with the mineral surface to be painted.

The disadvantages of silicate paints include the impossibility of their use on surfaces previously painted with organic-based synthetic paints.